Absolute Guarantee Research Articles

Branching Models in Practice: Tackling Real-Life Challenges Beyond Theoretical Constructs Using Python Programming

The mathematical modeling of branching processes finds its origin in attempts to model reproduction patterns in species. For systems with replicating and dying components (like cells or particles), branching process theory provides the mathematical tools for understanding their probabilistic progression.. They are used to describe random systems such as chain reactions, survival of family names, pest eradication, population development and gene propagation. This study showcases clear illustrations of the likelihood of extinction, the duration until extinction, and the probability related to the entire offspring. Observations of past elite families often highlight their eventual decrease, leading to myriad speculations. Through Python-based modeling, it was found that if every person, on average, yields slightly over one offspring, there is no absolute guarantee of family extinction. However, if the mean number of offspring per individual  is one or less, the process is guaranteed to become extinct.

Robust output-feedback control of fluid resuscitation with absolute stability guarantee against uncertain physiology and therapeutic responsiveness

This paper presents a robust closed-loop control approach to fluid resuscitation in patients with hemorrhagic blood loss. A unique strength of the proposed approach is its robustness against uncertain and time-varying patient physiology and therapeutic effectiveness. First, we adopted an observer-based control architecture that can fulfill set point tracking and disturbance rejection objectives. Second, we determined the control gains to achieve adequate transient response performance using the linear quadratic regulator design. Third, we determined the observer gains as a solution to a set of linear matrix inequalities so that the overall closed-loop fluid resuscitation control system is (i) robust against the variability in patient physiology and (ii) absolutely stable against unknown therapeutic effectiveness. We demonstrated the initial proof-of-concept of the proposed approach by conducting rigorous in silico testing using a large number of physiologically plausible virtual patients, while ascertaining the absolute stability via the circle criterion analysis. The results suggested that the proposed approach to closed-loop control of fluid resuscitation is a promising option to advance automation of fluid resuscitation armed with stability against a large variability in patient physiology and therapeutic effectiveness as well as adequate performance in set point tracking and disturbance rejection.

PEMAHAMAN KONSEP PREDESTINASI SEBAGAI JAMINAN KESELAMATAN BERDASARKAN ROMA 8:29-30

Salvation is something that is fundamental to the faith of believers, even though there are still often differences in understanding of salvation. There are those who argue that salvation can be obtained because of contributions from actions or responses from humans who are trying to get it. For those who hold the understanding of predistination, safety is an absolute guarantee for everyone He has chosen. Although the concept of predistination is often considered unbiblical, through this research using a qualitative approach based on Romans 8:29-30 it is hoped that it can provide an understanding of that salvation so that through the concept of predistination it can provide an understanding that can guarantee that salvation and is a biblical thing.

Inserting Multiple Edges into a Planar Graph

Let $G$ be a connected planar (but not yet embedded) graph and $F$ a set of edges with ends in $V(G)$ and not belonging to $E(G)$. The multiple edge insertion problem (MEI) asks for a drawing of $G+F$ with the minimum number of pairwise edge crossings, such that the subdrawing of $G$ is plane. A solution to this problem is known to approximate the crossing number of the graph $G+F$, but unfortunately, finding an exact solution to MEI is NP-hard for general $F$. The MEI problem is linear-time solvable for the special case of $|F|=1$ (SODA 01 and Algorithmica), and there is a polynomial-time solvable extension in which all edges of $F$ are incident to a common vertex which is newly introduced into $G$ (SODA 09). The complexity for general $F$ but with constant $k=|F|$ was open, but algorithms both with relative and absolute approximation guarantees have been presented (SODA 11, ICALP 11 and JoCO). We present a fixed-parameter algorithm for the MEI problem in the case that $G$ is biconnected, which is extended to also cover the case of connected $G$ with cut vertices of bounded degree. These are the first exact algorithms for the general MEI problem, and they run in time $O(|V(G)|)$ for any constant $k$.

