Absence Of Trust Research Articles

The immediate causes of the Amhara Fano Force's rebellion against the government of Abiy Ahmed

ABSTRACT With careful investigation, this article looks into the immediate causes that led to Amhara Fano's conflict with Abiy Ahmed's administration. Even though the people of Amhara stayed silent through many pains, 2022 was the turning point for Amhara Fano to start official conflict with Abiy Ahmed’s administration. The research design for the study is an exploratory case study. Document review, audio-visual sources, and a semi-structured interview were employed to investigate the recent reasons for Amhara Fano Force's conflict with Abiy Ahmed’s administration. The Pretoria agreement, the establishment of Sheger City, the attempt to tear down the Amhara Regional Force, the absence of trust with Abiy Ahmed's leadership, and delay in providing soil fertiliser to Amhara farmers were a few recent factors that led to the Amhara Fano Force struggle. Based on these findings, the researcher suggests that before the political apparatus, economy, and humanitarian security of Ethiopia are at risk again and affect East Africa, international organisations and international communities need to be part of the solution and provide assistance in establishing negotiation and agreement between these two warring factions like they did for the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) and the federal government of Ethiopia.

Factors Predicting Nonadherence to Treatment Recommendations for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain in India: A Cross-Sectional Survey

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine patients' expectations and factors that influence adherence to physiotherapists' treatment recommendations on chronic low back pain (CLBP). MethodOne hundred and forty seven patients with CLBP were included in this study. Predictive indicators including demographic information, views, expectations, and opinions regarding the health status and treatment expectations of patients were derived from questionnaires. The dependent outcome variables were the absence of trust in treatment recommendations provided by physiotherapists, the anticipation of treatment recommendations based on patient expectations, and the resistance to modifying expectations despite efforts by physiotherapists to persuade otherwise. The study was carried out between April 2022 and January 2023 in 2 regions located in India. ResultsMultivariate regression analyses show that age, expectations about diagnosis, preference for passive therapies and medical care, and information seeking behavior emerged as independent predictors of a lack of trust in physiotherapists' treatment recommendations. The information-seeking behavior of the patients’ alone predicted the anticipation of treatment recommendations based on patient expectations and the reluctance to alter those expectations despite the physiotherapists' persuasion. ConclusionOur results suggest that information seeking behavior is the most consistent independent predictor of treatment expectations that will align with physiotherapist recommendations. This indicates the importance of screening for such factors and the importance of patient education to optimize the management of CLBP. However, larger studies incorporating all variables associated with patient expectations in similar patient populations are needed to confirm these results.

Cultivating teacher innovativeness through transformational leadership and teacher agency in schools: the moderating role of teacher trust

PurposeThis paper explores the relationship between transformational principal leadership and individual teacher innovativeness, considering the mediating role of teacher agency (TA) and the moderating role of teacher trust (TT).Design/methodology/approachWe employed structural equation modeling (SEM) using survey data collected from 676 teachers at 25 schools in Turkey.FindingsThe results indicated no direct correlation between transformational leadership (TL) and teacher innovativeness but revealed a significant and positive association between TL and teachers' agency, as well as between teachers' agency and innovativeness, suggesting that TA fully mediates the association between TL and teacher innovativeness. Additionally, teachers' trust positively influenced the link between principal leadership and teachers' innovativeness, with the impact of TL on teachers' innovativeness being stronger when trust levels were higher.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the literature, providing an understanding of the mechanisms through which leadership can exert an influence on teacher innovativeness.Practical implicationsThis study also suggests that the strength of the influence is likely to vary under different circumstances. Trust among teachers appears to play a key role in the effect of school leadership on teachers, particularly when aiming to support and sustain innovativeness.Social implicationsTrust-based relationships within a school are essential for school principals to influence innovative practices. We conclude that, in the absence of trust as a key component of school climate, achieving a comprehensive understanding of the role of school leadership in fostering teacher innovativeness seems unattainable.Originality/valueThis paper expands existing knowledge regarding the effect of TL in leading teacher innovativeness by indicating the indispensable role of TA and trust.

