Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis Research Articles

SINTESIS ABSOLUT ASIMETRIK BARU

ABSTRACT New absolute asymmetric syntheses have been found. Eugenol based-acetylenes monomers have been synthesized, corresponding three compounds and one unknown compound. Two compounds are crystal chiral (1 and 2) and one (3) not. Polymerization of chiral crystal and not were different although the structure is same. After recrystalization polymerization of 1 and 2 compare with 3 also different. This is one example of new absolute asymmetric synthesis. Keywords : New absolute asymmetric synthesis, eugenol, unknown compound, chiral crystal.

Absolute asymmetric synthesis of a sanguinarine derivative through crystal–solution interactions

A new construction reaction for the absolute asymmetric synthesis of a sanguinarine derivative was realized by crystal–solution interactions. A stochastic outcome with high enantiomeric excess (ee%) values (up to 100%) was observed under cooling crystallization, while preferential chiral amplification was observed with Viedma ripening.

Competitive Exclusion Principle in Ecology and Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis in Chemistry

The key concepts underlying the Frank model (1953) for spontaneous asymmetric synthesis in chemistry are traced back to the pioneering works of Volterra (1926) and Lotka (1932) on biological species competition. The Lotka-Volterra (L-V) two-species exclusive competition model reduces to the Frank model for the special case of distinguishable but degenerate species (i.e., the enantiomers). The important ecological principle of competitive exclusion, originally derived from the L-V two-competitors model, is a consequence of sufficiently antagonistic interactions between the species competing for limited common resources, or mutual inhibition, as the term is known in the chemical literature on absolute asymmetric synthesis. The L-V and Frank models are described by the same general differential equations, nevertheless a crucial thermodynamic distinction between these models is necessary to correlate ecological selection and chemical selectivity arising from 1) the absence of reversibility in biological transformations, in marked contrast to chemical reactions, and 2) the constraints in chemical scenarios on the reaction rate constants required to fulfill the principle of micro-reversibility.

Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis: Viedma Ripening of [Co(bpy)3](2+) and Solvent-Free Oxidation to [Co(bpy)3](3.).

Syntheses of [Co(bpy)3](2+) yield racemic solutions because the Δ- and Λ-enantiomers are stereochemically labile. However, crystallization and attrition-enhanced deracemization can give homochiral crystal batches of either handedness in quantitative yield. Subsequently, solvent-free oxidation with bromine vapour fixes the chirality because [Co(bipy)3](3+) does not enantiomerize in solution at ambient temperature. This combination of Viedma ripening and the labile/inert Co(II)/Co(III) couple constitutes a convenient method of absolute asymmetric synthesis.

Absolute asymmetric synthesis of a tetrahedral silver complex.

Even though the isolation of tetrahedral stereoisomers usually presents a synthetic challenge, a highly enantioenriched tetrahedral silver complex could be easily accessed by either crystallization or Viedma ripening. The overall preparation may be regarded as an example of absolute asymmetric synthesis. Experimental results indicate that both crystallization and Viedma ripening follow a similar cluster-controlled mechanism.

ChemInform Abstract: Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis in Enantioselective Autocatalytic Reaction Networks: Theoretical Games, Speculations on Chemical Evolution and Perhaps a Synthetic Option

AbstractReview: [73 refs.

Modeling spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and deracemization phenomena: discrete versus continuum approaches.

We derive the class of population balance equations (PBE), recently applied to model the Viedma deracemization experiment, from an underlying microreversible kinetic reaction scheme. The continuum limit establishing the relationship between the micro- and macroscopic processes and the associated particle fluxes erases the microreversible nature of the molecular interactions in the population growth rate functions and limits the scope of such PBE models to strict kinetic control. The irreversible binary agglomeration processes modeled in those PBEs contribute an additional source of kinetic control. These limitations are crucial regarding the question of the origin of biological homochirality, where the interest in any model lies precisely in its ability for absolute asymmetric synthesis and the amplification of the tiny inherent statistical chiral fluctuations about the ideal racemic composition up to observable enantiometric excess levels.

Stochastic and empirical models of the absolute asymmetric synthesis by the Soai-autocatalysis.

Absolute asymmetric synthesis (AAS) is the preparation of pure (or excess of one) enantiomer of a chiral compound from achiral precursor(s) by a chemical reaction, without enantiopure chiral additive and/or without applied asymmetric physical field. Only one well-characterized example of AAS is known today: the Soai-autocatalysis. In an attempt at clarification of the mechanism of this particular reaction we have undertaken empirical and stochastic analysis of several parallel AAS experiments. Our results show that the initial steps of the reaction might be controlled by simple normal distribution ("coin tossing") formalism. Advanced stages of the reaction, however, appear to be of a more complicated nature. Symmetric beta distribution formalism could not be brought into correspondence with the experimental observations. A bimodal beta distribution algorithm provided suitable agreement with the experimental data. The parameters of this bimodal beta function were determined by a Pólya-urn experiment (simulated by computer). Interestingly, parameters of the resulting bimodal beta function give a golden section ratio. These results show, that in this highly interesting autocatalysis two or even perhaps three catalytic cycles are cooperating. An attempt at constructing a "designed" Soai-type reaction system has also been made.