Analisis Student Engagement Dan Burnout Pada Mahasiswa Politeknik Negeri Manado

The number of attrition increases every year so the competition for job seekers must become increasingly competitive. Although the cumulative achievement index (GPA) is not an absolute guarantee to be used as a reference in looking for work. However, GPA is the administration's initial selection in recruiting employees, so students must have a strategy to be able to achieve a high GPA. One of the efforts made to achieve a high GPA is with good academic achievement. Learning achievement is influenced by internal and external factors. External factors are factors that come from outside the student. Meanwhile, internal factors come from within the student, including engagement and burnout. The aim of this research is to determine the level of student engagement and academic burnout of students. The population in this study were students from the Business Administration Department of Manado State Polytechnic with a sample of 100 students. The sampling method in this research is convenience sampling. The data analysis used is descriptive statistical analysis. The results of this research state that student engagement is in the high category. The highest average score is a feeling of pride among students studying at the Manado State Polytechnic Campus. Meanwhile, the lowest average score is that students are forced to carry out all learning activities on campus because it is considered less interesting. Meanwhile, the level of student burnout is in the medium category. The highest average burnout score is that talking about studies is boring for students. Meanwhile, the lowest students can usually manage the workload related to ongoing studies well.

Opinion: Grasping the Unconscious Dynamism: A Prerequisite in Insight- Oriented Training

Insight-oriented psychotherapies, like psychoanalysis, as the most systematic method, and short-term dynamic psychotherapies, as the related compressed techniques, have a shared goal, which includes restoration of insight in patient by the help of a psychoanalyst or other associated psychotherapists. While there are many psychotherapists, who introduce themselves as psychodynamic therapists, a lot of criticizers believe in futility of analytic methods. Though there is no absolute guarantee of the effectiveness of any therapeutic method, whether pharmaceutical or psychological, it seems that based on physiognomies of systematic methods, some positive consequences can be reasonably expectable, which can be quantifiable by available evidence and records, too.

Religious Tolerance in the Constitution and Guarantees for the Protection of Human Rights

Protection of human rights is an absolute guarantee that must be fulfilled by the rule of law. Article 1 Paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia mandates that " The State of Indonesia shall be a state based on the rule of law. " it shows Indonesia recognizes and protects human rights, one of which is the right or freedom to believe in a particular religion. The purpose of this study is to figure out how the regulation of religious tolerance ruled in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia/ Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. This research is descriptive research by describing, and analyzing, the issues of tolerance and human rights. The approach used is a legal approach by tracing all relevant laws and regulations. The data collection technique used in this study is a library research technique, which is a data collection technique by reviewing journals, laws and regulations, and other related materials related to the regulation of religious tolerance in Indonesia. That guarantees for the protection of human rights as mandated by the constitution can create religious tolerance among people of different religions in the plurality of Indonesian society. Religious tolerance in Indonesia will create inter-religious harmony to maintain peace, order, tranquility, and the prosperity of the people, nation and state of Indonesia.

Portocaval shunt and its Implications for Liver Transplantation: An Integrative Literature Review

Abstract:Introduction: Portal vein clamping can generate splanchnic venous congestion and increase portal hypertension, causing release of inflammatory mediators in liver transplantation. The venous bypass technique was developed at the beginning to avoid congestion. In 1968, the piggyback technique was described, and in 1993 and 1995, the temporary portocaval shunt (TPCS) was described as an alternative to preserve the flow of the vena cava and the intraoperative portal system. With the expansion of the number of living transplants, an adaptation of the anastomosis, or temporary hemi portocaval shunt (THPCS) was developed. Objective:This review aimed to analyze the literature found in the TPCS and THPCS databases in adult liver transplantation. Methods: Integrative review carried out through searches in PubMed, Online Scientific Electronic Library (SciELO) and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) databases, with 15 articles published in the last 12 years (2010-2021) being selected, after applying criteria defined by the authors and including three works for historical reference. Results: The increase in surgery time does not seem to be a significant disadvantage that justifies contraindication to the use of portocaval anastomosis during the procedure. In transplantation, there is an indication that the TPCS improves hemodynamic stability, with reduced infusion of packed red blood cells and platelets. Data on postoperative levels of aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and international normalized index were conflicting, with improvement in renal function as assessed by creatinine measurement. The studies demonstrate a relationship between TPCS and a decrease in hospital stay. It was not possible to reach a conclusion regarding the impacts on survival after transplantation. THPCS appears to be effective in decreasing portal flow, serving its purpose of preventing hyperflow, however it does not appear to be an absolute guarantee of preventing complications. The biggest perceived limitation was the heterogeneity of the studies included in this review. Conclusion: The developed studies point to benefits in hemodynamic stability and postoperative renal function and shorter hospital stay. It was not possible to conclude about the impact of the technique on liver injury, overall survival or graft survival, due to divergences in the literature.