Smallholder participation in zero-deforestation supply chain initiatives in the Indonesian palm oil sector: Challenges, opportunities, and limitations

As actors in tropical agricultural commodity supply chains implement commitments to end deforestation, they risk exacerbating social inequities by excluding smallholder farmers, who are important producers of many tropical commodity crops. Here, we explore the potential for independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia to participate in zero-deforestation supply chains. We find that these smallholders are underrepresented in the share of zero-deforestation compliant oil palm production. We then synthesize perspectives from key actors in the oil palm industry including smallholders and their representatives, palm oil producing and consulting companies, nongovernmental organizations, and academic researchers. Based on these perspectives, we find that challenges to smallholder supply chain participation include limitations in knowledge (e.g., smallholders may not know the location of protected forests), institutional issues (e.g., absence of trust between oil palm growing companies and smallholder farmers), and financial constraints (e.g., the opportunity cost of not clearing forest). To address these shortcomings, we encourage oil palm growing and milling companies to take the lead on incentivizing, supporting, and facilitating smallholder participation in zero-deforestation initiatives. Specifically, these companies could build and use their technical and political resources to identify and map all forests in their entire supply shed and ensure small producers have land rights that enable participation in zero-deforestation supply chains. These policy levers would need to be combined with economic incentives such as access to improved inputs or price premia for their products. However, we caution that smallholder integration into existing zero-deforestation supply chains alone is unlikely to result in significant additional forest conservation at scale in Indonesia due to selection bias, leakage, and existing land tenure norms. Community-led and jurisdictional or landscape-scale supply chain initiatives that acknowledge multi-commodity production are more likely to provide equitable and just avenues for Indonesian smallholder farmers to steward forest resources.

"When You Look at This Chart, That Is Not My Whole Life": Caregiver Perspectives to Inform Improved Primary Care Practice and Outcomes.

Worsening rates of infant and maternal mortality in the United States serve as an urgent call for multi-modal intervention. Infant Well Child Visits (WCVs) provide an opportunity for prevention, however not all infants receive the recommended schedule of visits, with infants of low-income and Black families missing a higher portion of WCVs. Due to diverse experiences and needs of under-resourced communities throughout the United States, caregiver voice is essential when designing improvement efforts. Purposeful sampling and interviewing of 10 caregivers in Cincinnati, OH was performed by community peer researchers. Interview transcripts were evaluated by the research team, with identification of several important themes. Nine out of 10 caregivers self-identified as Black. All young children of the interviewed caregivers had Medicaid as their insurance provider. All interviews highlighted rich perspectives on caregiver hopes for their child, family, and selves. Establishing trust through empathy, shared decision making, and the nurturing of interpersonal patient-practitioner relationships is crucial for fostering a positive healthcare experience. Levels of mistrust was perceptibly high across several interviews, with lack of racial concordance between medical provider and family exacerbating the issue for some caregivers. Caregivers voiced a tendency to rely on family and community members for when to seek out health care for their children, and additionally cited racism and perceptions of being rushed or judged as barriers to seeking further care. This study emphasizes the importance of being community-informed when considering interventions. Prior research on the topic of missed WCV's often focused on material resource availability and limitations. While that was commented on by caregivers in this study as well, equal-if not more-attention was directed toward interpersonal relationship formation, the presence or absence of trust between practitioner and caregiver, and the importance of social-emotional support for caregivers. We highlight several opportunities for systemic improvements as well as future directions for research.