Absolute asymmetric synthesis of five-coordinate complexes

Three examples of optical resolution of five-coordinate complexes displaying only achiral mono- or bidentate ligands are reported.

Spontaneous formation and amplification of an enantioenriched α-amino nitrile: a chiral precursor for Strecker amino acid synthesis.

Without the addition of any chiral substances, the spontaneous formation of an enantioenriched α-amino nitrile (up to 96% ee), which is a chiral precursor for Strecker amino acid synthesis, has been achieved in combination with conglomerate formation. The frequency of the formation of enantiomorphs exhibits an approximate stochastic distribution, i.e., L-form occurred 21 times and D-form occurred 22 times, which fulfils the conditions necessary for spontaneous absolute asymmetric synthesis.

Absolute asymmetric synthesis in enantioselective autocatalytic reaction networks: theoretical games, speculations on chemical evolution and perhaps a synthetic option.

The Soai reaction and the Viedma deracemization of racemic conglomerate crystal mixtures are experimental pieces of evidence of the ability of enantioselective autocatalytic coupled networks to yield absolute asymmetric synthesis. Thermodynamically open systems or systems with non-uniform energy distributions may lead to chiral final states and, in systems able to come into thermodynamic equilibrium with their surroundings, to kinetically controlled absolute asymmetric synthesis. The understanding of network parameters and of the thermodynamic scenarios that may lead to spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB) could assist in the development of new methods for asymmetric synthesis and enantioselective polymerizations (e.g., replicators), and to frame reasonable speculations on the origin of biological homochirality.

Enantioselective synthesis of a chiral coordination polymer with circularly polarized visible laser.

Circular dichroism is known to be the feature of a chiral agent which has inspired scientist to study the interesting phenomena of circularly polarized light (CPL) modulated molecular chirality. Although several organic molecules or assemblies have been found to be CPL-responsive, the influence of CPL on the assembly of chiral coordination compounds remains unknown. Herein, a chiral coordination polymer, which is constructed from achiral agents, was used to study the CPL-induced enantioselective synthesis. By irradiation with either left-handed or right-handed CPL during the reaction and crystallization, enantiomeric excesses of the crystalline product were obtained. Left-handed CPL resulted in crystals with a left-handed helical structure, and right-handed CPL led to crystals with a right-handed helical structure. It is exciting that the absolute asymmetric synthesis of a chiral coordination polymer could be enantioselective when using CPL, and provides a strategy for the control of the chirality of chiral coordination polymers.

ChemInform Abstract: The Origins of Homochirality Examined by Using Asymmetric Autocatalysis

AbstractReview: [38 refs.

Absolute Asymmetric Photocyclization of Triisopropylbenzophenone Derivatives in Crystals and Their Morphological Changes

Although 4-(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoyl)benzylbenzamide is an achiral molecule, chiral crystals can form through spontaneous crystallization in a methanol solution. In the M crystal, twofold helical hydrogen-bond chains form in a counterclockwise direction among the molecules along the a axis to generate crystal chirality. The solid-state circular dichroism spectra of the two enantiomorphous crystals as Nujol mulls show a good mirror-image relationship. UV irradiation of the M crystal at >290 nm caused highly enantioselective Norrish type II photocyclization to yield the (R)-cyclobutenol with 94% ee in 100% yield as the sole product, resulting in successful absolute asymmetric synthesis. In contrast, the (S)-cyclobutenol was obtained from the P crystal with 95% ee in 100% yield. The high enantiodifferentiation in the crystalline-state photocyclization is attributed to the shorter distance between the carbonyl oxygen atom and one of the methine γ-hydrogen atoms of the two o-isopropyl groups as well as the smooth transformation with minimum molecular motion because of the similar shapes of the reactant and product molecules. UV irradiation of the platelike crystals resulted in a crack in the direction perpendicular to the long axis (the a axis of the unit cell), likely because the hydrogen-bond chains were broken during the photocyclization.

ChemInform Abstract: Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiopure Organozinc Reagents, Followed by Highly Enantioselective Chlorination.

AbstractA spontaneous asymmetric resolution during the recrystallization of compound (IV) is described.

The Origins of Homochirality Examined by Using Asymmetric Autocatalysis

Pyrimidyl alkanol was found to act as an asymmetric autocatalyst in the enantioselective addition of diisopropylzinc to pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde. Asymmetric autocatalysis of 2-alkynylpyrimidyl alkanol with an extremely low enantiomeric excess (ca. 0.00005% ee) exhibits enormous asymmetric amplification to afford the same compound with >99.5% ee. This asymmetric autocatalysis with amplification of ee has been employed to examine the validity of proposed theories of the origins of homochirality. Circularly polarized light, quartz, sodium chlorate, cinnabar, chiral organic crystals and spontaneous absolute asymmetric synthesis were considered as possible candidates for the origin of chirality; each could act as a chiral source in asymmetric autocatalysis. Asymmetric autocatalysis can discriminate the isotope chirality arising from the small difference between carbon (carbon-13/carbon-12) and hydrogen (D/H) isotopes. Cryptochiral compounds were also discriminated by asymmetric autocatalysis.

