Absence Of Restrictions Research Articles

Synthesis of power system elements by the criterion of reliability in conditions of cybersecurity

Among the hardware solutions for cyber security of modern power systems, it is proposed in their management infrastructure to introduce redundancy of key elements to increase reliability and thereby ensure the necessary level of cybersecurity. We have obtained the ratio of the multiplicity of the reservation of elements for the cases of presence and absence of restrictions on the minimum permissible values of the probabilities of their trouble-free operation. Refs.: 10 titles.Keywords: power system, redundancy, reliability, cybersecurity, management infrastructure.

Praktik Kekerasan Simbolik dalam Pemaknaan Perempuan Bekerja Menurut Manhaj Salafi

Abstract
 The fact that women working is not a strange thing in the modern era and today's advanced technology. It has become commonplace when we meet the usual work done by men is also done by women. Gender issues in the field of employment are increasingly liquid in the absence of restrictions on the work of men and women's work. The conditions paradox symbolize the concept of work according to the methodology of the Salafis. They clung to the rules, principles, and beliefs that differentiate and limit the type of work between men and women. Convinced that the best place for women is in the private sphere. Where possible women work outside the home must comply with the rules and etiquette that have been determined by the Salafi manhaj. Writing these reflections are trying to dig deeper into the practice of symbolic violence within the meaning of women's work according to the Salafi manhaj. Aiming to know the meaning of work for women Salafi who believes that the best place for women is at home, connected to the concept of symbolic violence. To that used a qualitative approach through the interview method focused on seven informants selected by specific criteria. The results of his research is the practice of symbolic violence does occur in the work according to the methodology of the Salafi discourse. The symbolic violence approved and maintained by the seven women delivered Salafi through language, way of thinking, and how inaction.

Vegetation Growth Models Improve Surface Layer Flux Simulations of a Temperate Grassland

Core Ideas Detailed description of plant growth dynamics improves heat flux simulations. Harvest cannot be neglected to adequately simulate boundary layer energy fluxes. Complex plant growth models improve flux exchanges under drought conditions. Grassland models represent interactions of plant growth with soil and agricultural management based on underlying processes in different degrees of detail. To better understand the impact of these differences on the simulation of energy and matter exchange at the land‐surface layer, we compared the ability of five land‐surface models with different degrees of complexity to simulate energy fluxes in an intensively managed grassland in Switzerland. The aim was to evaluate the impacts of biomass growth, biomass harvest, soil profile characterization, and rooting depth on the dynamics of simulated near‐surface soil moisture contents and energy fluxes. The case study included a comparison of model results with continuous observations of latent heat, sensible heat, and net radiation for a site‐year. Energy fluxes were simulated more accurately by including a biomass growth model, encompassing the abrupt decline in leaf area caused by harvest. Site‐specific soil parametrization in combination with the absence of restrictions on rooting depth also improved the simulation results. The simulated energy fluxes of the five models differed significantly in the hot, dry month of July 2010 but were negligible under moist conditions in May. We conclude that the application of dynamic vegetation growth models improves energy flux simulations at the field scale in intensively managed grasslands during summer if biomass harvest dates and site‐specific soil profile descriptions are considered. Our results imply that regional‐scale simulations of grasslands will benefit significantly from high‐resolution input information on soil properties, land use, and management.

Choice of reference measurements affects quantification of long diffusion time behaviour using stimulated echoes.

PurposeTo demonstrate how reference data affect the quantification of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in long diffusion time measurements with diffusion‐weighted stimulated echo acquisition mode (DW‐STEAM) measurements, and to present a modification to avoid contribution from crusher gradients in DW‐STEAM.MethodsFor DW‐STEAM, reference measurements at long diffusion times have significant b 0 value, because b = 0 cannot be achieved in practice as a result of the need for signal spoiling. Two strategies for acquiring reference data over a range of diffusion times were considered: constant diffusion weighting (fixed‐b 0) and constant gradient area (fixed‐q 0). Fixed‐b 0 and fixed‐q 0 were compared using signal calculations for systems with one and two diffusion coefficients, and experimentally using data from postmortem human corpus callosum samples.ResultsCalculations of biexponential diffusion decay show that the ADC is underestimated for reference images with b > 0, which can induce an apparent time‐dependence for fixed‐q 0. Restricted systems were also found to be affected. Experimentally, the exaggeration of the diffusion time–dependent effect under fixed‐q 0 versus fixed‐b 0 was in a range predicted theoretically, accounting for 62% (longitudinal) and 35% (radial) of the time dependence observed in white matter.ConclusionsVariation in the b‐value of reference measurements in DW‐STEAM can induce artificial diffusion time dependence in ADC, even in the absence of restriction. Magn Reson Med 79:952–959, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Control of the Combustion Process Parameters in ICE by the Ion Current Signals

