Absence Of Trust Research Articles

Factual Divergence and Risk Perceptions

The communication of information (‘facts’) by experts to the general public becomes challenging if there is an absence of trust in experts, and in the institutions they represent. There has been a perceived sense of a decline of public trust in expertise and science, an issue of concern highlighted by political leaders such as MP Michael Gove and Former US President Donald Trump. This paper presents a synthesis of differing fields of study to reflect upon the dynamic between expertise, risk and public response in democratic practice. It incorporates studies and theories from the fields of psychology, risk analysis, communication, epistemology and political studies to answer questions such as: what evidence is there that public antipathy toward experts exists? Is a war being waged between laypeople and experts, and what does this mean for public policy? How can risk perception research effectively contribute to the debate on trust in expertise? The role of heuristics and psychology in decision-making is explored (as well as a brief sojourn into the sociology of risk) with regard to how risk perceptions are formed, and the role that experts play in this dynamic. In this article, I argue that the reports of a decline in trust in expertise are not based in evidence; in fact, experts and scientists are generally trusted by the public at large. However, this trust cannot be taken for granted as it continues to represent an increasingly critical element in communicating risk and upholding democratic principles in governance.

Audit as confession: The instrumentalisation of ethics for management control

Techniques of audit are a prominent feature of contemporary publicly funded institutions. While such accountability systems are often understood as broadly ethical, critical perspectives note their coercive nature, seeing audit regimes as instruments of governmentality for disciplining and creating self-regulating subjects, diminishing autonomy and premised on an absence of trust. In this article, I seek to extend this critical perspective to the ethics of audit. In so doing I reveal how the roots of apparently modern, scientific systems for eliciting truth are to be found in the Christian rite of confession, audit being one of a number of quasi-scientific disciplines to draw on confession’s mechanisms. The article then explores the parallels and implications for aid workers as moral agents and subjects in audit systems. Research with those involved in planning, monitoring and evaluation processes suggests how reporting and audit mechanisms both constrain the everyday work of development as well as reach into the future, delimiting what can be done. Respondents narratives’ emphasise their experiences of constraint and frustration as they try to negotiate audit’s more distorting effects. These narratives suggest how, in its focus on accountability upwards, audit has more to do with power and control that it does with ethics; and to achieve its purposes, it relies on processes of subjection rooted in confession.

МОДЕЛІ АНАЛІЗУ ІНФЛЯЦІЙНИХ ОЧІКУВАНЬ

Households, firms, and financial market participants adjust their behavior according to their own expectations about future price increases. Inflation expectations often lead to higher actual prices. Accordingly, inflation expectations are characterized by self-fulfilling and they are one of the factors influencing the future level of inflation. It is important for central banks to monitor inflation expectations and shape them in the desired way through their activities and communications through the monetary transmission expectations channel. Therefore, empirical conclusions about the inflation expectations of agents are significant and relevant for monetary policy. This paper presents the results of the analysis of existing types of models for the analysis of inflation expectations with the subsequent implementation of individual models on the data of inflation expectations, which are monitored by the NBU. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of models of inflation anchoring, models of assessment of rationality and shift of inflation expectations, as well as models of forecasting inflation expectations. The use of applied econometric tools allowed to obtain competitive science-based results. In particular, the calculations showed that the highest sensitivity to inflation among all groups of respondents is shown by households, and the least sensitive according to the results of the model are inflation expectations of financial analysts. The developed forecast models have acceptable forecasting properties and can be used to forecast inflation expectations. The analysis showed that the degree of anchoring of inflation expectations at the level of the Central Bank's inflation target determines the effectiveness of monetary transmission through the expectations channel, and reflects the level of confidence of economic agents in monetary policy. In the absence of trust in the Central Bank, inflation expectations can be adaptive, i.e. those that are formed under the influence of past inflation. Under such conditions, the effectiveness of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy weakens, and current inflation, due to deteriorating expectations, becomes more sensitive to the effects of various shocks. On the basis of the analyzed literature the main directions of research of inflation expectations, and also the basic approaches to construction of models of the analysis of inflation expectations are presented.