Membership dropout rates and associated factors in a community-based health insurance scheme in southern Ethiopia: a mixed method study

BackgroundDropout from community-based health insurance (CBHI) membership is a common problem in low-income countries, even if its implementation leads to substantial improvement in the utilization of essential health services. Few studies have addressed the factors contributing to dropout rates in southern Ethiopia. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the rate of CBHI dropout in southern Ethiopia as well as any contributing factors.MethodsThis mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted among 460 randomly selected CBHI-enrolled households at the Arba Minch Health and Demography Surveillance System site from November 1, 2021, to April 30, 2022. The quantitative data were collected by an open data kit (ODK). using an interviewer-based structured questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify significant variables. The qualitative data were used to support the quantitative findings and were gathered through in-depth interviews (by the CBHI coordinator and three purposively selected health extension workers) and focus group discussions (in two randomly selected villages). The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Finally, triangulation was used to present both the quantitative and qualitative findings.ResultsThis study found that 92 (21.5%) people stopped their community-based health insurance membership. The presence of sick adults [AOR = 0.281, 95% CI (0.136–0.581)], trust of participants in the contracted health facilities [AOR = 0.227, 95% CI (0.121–0.436)], and poor knowledge of the participants [AOR = 5.518, 95% CI (1.526–19.950)] were significant predictors.ConclusionThe magnitude of the dropout rate was high in this study when compared with the national target. The absence of a sick adult, the absence of trust among participants, and the poor knowledge status of the participants were significant predictors. We suggest that the health facility managers, the CBHI coordinating office, and the district health office give priority to implementing a wide range of knowledge improvement activities and a transparent system in public health facilities. Studies with longitudinal research designs are called for at a wide range of national levels to address the limitations of this study.

Exploring the Nexus between Conspiracy Beliefs and Creativity, Attitudes toward People, and Psychological Wellbeing: Insights from the 10th European Social Survey

Conspiracy beliefs can have a significant destructive impact on sustainable development. When individuals embrace conspiracy theories, it can result in social mistrust, polarization, and even harmful behaviors. Previous studies linked creativity to intelligence and fairly evidenced links between conspiracy beliefs and paranoid thinking and diminished psychological wellbeing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the associations between conspiracy beliefs and creativity, negative attitudes toward people, and psychological wellbeing. Based on the data derived from the ESS10, several relationships using mediation and SEM analyses were disclosed. The study confirmed that positive attitudes toward people significantly negatively predict conspiracy beliefs and significantly positively predict psychological wellbeing and self-reported creativity, while psychological wellbeing significantly negatively predicts conspiracy beliefs and is a mediator in the links between attitudes toward people and conspiracy beliefs. The SEM model demonstrated an acceptable fit, χ2 = 987.210; Df = 16; CFI = 0.989; TLI = 0.975; NFI = 0.989; RMSEA = 0.040 [0.038–0.042], SRMR = 0.039. The study supported the insights of A. Hon that “conspiracy theories thrive in the absence of trust”. However, there are several avenues for future research to address potential limitations, including using more comprehensive scales, employing diverse research methods, controlling for confounding variables, or exploring potential moderating variables, such as personality traits or cultural factors.

Factors that differentiate cancer risk management decisions among females with pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM

PurposeFollowing disclosure of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in hereditary cancer genes, patients face cancer risk management decisions. Through this mixed-methods study, we investigated cancer risk management decisions among females with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM to understand why some patients follow National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, whereas others do not. MethodsSurvey and interview data were cross-analyzed using a 3-stage approach. Identified factors were used to conduct coincidence analysis and differentiate between combinations of factors that result in following or not following guidelines. ResultsOf the 13 participants who underwent guideline inconsistent prophylactic surgery, 12 fit 1 of 3 unique patterns: (1) cancer-related anxiety in the absence of trust in care, (2) provider recommending surgery inconsistent with National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, or (3) surgery occurring before genetic testing. Two unique patterns were found among 18 of 20 participants who followed guidelines: (1) anxiety along with trust in care or (2) lack of anxiety and no prophylactic surgery before testing. ConclusionHealth care provider recommendations and trust in care may influence whether individuals receive care that is congruent with risk levels conferred by specific genes. Interventions are needed to improve provider knowledge, patient trust in non-surgical care, and patient anxiety.