Medical Problems of Internationally Adopted Children from Nepal

Background: Spain is one of the main countries in the world in international adoption, and Nepali children account for 0.8% of all adoptees. According to United Nations, Nepal is a poorly developed country. Due to the quality of medical care that Nepali children receive in orphanages, it has been reported that the diagnoses described in the pre-adoptive medical reports do not offer an absolute guarantee of accuracy, and sometimes these reports are not provided to adoptive families. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological characteristics, pre-adoptive history, and medical problems observed in the post-adoption evaluation in a cohort of children adopted from Nepal. Material and Methods: Retrospective descriptive study on 11 Nepali adopted children from 2005 to 2011, examined according to a standardized protocol. Variables were collected from pre-adoption medical reports, interviews with the family, and post-adoption evaluation records. Results: Epidemiological characteristics and pre-adoptive history: females, 63.6%; all were abandoned and adopted from orphanages; mean age at institutionalization was 32 months, and at adoption was 55 months. 72.7% had a pre-adoptive medical report, and all were diagnosed as "healthy". 54.5% had a vaccination certificate. Medical problems most frequent diagnosed in post-adoption evaluation were iron deficiency anemia (72.7%), xerosis cutis (54.4%), neurodevelopmental delay (45.5%), underweight and stunting (36.4%), and acute bronchitis (36.4%). Only one child had a serious problem (cerebral palsy). The BCG vaccination scar was present in 81.8%. 72.7% showed vaccination immunity against hepatitis B virus. Conclusion: The pre-adoption medical information for the Nepali children was unreliable, and all showed more than one medical problem in the post-adoption evaluation. Adoptive families should seek pre-travel specialized medical advice regarding the medical reports and health of the child to be adopted, the updating of routine immunizations, and the destination-specific health problems.

ABORTION AS A FORM OF IMPLEMENTATION OF A WOMAN’S RIGHT TO REPRODUCTIVE CHOICE: STUDY OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF FULL OR PARTIAL PROHIBITION

Purpose is to determine directions for improving the implementation of control and supervisory administrative procedures in the field of use and protection of natural resources. Methods – analysis, synthesis, comparative law, sociological. Results. It is established that setting effective limits on the use of natural resources should be one of the effective administrative and legal means of public administration; in case of their excess to economic entities, administrative and economic sanctions are applied, in particular, such as termination of activity of the enterprise. It is emphasized that the limitation of the use of natural resources is carried out with the aim of forming special environmental funds, as well as in order to stimulate the introduction of new technologies by economic entities that contribute to the reduction of pollution of natural resources (atmospheric air, water resources, soils). Based on the conducted research, the feasibility of optimization in Ukraine of the use of the limitation mechanism in the field of natural resources is substantiated, accompanied by a number of administrative problems, the solution of which is an absolute guarantee of improving the efficiency of human rights protection for a safe environment. Searching for ways to optimize public administration was done by developing and conducting a poll. In order to determine public opinion on the effectiveness of public management in the use of natural resources, as well as to develop optimal ways of optimizing this activity, we conducted a sociological survey (sample size is 321 persons). The poll was attended by citizens of Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Kharkiv regions of Ukraine, that is, regions where a threatening ecological situation has developed and where the most environmentally-friendly enterprises are located. The subject of the study is defined as finding out the attitude of the population to the problem of efficiency of public management in the sphere of the use of natural resources and finding ways of its optimization. Conclusions. The results of the sociological survey confirmed the hypothesis that the majority of respondents determine the low efficiency of public participation in management decisions in the field of natural resources; in fact, its effectiveness, according to the population, is minimal. This is a confirmation of the existing existing practice of neglect on the part of public authorities and local self-government by the opinion of the population in adopting normative legal acts and actual leveling of the public opinion in the adoption of acts of public management of individual action. It is substantiated that one of the ways to increase the efficiency of the use of such administrative and legal means of public administration, as limiting pollution of natural resources, is to establish impossibility of prolonging the permit for pollution in case of non-implementation of measures for introduction of the latest technologies aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment. In addition, it is advisable to introduce additional financing measures for economic entities in the case of the introduction of new treatment plants that reduce the negative impact on natural resources.