Secure Message Handling in Vehicular Energy Networks Using Blockchain and Artificially Intelligent IPFS

In the underlying work, the problems faced during message dissemination in the conventional Vehicular Energy Networks (VENs) like lack of security, breach of personal identities, absence of trust between vehicle owners, etc., are tackled. In this study, a Blockchain (BC) based announcement system is proposed for VENs to ensure secure and reliable announcement dissemination in the proposed network. The proposed system is a three-layered system comprising message dissemination layer, storage layer and BC layer. In the first layer, all the vehicles are registered through a Certificate Authority (CA), which ensures only the legitimate vehicles become part of the proposed network and interact with each other. Later, in the second layer, the data sent by the vehicles is stored at the artificial intelligence based Interplanetary File System (IPFS), which is incorporated with the Road Side Units (RSUs). This ensures reduction in storage cost and data availability. Besides, vehicle owners’ privacy is ensured by concealing the real identities of the vehicles. Moreover, the hashes of the data stored in the IPFS are stored in BC in the third layer. Also, lightweight trustworthiness verification of the vehicles, reputation based incentivization and concealing predictable trends in vehicles’ reputation scores are performed in the same layer. Overall, the novelty of the proposed work lies in the fact that the proposed system efficiently tackles different problems encountered in the existing systems simultaneously. Through extensive simulations, it is inferred that the computational time is reduced by 15-18% and the storage overhead is reduced by 80-85%, respectively when storing hash of data on the BC network as compared to storing actual data on the network.

Social Capital and Tourism Development: Insights from a Peripheral Destination

There has been a growing emphasis on understanding the nexus between tourism and social capital from different contexts. This study aims to develop an in-depth understanding of the influence of social capital on tourism development from a peripheral destination context of the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. In this vein, a qualitative case study approach was adopted to gather empirical evidence primarily through qualitative semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders. Thematic analysis was adopted to interpret the gathered data. Findings of the study reflect that bridging and linking capitals play a critical role in community-involved tourism development in the Sundarbans. Furthermore, the study reveals that the absence of trust and misuse of power can threaten tourism development in the observed context. This study contributes to the broader literature of tourism-social capital nexus and extends our current understanding in reference to a developing country’s peripheral destinations. Keywords: Social capital, peripheral destination, linking capital, the Sundarbans, Bangladesh DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-22-09 Publication date: November 30 th 2021

Guiding Refugee Women Who Have Experienced Violence: Representation of Trust in Counsellors’ Journals

AbstractThis article analyses the importance of trust in counselling for refugee and other migrant women who have experienced gender-based violence. The data consist of journal entries written by social workers, case workers, legal counsellors, and psychologists working for seven non-governmental organizations providing counselling services for women in six European Union countries. The analysis focuses on how trust is represented in the journals and how it is linked to agency and vulnerability. Trust is necessary to build a form of agency that enables refugee women to be vulnerable in the sense that they expose themselves to the actions and expectations of the persons who help them. This form of vulnerability makes it possible to recount the events that have made them vulnerable in the sense of having been subjected to harmful actions. In the journals, the presence or absence of trust is always assessed by the counsellors, and the voice of the refugee women is not clearly present.

Who Is He Calling WEIRD?

Abstract In The WEIRDest People in the World, Henrich offers something of a big-think, global, social-science history that covers everything from psychology experiments to anthropological narrative, economic argumentation, and kinship studies, all grounded in a purported history of religious and family law. The book seeks to persuade that the West is cognitively different from the rest of the world and that its uniqueness explains every fundamental aspect of its modern trajectory—its wealth and education distributions, the progress and spread of its innovations, the presence or absence of trust outside its local communities, its formal institutions of democratic governance, and its beliefs about fairness and equality. Even more important for historically oriented readers, the book seeks to uncover how this major cognitive development emerged. The quantitative methods that the book employs to support its sweeping claims, however, are flawed, and its version of European church- and family-law history is inconsistent with the consensus view of specialist historians.

Управление сопротивлением проектам по внедрению цифровизации в FMCG-компаниях

This paper explores the reasons for resistance to digital transformation projects in FMCG companies. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations for mitigating resistance. Within the framework of the study, an in-depth analysis of existing theoretical approaches and a quantitative analysis based on a sample of more than 60 respondents working in the FMCG sector were carried out. It was found that employees are prone to resistance in the absence of trust in the company's management and the project as a whole. At the same time, the fear of losing a job reduces the willingness to get involved in digitalization projects for people with higher education, while for people without it, maintaining employment is not decisive. It was also revealed that employees of FMCG companies are unwilling to overwork and disrupt the work-life balance, regardless of their attitude to digitalization. Finally, it turned out that employees working remotely are less likely to resist digital transformation projects.