Compliance with Public Health Orders: The Role of Trust, Representation, and Expertise

Governments rely on citizen compliance to implement policies. Yet, in the current climate where citizens express low levels of trust in government, gaining compliance can prove challenging. Scholarship suggests other factors that might promote compliance even in the absence of trust. We examine two: expertise and descriptive representation across race, gender, and partisanship. We experimentally activate general (dis)trust in government and use a conjoint experiment to examine multiple factors that might shape citizens’ willingness to comply with and trust government guidance related to COVID-19. We find that shared partisanship and consultation with experts have the largest effects. We also see an effect of shared racial identity on compliance for Black Americans, at least when trust is relatively low. As we consider the role of trust, expertise, and descriptive representation across race, gender, and partisanship simultaneously, the results offer important insights into factors that underpin citizens’ willingness to comply with government mandates. Our results have important real-world implications, highlighting the importance of bipartisan responses to crises as well as ensuring racial representation in government. They also demonstrate that explicitly involving experts in decision-making processes increases citizens’ willingness to comply with policy.

The Readiness of Consumers to Adopt Green Hotels in Indonesia: Does Trust Matter?

The number of hotels and consumers that are concerned about the green concept has been increasing, on the other hand, consumers are also becoming skeptical towards the practice of greenwash. Due to the limited availability of research regarding trust in green hotels in developing countries, the purpose of this study is to examine how the influence of attributes on green hotels can affect attitude, intention to stay, and willingness to pay a premium price, as well as how trust can mediate this relationship. The data were collected through a purposive sampling survey of 152 hotel consumers in Indonesia who could identify 5 of the 15 features of green hotels. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares method. The results confirm that the green hotel attributes do not affect the willingness to pay premium prices either with the existence or the absence of trust as a mediating factor. However, this research reveals that consumer trust is essential because it can be a mediating factor that can raise the willingness to stay at green hotels. This research is valuable to provide insight for hotel managers to develop strategies to increase the trust and sales of targeted green customers.

Decolonizing health policy and practice: Vaccine hesitancy in the United States.

Using 2021 data and information related to COVID-19, this paper discusses the contribution of colonization, medical mistrust and racism to vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy is defined as 'delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability'. Colonization is described as the 'way the extractive economic system of capitalism came to the United States, supported by systems of supremacy and domination, which are a necessary part of keeping the wealth and power accumulated in the hands of the colonizers and ultimately their financiers'. The system of colonization results in policies and practices, including those related to health, that continue to create oppression and support racism. Persons experience trauma as the byproduct of colonization. Chronic stress and trauma create chronic inflammation and all diseases, whether genetic or lifestyle, have a common pathogenesis that is a component of inflammation. Medical mistrust is the absence of trust that healthcare providers and organizations genuinely care for patients' interests, are honest, practice confidentiality and have the competence to produce the best possible results. Finally, racism is described as everyday racism and perceived racism in healthcare.

Military and political cooperation in the institutional concepts of the theory of international relations

Military-political cooperation in the institutional concepts of the theory of international relations is considered. The retrospective analysis of the existing concepts of representatives of the main scientific schools and directions in the theory of international relations, primarily supporters of «institutionalism» and political realism regarding the basic principles and mechanisms of military-political cooperation have been done. Comparative analysis of the main scientific schools and approaches in the paradigm of globalization has been accomplished. Possibilities and prospects for changes in views on the principles of military-political cooperation in the international arena are outlined. Principled positions on the issue of deepening and improving the mechanisms of military-political cooperation are formulated. It was found out, that the central problem of the military- political union is the reliability of guarantees that the allied states will come to the rescue and act together. In weakly institutionalized unions, their members cannot trust others because states retain virtually unlimited freedom of action in foreign policy. Therefor their members need guarantees and confidence that the allied states will come to the rescue at the appropriate moment, acting in solidarity to achieve such a goal. In the opposite case, the union will be unable to act as an effective means of uniting the military potential of the member countries, and will remain an empty paper document. Solving the problem of the effectiveness of the union is possible only by building a system of mutual obligations. It was determined, that an essential point for clarifying the criteria for the internal viability of military-political alliances is the ability of the leaders of the member-states to fulfil the alliance obligations to act in spite of strong internal opposition to the country’s foreign policy course or its change. It was concluded that military-political alliances can act as providers of international security and stability not only for their members, but also for the international community as a whole. It was found out, that confidence-building measures proved to be quite effective tools to prevent war. In the absence of trust, it is impossible to build a stable and safe world, and the best embodiment of trust in practice is a military-political union in which the mutual trust of the member-states reaches the highest possible level. If such an alliance is capable of acting as a stabilizer of the system of international relations, deterring its members and other states from aggressive actions and depriving them of reasons to count on victory «at a small price», then its activity strengthens the security of all countries without exception.