FOREX ROBOT DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY

In the development of technology in the financial world, we are also now familiar with trading robots. This robot works to make it easier to trade in cyberspace. Trading robots do not offer a solution to generate instant profitable transactions. Profitable long-term forex trading is much more than just tactical analysis of forex trading and the use of trading robots. Have a special program that does all the work to look tempting. But this is how trading robot’s work. Trading robot sellers who prefer to see a decent trading robot. Such a system requires constant human adaptation and supervision. The general public who wants to use trading robots well must know the risks and systems of the trading robot and there is no guarantee that using a trading robot will be 100% profitable. It should be emphasized again that the trading robot will make decisions based on the conditions that have occurred and the right decisions at that time. Thus, no foreign trade organizer dares to give absolute guarantees.

Intelligence Law Enforcement and Intelligence Strategy in Forex Robot Development in Indonesia

In the development of technology in the financial world, we are also now familiar with trading robots. This robot serves to facilitate trading in cyberspace. Trading robots do not offer a solution to generate profitable transactions instantly. Profitable long-term forex trading is more than just tactical analysis of forex trading and the use of trading robots. Have a special program that does all the work to make it look tempting. But this is how trading robots work. Trading robot sellers who prefer to see a decent trading robot. Such a system requires constant human adaptation and supervision. The general public who wants to use trading robots properly must know the risks and systems of trading robots and there is no guarantee that using a trading robot will be 100% profitable. It should be reiterated that the trading robot will make decisions based on the conditions that have occurred and the right decisions at that time. Thus, no foreign trade organizer dares to give absolute guarantees.

The Safavid Machiavelli: Shāh ʿAbbās I and the “Great Man” Theory Revisited

Abstract Political discourse in various countries around the world has been characterized by disillusionment with governments’ failure to address pressing concerns of today’s societies. It is also possible to discern a kind of nostalgia about strong, charismatic political leaders, which has lent poignancy to the question of whether great rulers are born or are the product of a specific historical milieu and the confluence of social or cultural factors. The focus of this article will be the accession to power of Shāh ʿAbbās I (1571–1629; r. 1588–1629) and the policies the emperor implemented to redesign and reorganize the Safavid state, as depicted by the court historian Iskandar Beg Munshī (ca. 1560–ca. 1632). I argue that Iskandar Beg’s World-Adorning History of ʿAbbās speaks to modern leadership trait theories about the existence of certain qualities that define a good leader and set him/her apart from other people. At the same time, Iskandar Beg formulates in embryonic form the notion that possessing the fundamental traits and properties associated with an optimal leadership style is never a panacea or absolute guarantee for political success nor does it suffice to yield desirable results. The methods and techniques required for a long reign are the second salient aspect of Iskandar Beg’s portrayal of Shāh ʿAbbās. Iskandar Beg engages with some of the key themes that inform the political theory of Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) as well. Iskandar Beg’s narrative invites comparison with The Prince, published more than one century before the completion of the History. Iskandar Beg was unlikely to have had access or have been exposed to the Florentine author’s ideas. But his description of Shāh ʿAbbās’ leadership practices bears uncanny resemblance to Machiavelli’s works, particularly the portions in The Prince that discuss the cases of rulers who acquired power thanks to their own virtue or fortune.

Optimizing batch-processing operations with batch-position-based learning effects

Motivated by applications in porcelain-making companies, we consider a type of optimization problems for batch-processing operations. In production, a single batch-processing machine with a fixed capacity is used to process jobs. Several jobs can be processed together if their total size is no more than the machine capacity. Batch-position-based learning effects are considered because workers become skillful gradually after they perform the processing task repeatedly. The actual processing time of a batch is a decreasing function of its position in production. The objective is to minimize makespan and we consider three different problems. In the first problem, jobs have identical sizes and we present an algorithm which can find optimal solutions in polynomial time. In the second problem, jobs have identical processing times and we show the problem is NP-hard in the strong sense. We propose an approximation algorithm with an absolute performance guarantee of 1.5 and asymptotic performance guarantee of 1.223. In the third problem, jobs have non-identical sizes and processing times simultaneously. We propose an algorithm with an absolute and asymptotic performance guarantee of 2. Besides, we present the evolution of the performance guarantee and provide managerial insights for decision makers of manufacturing companies.