Філософський бекгроунд імовірності як категорії інтенціальної нано-економіки

Introduction. Understanding and using probability as a philosophical concept and a practical tool acquires special relevance in the context of the economy of intentions, in which a person is the main actor. The nano-subect not only makes strategic decisions, but also determines the likelihood of the onset of results, which in turn depends on the degree of trust of all participants in economic actions.The purpose of this work is to develop a categorical understanding of probability in the sphere of action of intentional nano-economics. In the process of research, the methods of scientific abstraction, categorical analysis, causal induction and others were used. Results. The concept of probability by modern scientists is proposed to be considered from three approaches: as a concept and a tool of mathematical analysis; as an objective opportunity (philosophical approach); as a category of logic of propositional probability.The understanding of probability is of particular importance when studying the behavior of nano-subjects strategically oriented towards the development and creation of competitive advantages. The study of the likelihood of an event occurring in the future is important in the process of strategic management, which involves assessing the potential (opportunities) of a subject's development, and achieving certain intentions. In this case, intentions merge with the possibilities and likelihood of achieving the set goal.It is proposed to consider probability in the context of an intentional nano-economy, and within which the logical probability of the implementation of certain intentions determines the involvement of such an instrument as trust.Trust is directly related to the theory and practice of risk management of nano-objects; can act as an asset of a nano-subject; be used as institutional support for further development. Conclusion. The study made it possible to present the development of a categorical apparatus, within which probability in intentional nano-economics is a definition that expresses the quality of achieving a certain state of a nano-subject in the future, and the quality, in turn, depends on the presence or absence of trust as an institutional tool for effective development

P396 Acceptance of switch, patient satisfaction and adverse events after switch from adalimumab originator to biosimilar SB5 in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a real-life setting

Abstract Background SB5 is approved as a biosimilar of the adalimumab originator. However, data on patient acceptance of switch from originator to biosimilar, patient satisfaction, adverse events and nocebo effects are lacking, especially in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population. We sought to elucidate these issues in a real-life switch IBD population. Methods IBD patients, in clinical remission or stable response, treated with adalimumab originator in 2 Belgian centers were offered to participate in this phase IV, interventional trial. Switch was voluntary and was offered after being informed about biosimilars. Satisfaction with the switch and local discomfort after injection (within and after 30 minutes) was semi-quantitatively (visual analogue scales (VAS)) assessed at baseline and 8 weeks, 6 months and 12 months after switch. Reasons for non-switch, discontinuation and adverse events were documented. Results An acceptance of switch rate of 79.3% was observed. Fifteen patients reported 22 reasons for refusal; the most common were fear for a flare (n = 8), ease to stay on the originator (n = 4) and absence of trust in biosimilars (n = 3). No patient-related demographic factors associated with refusal of switch could be defined. By month 12, 28 patients discontinued SB5 for several reasons; the most frequent being high anti-adalimumab antibodies at baseline (n = 5), secondary loss of response (n = 3), injection site pain (ISP) (n = 8) and other adverse events (n = 10) not causally related to SB5. At month 12 after switch, 74.5% of the study population was still treated with SB5 (table 1). The median VAS for local discomfort up to 30 minutes after injection of the originator was 1/10 and increased significantly to values between 2 and 3/10 at the different time points on SB5 (p < 0.001 for all) (table 2). However, the median VAS for local discomfort after 30 minutes was between 0 and 1/10 at all time points, which was not significantly different compared to the originator. Nevertheless, satisfaction with the decision to switch was high and remained stable over the different time points with a median VAS between 7 and 8/10, which was not significantly different compared to baseline. Conclusion After being well informed, the great majority of patients treated with adalimumab originator is willing to switch to biosimilar SB5. The rate of satisfaction under treatment with SB5 is high and remains stable over time. The most important reasons for discontinuation were adverse events, which could be mostly attributed to the nocebo effect and to ISP. Of note, patients in general report a higher, temporary, local discomfort within 30 minutes after injection with SB5.

Fake News, Epistemic Coverage and Trust

AbstractThis article makes the case that a deficit or absence of trust in media sources to report on newsworthy items facilitates acceptance of fake news. The article begins by identifying the sort of fake news that is of interest for the purposes of this article. Epistemic coverage is then explained—in particular, how an individual's expectations about their epistemic environment can lead them to accepting or rejecting claims. The article explains that when an individual believes that mainstream media report on what is deemed newsworthy, it follows that an individual will have grounds to dismiss a newsworthy claim that has not been reported upon—such as a claim made by fake news. Trust—which has both a believed competence requirement and a believed goodwill requirement—is then discussed as part of this explanation. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the argument for regulating mainstream media.