Metarepresentation, trust, and "unleashed expression".

Heintz & Scott-Phillips's account of human expression leaves a number of central issues unclear - not least, whether the lack of expression in nonhuman species is attributable to their lack of the relevant metarepresentational abilities, an absence of trust, or a consequence of other factors. In place of their view, we propose a gradualistic account of the origins of human expression.

Conflict and Crime: Will the Russia–Ukraine Conflict Result in the Second Rise of the Russian Mafia?

This paper deals with the question of whether Russia will experience the second rise of the mafia akin to the experience of the 1990s during the current Russia–Ukraine conflict. It examines the necessary conditions for the rise of the mafia that were present in the 1990s, such as the absence of trust in the state, the demand for protection, and the supply of individuals willing to provide protection. The paper concludes that despite economic woes generated by Western sanctions, the conditions for the rise of the mafia are currently absent in Russia. Nevertheless, turbulent times frequently lead to an increase in organized criminal activity, which seems to be the case in Russia at this particular point in time. Furthermore, due to anti-Western rhetoric, the idea of organized crime as a foreign threat to Russia will likely continue to gain momentum.

“Sustaining Real Estate Sector through Technological Interventions: Purchase Intention of Residential Apartment Buyers”

Abstract Technology is being widely adopted in Construction and Real Estate sector these days. Pandemic has made technology exigent in every walk of life and Real Estate sector is no exception to this paradigm. However, it must also be noted that technology is becoming a ubiquitous savior and an important tool for sustainability of enterprises. Real Estate has been a barometer for measuring progress of economy and its central theme of debate. If economy has to improve, much depends on revival of Real Estate Sector in general and retail purchase such as residential apartments in specific. Retails purchases have literally come to a halt due to various reasons such as frequent lock downs, non-movements, lack of confidence and absence of trust in future commitments. In this context, sustainability of this sector has been made possible by adoption of cutting edge technologies. In this paper the technologies are reviewed and how each brand is able to use technologies to better their marketing and sales efforts. The paper will also be able to convincingly illustrate technologies that could be used by companies that are smaller and medium scale in size, so that sustainability does not restrict itself to Tier I cities, but also revisits Tier II cities which are emerging markets.

A Blockchain-Enabled Incentive Trust Management with Threshold Ring Signature Scheme for Traffic Event Validation in VANETs.

As a part of the intelligent transportation system, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) provide timely information about road events and traffic to improve road safety and traffic efficiency. However, VANETs face many challenges, such as attacks from malicious vehicles, identity privacy leakage, and the absence of trust between vehicular nodes. In addition, vehicles nearby an event usually lack the motivation to participate in the traffic event validation whenever it occurs, which requires the cooperation of vehicles on the network. To solve these problems, a blockchain-enabled incentive trust model with a privacy-preserving threshold ring signature scheme for VANETs is proposed. Firstly, a threshold ring signature scheme is designed in order to allow participants in the non-trusted environment to anonymously witness the message’s authenticity and reliability while guaranteeing the vehicle’s privacy. Second, a blockchain-enabled incentive trust management model is presented to enable the roadside units (RSUs) to thwart various attacks and guarantee the trustworthiness of event messages transmitted in VANETs and also motivate the senders of the traffic information and their witnesses with incentives. Finally, to improve efficiency, a practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus mechanism is used. Our proposed system is demonstrated to be effective and secure for VANETs, according to both security analysis and performance evaluation.