This paper is devoted to control of the combustion processes in the internal combustion engines (ICE). It presents a method for estimation of the position of the peak pressure, the maximal pressure of the cycle and the air-fuel ratio based on the analysis of the integral characteristics of the ion current signals. The advantages of the proposed method are stability of the final result of the calculation to the influence from the cycle-to-cycle combustion parameter variations, stability to the changes in the parameters of the measuring probe during a long operation time and absence of restrictions on the wave form of the ion current. It also presents the results of the experimental testing of the developed method and its comparison with the conventional methods of analysis of the ion current and control of the combustion process parameters. The authors compared the efficiency and accuracy of the method using a combustion pressure sensor, based on the piezoelectric ceramics; the methods of the ion current analysis, based on detection of the thermal-ionization ion current peak; the method of the ion current analysis based on the integral characteristic of the ion current signal. The results of the experimental studies indicate a possibility of the use of the integral characteristic of the ion current signal for estimation of the combustion process parameters with the accuracy of the combustion pressure sensor based on the piezoelectric ceramics. The ion current measurement technology is cheaper than the piezoelectric ceramic sensors and can be widely applied in the serial engines.

Do Multinational Enterprises Exploit a Window of Opportunity? An Empirical Analysis of Profit Shifting in the Absence of Restrictions

This paper investigates multinational enterprises’ (MNEs) response to a unique window of opportunity for temporarily unrestricted profit shifting. The window unexpectedly opened because of a ruling by the European Court of Justice in 2006 that suspended the application of controlled foreign corporation (CFC) rules within the European Economic Area. It closed with a subsequent piece of anti-shifting legislation on thin capitalization in 2007. We identify causal effects of the suspension of the CFC rules on profit shifting by exploiting random variation in the size of MNEs’ windows that results from variation in the business year starting dates across MNEs. Using detailed balance sheet information on internal debt shifting between foreign low tax subsidiaries and their parents, we find that MNEs’ response to the window of opportunity is remarkably moderate in terms of both the probability and the volume of internal lending. On the one hand, this results from substantial short-term rigidities: internal lending increases with window size. On the other hand, MNEs in general responded with a fair amount of reserve which is indicated by low total levels of internal lending throughout the window. Presumably, this is caused by legal uncertainty about the scope of internal debt shifting that would be accepted by tax offices.

Bilateral versus ipsilesional cortico-subcortical activity patterns in stroke show hemispheric dependence.

Background Understanding of interhemispheric interactions in stroke patients during motor control is an important clinical neuroscience quest that may provide important clues for neurorehabilitation. In stroke patients, bilateral overactivation in both hemispheres has been interpreted as a poor prognostic indicator of functional recovery. In contrast, ipsilesional patterns have been linked with better motor outcomes. Aim We investigated the pathophysiology of hemispheric interactions during limb movement without and with contralateral restraint, to mimic the effects of constraint-induced movement therapy. We used neuroimaging to probe brain activity with such a movement-dependent interhemispheric modulation paradigm. Methods We used an fMRI block design during which the plegic/paretic upper limb was recruited/mobilized to perform unilateral arm elevation, as a function of presence versus absence of contralateral limb restriction ( n = 20, with balanced left/right lesion sites). Results Analysis of 10 right-hemispheric stroke participants yielded bilateral sensorimotor cortex activation in all movement phases in contrast with the unilateral dominance seen in the 10 left-hemispheric stroke participants. Superimposition of contralateral restriction led to a prominent shift from activation to deactivation response patterns, in particular in cortical and basal ganglia motor areas in right-hemispheric stroke. Left-hemispheric stroke was in general characterized by reduced activation patterns, even in the absence of restriction, which induced additional cortical silencing. Conclusion The observed hemispheric-dependent activation/deactivation shifts are novel and these pathophysiological observations suggest short-term neuroplasticity that may be useful for hemisphere-tailored neurorehabilitation.