THE PRINCIPLE OF ENSURING THE RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED AND SUSPECT TO DEFENSE

The principle of ensuring the right of the accused and suspect to defense is one of the absolute guarantees of the protection of the rights of these participants. However, despite its sufficient regulation, in practice there are several issues that need to be resolved. The right to defense is not identical to the right to provide qualified legal assistance, which calls into question the implementation of the principle in question from the standpoint of protecting the rights of accused and suspects, while the legislator allows the possibility of exercising this right not only by lawyers, but also by other persons. The right to protection must be provided by professionals. The provision allowing the protection of the rights of juvenile accused and suspects with their consent by legal representatives or other persons is controversial, but this approach is unacceptable for minors. The participation of a defense lawyer in cases of juvenile delinquency must be unconditional at all stages of the process. The legislator does not specify what is meant by mental or physical disabilities that prevent the accused and the suspect from exercising the right to defense, since in this case we are not talking about the insane. It is necessary to clearly define the content of these disorders that require the mandatory participation of a lawyer.

The “International Community’S Interests” Element of the State of Necessity Test: Does It Make the Jus Cogens Limitation on Necessity Superfluous?

According to Article 25 par. 1 (b) and Article 26 of the 2001 International Law Commission Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, the concept of general international law peremptory norms and that of interests of “the international community as a whole” play an important role in shaping the state of necessity as one of the circumstances that preclude wrongfulness of States’ conduct under general international law. The limitation on the necessity defense, placed by the international community’s interest condition contained in Article 25 par. 1 (b) of the ILC Articles, serves as a safeguard for the interests protected by the erga omnes international obligations. The concepts of erga omnes and of general international law peremptory norms differ significantly and while all the norms of the latter type give rise to obligations erga omnes, not every such obligation arises out of peremptory norms. This evidences of an autonomous role of the relevant provision of Article 25 par. 1 (b) but not of the jus cogens limitation under Article 26 in the context of the necessity defense. The present article argues that the jus cogens limitation under Article 26 plays a role largely independent from that of Article 25 par. 1 (b) since it is incorrect to see the latter as an absolute guarantee of obligations erga omnes. The present article is a part of a larger project “Circumstances precluding wrongfulness of conduct: the analysis of functional role and applicability parameters in the framework of International Human Rights Law” supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR Grant No. 18-011-00660).

ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ СИСТЕМИ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ У СФЕРІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ТА ОХОРОНИ ПРИРОДНИХ РЕСУРСІВ (НА ПІДСТАВІ АВТОРСЬКОГО СОЦІОЛОГІЧНОГО ОПИТУВАННЯ)