Alone in the campaign: Distrust in regulators and the coping of front‐line workers

AbstractTrust is the “glue” connecting state and society and particularly relevant to how front‐line workers, who are the face of public administration vis‐à‐vis citizens, implement policy. Therefore, it is important to examine how front‐line workers' absence of trust in regulators influences the ways they cope with their clients. Our study investigates this question empirically through interviews and focus groups with 80 Israeli social service providers. Our results show that front‐line workers' distrust in regulators is a product of four factors: perceived lack of protection, clash of values, politicization in implementation processes, and regulators' “disconnection” from the field. It leads them to adopt two coping strategies: acts of self‐protection and deviation from formal policy. A further derivative is their turnover intention.

The zero trust supply chain: Managing supply chain risk in the absence of trust

The modern supply chain is characterised by an ill-defined and porous perimeter, allowing entry points for potential adversaries to intercept sensitive information and disrupt operations. Such supply chain attacks are increasing in frequency and their impacts can be costly to an organisation. Trust between supply chain partners is commonly thought to be a risk management tool, where increasing trust results in reduced risk. However, increased trust may actually expose the supply chain to more risk, not less. In this paper, we propose the concept of the zero trust supply chain. Originating in the field of information technology and cybersecurity, a zero trust philosophy assumes that all actors and activity are untrusted. In contrast to perimeter-based security, which attempts to keep adversarial actors out, a zero trust-based security posture assumes that adversaries are already inside the system, and therefore imposes strict access and authentication requirements. In this paper, we map zero trust concepts to the supply chain, and discuss the steps an organisation might take to transition to zero trust. We set forth a research agenda by examining zero trust through the lens of several organisational theories and propose a number of research propositions.

Promoting (religious and political) diversity through legislation in Northern Ireland

ABSTRACT Northern Ireland is a society which has suffered communal strife for decades, a result of divergent political and religious identities. Since the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the violence associated with this tension has receded. This article looks at some of the different areas where there has been inter-communal conflict: political structures, elections, policing, language, employment and treatment of victims. It identifies the solutions and identifies the tools to implement those solutions. Legislation has been used as a tool of choice to regulate that diversity, to provide protection and to solve problems resulting from that diversity. Legislation is not the inevitable tool to use, softer forms of regulation are also available. There are two suggested reasons for the reliance upon legislation. Firstly, in the absence of trust between political parties, legislation offers an enforceable solution which is legally binding upon all parties. Secondly, legislation can be seen as a concrete and tangible achievement.

Institutional Distrust among African Americans and Building Trustworthiness in the COVID-19 Response: Implications for Ethical Public Health Practice.

African Americans are disproportionately affected by COVID-19-related disease and mortality due to long-standing social, political, economic, and environmental injustice; and COVID-19 inequities are exacerbated by institutional distrust. In the absence of trust, public health authorities have not adequately fulfilled their professional and ethical obligations to protect African American communities from the negative effects of COVID-19. As institutional distrust is shaped by individual and collective experiences of untrustworthiness, we propose a paradigm shift from increasing trust among African Americans to increasing trustworthiness among medical and public health institutions/systems throughout the United States. This narrative review extends the literature describing how social determinants contribute to COVID-19 inequities by demonstrating how institutional distrust develops over time and is reinforced through systems of injustice. Additionally, we illustrate consequences of institutional distrust for COVID-19 inequities and provide recommendations for building trustworthiness through ethical public health practice.

Trust in the Network of Food Diversification Policy Implementation in Bone Regency

Trust that is well built in the policy-making process in network organizations gives birth to an effective policy outcome in the form of decreased assumption levels. This research method uses a qualitative approach and a case study strategy to explain trust in the implementation of food diversification policies. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and observations. Data processing and analysis techniques are carried out in three stages, namely: data reduction, presentation and conclusion drawing. The informants in this study were as follows: a) Chair of the Women Farmers Group b). sub-district extension team; d) District extension team.The results showed that the trust that occurred in the interaction of actors, in this case the Food Security Service, Extension Officers and the Women Farmers Group in the implementation of food diversification policies in Bone Regency was not effective. This can be shown that there is no mutual agreement that can be used as a rule of the game for the actors involved in implementing this policy. Opportunistic behavior is a sub-concept that assesses the presence and absence of trust, which is not identified in this study, because there is no mutually agreed upon rule of the game. Then, the actors' good will trust does not emerge because they are still designing and running their respective programs. Therefore, the implementation of the diversification policy requires trust between them so that the performance of this policy can be realized.