Photonenergy‐Controlled Symmetry Breaking with Circularly Polarized Light

Circularly polarized light (CPL) is known to be a true chiral entity capable of generating absolute molecular asymmetry. However, the degree of inducible optical activity depends on the λ of the incident CPL. Exposure of amorphous films of rac-alanine to tunable CPL led to enantiomeric excesses (ee) which not only follow the helicity but also the energy of driving electromagnetic radiation. Postirradiation analyses using enantioselective multidimensional GC revealed energy-controlled ee values of up to 4.2 %, which correlate with theoretical predictions based on newly recorded anisotropy spectra g(λ). The tunability of asymmetric photochemical induction implies that both magnitude and sign can be fully controlled by CPL. Such stereocontrol provides novel insights into the wavelength and polarization dependence of asymmetric photochemical reactions and are highly relevant for absolute asymmetric molecular synthesis and for understanding the origins of homochirality in living matter.

Absolute Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiopure Organozinc Reagents, Followed by Highly Enantioselective Chlorination

We report the absolute asymmetric synthesis (AAS) of indenylzinc reagents by using total spontaneous resolution followed by enantiospecific conversion into 1-chloroindene. The chiral complex [Zn(dcp)(ind)(tmeda)] (dcp = 2,6-dichlorophenoxy and tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) (3) was prepared from the achiral starting materials indene, potassium, zinc chloride, TMEDA, and 2,6-dichlorophenol. The reagent resolved spontaneously on crystallization, and single crystals of 3 react with N-chlorosuccinimide in the presence of benzoquinone in 2-propanol to give 1-chloroindene in >98 % enantiomeric excess. It was found that (R)-3 gave (R)-1-chloroindene upon reaction, indicating an SE 2'-mechanism. Since bulk samples of 3 gave optically active product upon chlorination, total spontaneous resolution must have occurred. This demonstrates that enantiopure products can be obtained through the absolute asymmetric synthesis of organometallic reagents starting from achiral materials. The general absolute asymmetric synthesis (AAS) method offers easy access to both enantiomers and an almost limitless variation in the design of the product.

Amino Acids and the Asymmetry of Life

‘How did life start on Earth?’ and ‘Why were left-handed amino acids selected for the architecture of proteins?’ A new attempt to answer these questions of high public and interdisciplinary scientific interest will be provided by this review. It will describe most recent experimental data on how the basic and molecular building blocks of life, amino acids, formed in a prebiotic setting. Most amino acids are chiral, that is that they cannot be superimposed with their mirror image molecules (enantiomers). In processes triggering the origin of life on Earth, the equal occurrence, i.e. the parity between left-handed amino acids and their right-handed mirror images, was violated. In the case of amino acids, the balance was tipped to the left – as a result of which life's proteins today exclusively implement the left-handed form of amino acids, called l-amino acid enantiomers. Neither plants, nor animals, including humans, make use of d-amino acids for the molecular architecture of their proteins (enzymes). This review addresses the molecular asymmetry of amino acids in living organisms, namely the preference for left-handedness. What was the cause for the violation of molecular parity of amino acids in the emergence of life on Earth? All the fascinating models proposed by physicists, chemists, and biologists will be vividly presented including the scientific conflicts. Special emphasis will be given to amino acid enantiomers that were subjected to chiral photons. The interaction between racemic molecules and chiral photons was shown to produce an enantiomeric enrichment that will be discussed in the context of absolute asymmetric synthesis. The concluding paragraphs will describe the attempt to verify any of those models with the chirality-module of the Rosetta mission. This European space mission contains probe Philae that was launched on board the Rosetta spacecraft with the aim of landing on the icy surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and analysing whether chiral organic compounds are present that could have been brought to the Earth by comet impacts.

Toward absolute asymmetric synthesis of coordination polymers with bidentate sulfide ligands

In search for sulfide-containing coordination polymers that crystallize as conglomerates, five new copper(I) complexes with prochiral sulfide ligands have been prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray structure determination. Three unsymmetrical sulfides have been used: phenyl propargyl sulfide (Sprop), allyl methyl sulfide (Sally), and 2,5-dithiahexane (SS). In [CuCl(Sprop)]n (1), layers are formed via π-coordination of propargyl groups to copper(I). In [Cu2Br2(Sprop)4] (2), discrete dimers form with non-coordinating propargyl groups. In [CuCl(Sally)]n (3), layers are formed via π-coordination of allyl groups to copper(I), but disordered Sally ligands are also found. The mesitylcopper complex [Cu4(Mes)4(Sally)2] (4) is chiral but discrete. In [Cu4(Mes)4(SS)]n (5), racemic chains are formed by the SS ligand. Three out of five complexes prepared thus form coordination polymers, and all of the five complexes (1–5) exhibit terminal sulfide ligands that could be oxidized selectively when incorporated in an enantiopure polymer. Unfortunately none of 1–5 crystallized as a conglomerate, but whether this reflects an inherent tendency in this system is too early to say.