Purpose is to determine directions for improving the implementation of control and supervisory administrative procedures in the field of use and protection of natural resources. Methods – analysis, synthesis, comparative law, sociological. Results. It is established that setting effective limits on the use of natural resources should be one of the effective administrative and legal means of public administration; in case of their excess to economic entities, administrative and economic sanctions are applied, in particular, such as termination of activity of the enterprise. It is emphasized that the limitation of the use of natural resources is carried out with the aim of forming special environmental funds, as well as in order to stimulate the introduction of new technologies by economic entities that contribute to the reduction of pollution of natural resources (atmospheric air, water resources, soils). Based on the conducted research, the feasibility of optimization in Ukraine of the use of the limitation mechanism in the field of natural resources is substantiated, accompanied by a number of administrative problems, the solution of which is an absolute guarantee of improving the efficiency of human rights protection for a safe environment. Searching for ways to optimize public administration was done by developing and conducting a poll. In order to determine public opinion on the effectiveness of public management in the use of natural resources, as well as to develop optimal ways of optimizing this activity, we conducted a sociological survey (sample size is 321 persons). The poll was attended by citizens of Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Kharkiv regions of Ukraine, that is, regions where a threatening ecological situation has developed and where the most environmentally-friendly enterprises are located. The subject of the study is defined as finding out the attitude of the population to the problem of efficiency of public management in the sphere of the use of natural resources and finding ways of its optimization. Conclusions. The results of the sociological survey confirmed the hypothesis that the majority of respondents determine the low efficiency of public participation in management decisions in the field of natural resources; in fact, its effectiveness, according to the population, is minimal. This is a confirmation of the existing existing practice of neglect on the part of public authorities and local self-government by the opinion of the population in adopting normative legal acts and actual leveling of the public opinion in the adoption of acts of public management of individual action. It is substantiated that one of the ways to increase the efficiency of the use of such administrative and legal means of public administration, as limiting pollution of natural resources, is to establish impossibility of prolonging the permit for pollution in case of non-implementation of measures for introduction of the latest technologies aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment. In addition, it is advisable to introduce additional financing measures for economic entities in the case of the introduction of new treatment plants that reduce the negative impact on natural resources.

The Role of Shared Decision Making in Pediatric Food Allergy Management

Shared decision making was first highlighted in a report by the Institute of Medicine in 2001. The primary aim of this initiative was to improve the quality of care provided to patients in the United States by creating a health care system that is safe, effective, efficient, and equitable. Currently, medical decision making is based on a patient-centered approach, with the individual's preferences, needs, and values guiding optimal care. Patients are frequently faced with various treatment choices with no absolute guarantee of any desired outcome and no clear indication of the "best or least worse" option. In fact, in healthcare, each of these options usually has potential trade-offs and outcomes. The process of how to choose a particular option becomes a discussion where the clinician and the patient have to jointly review the medical evidence, but also the patient's openness and preference for balancing particular attributes of the treatment (both positive and negative). Shared decision making is important for chronic diseases that require long-term management, such as most allergic conditions, including food allergies. The landscape of food allergies has changed considerably in recent years with multiple and significant scientific advances in both diagnostics and treatment, providing an ideal field for the use of shared decision making. For the purposes of this review, we will discuss different areas of food allergy management within a single complex case, focusing on the role of shared decision making.

Theoretical Analysis of Label Distribution Learning

As a novel learning paradigm, label distribution learning (LDL) explicitly models label ambiguity with the definition of label description degree. Although lots of work has been done to deal with real-world applications, theoretical results on LDL remain unexplored. In this paper, we rethink LDL from theoretical aspects, towards analyzing learnability of LDL. Firstly, risk bounds for three representative LDL algorithms (AA-kNN, AA-BP and SA-ME) are provided. For AA-kNN, Lipschitzness of the label distribution function is assumed to bound the risk, and for AA-BP and SA-ME, rademacher complexity is utilized to give data-dependent risk bounds. Secondly, a generalized plug-in decision theorem is proposed to understand the relation between LDL and classification, uncovering that approximation to the conditional probability distribution function in absolute loss guarantees approaching to the optimal classifier, and also data-dependent error probability bounds are presented for the corresponding LDL algorithms to perform classification. As far as we know, this is perhaps the first research on theory of LDL.

Minmizing service span with batch-position-based learning effects

We consider the learning effects in the coordination of production and outbound distribution for manufacturers. The objective is to minimize service span, which lasts from the beginning of production to the completion of delivery of products. In production, a batch-processing facility is used to process jobs which have different sizes. Batch-position-based learning effects are considered since workers become skillful gradually after processing batches one by one. In distribution, a vehicle with a fixed capacity is used to deliver products the customer and the transportation time from the manufacturer to the customer is a constant. We show the coordinated scheduling problem is NP-hard in the strong sense. We propose properties of optimal solutions and we provide an approximation algorithm for the problem. The absolute performance guarantee of the algorithm is 1.667 and the asymptotic performance guarantee is 1.223. Then we consider the problem where there are infinite vehicles and the performance guarantees are respectively 1.5 and 1.223. Finally we analyze the performance of the algorithm by the change of the problem scale, the learning index and operational factors. We propose managerial suggestions for decision makers of manufacturers according to our results.