Impact of Sports on University Student's Socio-Cultural Development in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Sports are assuming a significant part in deve1oping numerous ethical social, physica1, and cu1tura1 va1ues that they are significant for an individual to make him a productive member of society and help in the achievement. Concerning sports, the word va1ue alludes to the traditiona1 arrangement of be1iefs. This examination was directed for the reason to think about the function of sports in creating socio-cultural qualities among students at the college level. Examination shows that sports assume a critical function in creating socio- cultural qualities among students at the college level. A greater part of the college players has frequently faced socio-cultural issues. Students recognized various social and cultural issues such as lack of regard for others, need for generosity, absence of trust, need of honesty, lack of ethics, need of self-discipline, need of courage, teamwork, brotherhood, health, positive rivalry, sense obligation, off-air play, equality, tolerance, co-activity, and anthropological moralities, necessity of societal knowledge, requirement of humor, dearth of distinctiveness, want of facility, deficiency of social responsibility, prerequisite of compassion and veracity at upper stage. These detections are succeeding the study of Linghede (2018) who posits that societal glitches have impact on the practices of person. This investigation furthermore originate that communal hitches put impact on sport activities and societal status of the student at higher stage. The goal of the examination was to recognize socio-social issues looked at by students, investigate the perspectives on students, and sees potential answers for socio-social issues looked at by them, through games.

Tax Avoidance in Pakistan: Drivers and Necessary Policy Interventions

Tax avoidance in Pakistan is extremely high, prompting a weakening in the monetary circumstance and an absence of arrangement of open administrations. The report breaks down four factors of expense resolve: sentiments of blame and disgrace; absence of trust in the administration; discernment about different residents who make good on assessments; and levels of set approvals, as factors of tax avoidance in the Republic of Pakistan. The work incorporates a review led through a poll disseminated among a deliberately chosen test of 400 salaried representatives to gather reactions that were dissected utilizing the t-test. The discoveries propose that the view of the utilization of cash, the components of disgrace, the impression of the consistent conduct of different residents, and the degree of authorizations influence tax avoidance. In any case, the factors of blame and view of defilement don't significantly affect shirking conduct. Some strategy mediation's to control the danger of tax avoidance have been proposed toward the finish of the archive. These approaches incorporate persuading citizens through strategies, for example, selling, forcing fines and punishments, and distributing the names of defaulters through the media and the duty office site.

Fostering Trust and Commitment in Complex Project Networks through Dedicated Investment in Partnership Management

An absence of trust among partners can magnify the risk in a complex project by increasing behavioural uncertainty. Partnership trust can effectively substitute for control, reducing variability of outcomes and increasing value-adding strategic collaboration. It is introduced as strategic countermeasures against risks associated with project complexity that can only be achieved with commitment from all partners. This research conceptualises partnership trust on four dimensions and investigates the roles of dedicated investment and information sharing in partnership trust–commitment. The complexity of trust management is further highlighted in an exploration of the importance of the exchange relationship environment.

Persistent psychological distress in resettled refugee women-at-risk at one-year follow-up: Contributions of trauma, post-migration problems, loss, and trust.

The mental health of women has been largely neglected in the refugee literature, notwithstanding the specific gender-related issues that confront women seeking asylum. Furthermore, a specific category of women, deemed to be women-at-risk, face particular challenges in their journey and resettlement process. This longitudinal study investigated psychological distress in refugee women-at-risk one year after resettlement in Australia. Follow-up survey of 83 women-at-risk (mean age = 33.41 years; SD = 11.93) assessed: trauma events and symptoms; loss events and loss distress; level of post-migration problems; anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms; and absence of trust in community members. Participants demonstrated no symptom change since initial assessment (p > .05). Substantial proportions of women reported traumatization (39%), PTSD (20%), anxiety (32%), and depression (39%) above clinical cut-offs, and high levels of somatization and loss distress. Post-migration problems, trauma events, and region of birth were associated with all symptoms, with post-migration problems the strongest predictor. Absence of trust in community members was associated with trauma, depression, and somatic symptoms. Initial trauma and somatic symptoms were associated with follow-up traumatic and somatic symptoms. Loss and trauma events were associated with loss distress. Findings underline the role of post-migration problems on psychological distress and the need to consider women's psychological wellbeing in the context of their trauma and loss history, potential impacts of ethnicity, and complex socio-cultural dynamics underpinning issues of trust within communities. Effective service delivery requires that practitioners screen for and address psychological distress in women-at-risk at least up to 18 months after resettlement.