Blockchain solutions for carbon markets are nearing maturity

Blockchain solutions for carbon markets are nearing maturity

Implementing mixed nursing care teams in intensive care units during COVID-19: A rapid qualitative descriptive study.

AimsThe goal of this study was to gain insight into the views and experiences of an intensive care team working in a new nursing‐care delivery model during the COVID‐19 waves. A new model of care was implemented to augment nursing capacity and provide sufficient intensive care beds.DesignA qualitative monocentric study using rapid qualitative descriptive methods was reported in line with the COREQ checklist.MethodsNurse, ward manager and physician participants were purposively recruited between January and March 2021 in a tertiary university‐affiliated hospital in the Flemish‐speaking part of Belgium. Semistructured interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis methods.ResultsThe participants were seventeen expert nurses, twelve supporting nurses, seven ward managers and four physicians. A central theme of ensuring safe, high‐quality care emerged from the findings. There was a sense of losing one's grip on clinical practice when working in the mixed nursing‐care teams. Different underlying experiences played a part in this sense of losing control: dealing with unknown elements, experiencing role ambiguity, struggling with responsibility and the absence of trust. Several coping mechanisms were developed by the nursing‐care team to deal with those experiences, including attempts to create stability, to strike a balance between delegating and educating, to build in control and to communicate openly.ConclusionIn this rapid qualitative descriptive study, the implementation of a new nursing‐care delivery model during a pandemic was seen to lead to several challenges for all members of the care team. Coping mechanisms were developed by the team to deal with these experienced challenges.ImpactWhen rethinking nursing‐care delivery models, the findings of this study may help guide the process of implementing mixed nursing‐care teams. Special attention needs to be paid to clarifying roles, sharing responsibility and clinical leadership. Other significant influences (such as moral distress) should also be taken into account.

Case report of multiple concomitant infections (HCV, HEV, Typhoid and Oral thrush) and their treatment challenges in a developing country

It is important to diagnose multiple infections timely, to avoid potential treatment complications. We report a case here with multiple infections, admitted to the ICU of a private healthcare facility, for ventilatory support. On admission, he had reactive hepatitis E and hepatitis C, was suspected of oral thrush, acute and chronic typhoid associated with headache, fever for one month, nausea for the last three days, yellow colored urine for seven days, and difficulty breathing. He was treated for four days, and afterward, removed from hospital care without the consent of the doctor in-charge while his condition was not stable. Several essential diagnostic tests were recommended but were not provided for by the caretakers. Unfortunately, the telephonic follow up brought the news of his sad demise a day after his discharge from the hospital. Poor financial conditions, lack of public funding, lack of awareness amongst caretakers, as well as the absence of trust in the national healthcare system, pose serious challenges for healthcare providers and lead to many such sad instances quite routinely in developing countries.

Hash Access in Blockchain Radio Access Networks: Characterization and Optimization

Blockchain radio access network (B-RAN) is a decentralized, trustworthy wireless networking paradigm spurred by distributed ledger technologies (DLTs). In B-RAN, even though blockchain builds trust in upper layers, the absence of trust between client devices still causes the problem with open access, or the so-called Rogue’s Dilemma, and degrades the network performance. Therefore, Hash Access was proposed for B-RAN to address the trust issue between clients and enforce client devices to obey the grant-free access rule. However, the characteristics and performance of Hash Access in B-RAN remain unclear. In this work, we dive deep into the Rogue’s Dilemma from a game-theoretic model to emphasize the necessity of Hash Access. We establish an analytical model to comprehensively evaluate the performance of B-RAN using Hash Access regarding transmission success probability, access delay, and network throughput. Based on the analytical model, we further optimize the Hash Access protocol for network throughput and provide useful practical guidelines. Simulation results are presented to validate our proposed model and insights.