Региональный регистр по множественной миеломе: его значение в эпоху новых препаратов

Introduction. Trend of improving life expectancy of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is observed from the second half of the 2000s. The changes occur in the general population of patients with MM for a certain period of the time when emerge new drugs and regimes with them. These changes have a great practical interest in this connection. Material and methods. The material of our study was the data of registration of the all cases of multiple myeloma in 2007-2015 period (n=193). In 2007-2008 some patients began to receive first-line regimes including bortezomib, but after a few Alkeran-containing cycles (MP, VCMP, etc.) due to the availability of bortezomib. Results. Complete remission (CR) and very good partial remission (VGPR) rates were lower in the group of patients who received bortezomib than in the group of patients who received induction therapy PAD - 5 (19%) vs 26 (58%) cases respectively (p=0.01). VMP regime demonstrated high efficacy in the absence of restrictions to prescribe Alkeran in the second line - CR and VGPR - 68% (13 cases). The distribution by stages ISS: I - 42 (23%), II - 64 (34%), III - 81 (43%). Renal failure (RF) was detected in 48 patients (26%). 5-year overall survival (OS) was 58% in the population, 10-year - was 20%, the median OS was 84 months (7 years). The detection of the parameters, which have a negative effect on the duration of the OS, was the result of univariate study. Such factors as the presence of renal failure, the need for hemodialysis, the disease stage and male sex stand out from among them. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified the independent value of renal failure at the onset of the disease, III stage of disease according to ISS and resistance/progression with the first-line therapy in the adverse factors for OS. Conclusions. An analysis of registration data allows to update some of the factors as the most unfavorable and non-levelling with new drugs using, and at the same time to revise the value of the other factors. Population registers allow to identify accurately the size and characteristics of the groups of patients which are in need of new therapies.

Optimal control of system of material points in a straight line with dry friction

The motion of three and more identical point masses along a straight line with dry friction that appears in varying the system's configuration is considered. The optimal-control problem of the system is solved; here, the purpose of the optimal control is to maximize the system's displacement in a fixed time with zero velocities and the coincidence of the positions of all points at the beginning and the end of the motion in the absence of restrictions on the interacting forces of masses. The nonuniqueness of an optimal solution is demonstrated and an optimal solution is found whereby the distance between any two points does not exceed an assigned value on the entire interval of the motion.

Акустооптические свойства метаматериалов

The possibility of the effective use of metamaterials in acousto-optics is demonstrated. It is shown that photoelastic constants that determine a change in the dielectric constant of a heterogeneous medium under the action of a sound wave can significantly exceed the corresponding constants for conventional crystals. We have analysed the mechanisms of the dielectric constant variation in a heterogeneous medium consisting of nanoparticles in the form of ellipsoids and have found explicitly the values of the photoelastic constants. It is shown that the mechanism of the dielectric constant variation in a longitudinal sound wave is reduced to a change in the local concentration of nanoparticles in the bulk and in a transverse acoustic wave – to a local rotation of space-oriented nanoellipsoids. It is also shown that the use of metamedia with a nonuniform distribution of nanoparticles provides a unique opportunity for designing qualitatively new instruments and devices that cannot be produced on the basis of conventional crystals. It is noted that metamaterials open ample opportunities for creating devices of the IR region of the spectrum due to the absence of restrictions on the size of such media.

Is Globalization Really Good for Public Health? General Considerations and Implications for the Arab World

Background: A positive assessment of the role of globalization as a driver of a good public health performance has been the result of major new studies in the field. But the present re-analysis shows that neo-liberal globalisation has resulted in increasing inequality, which in turn negatively affects global health performance. This conclusion is valid on a global level but it also holds for the majority of the Arab countries, which are currently undergoing very dramatic political and social transformations, which have fundamental repercussions for the Western world. Methods: Standard IBM/SPSS OLS regressions and partial correlations with cross-national and time series aggregate, freely available data. The article also re-analysed the data, provided by Mukherjee N. and Krieckhaus J. Globalization and Human Well-Being. International Political Science Review, March 2012; vol. 33, 2: pp. 150-170.Results: We can show that different types of globalization processes affect public health performance differently. The absence of restrictions (direct effects on the availability of pharmaceuticals) and the free flow of information (direct effects on the availability of scientific information in medicine and the free movement for members of the medical profession) have the biggest impact on infant mortality reduction, while actual foreign capital flows and personal contacts have less influence on reducing infant mortality rates. The “de-composition” of the available data suggests that for most of the time period of the last four decades, globalization inflows even implied an aggregate deterioration of public health, quite in line with recent prominent public health research studies by Cornia, de Vogli, and other studies, referred to in this article. Conclusions: Globalization leads to increased inequality, and this, in turn, to a deteriorating public health performance. This is relevant for the health planners in the Middle Eastern region as well. The region witnessed a sharp increase in globalization in recent years. We show the validity of our conclusion also with an annual time series data analysis for 99 countries. In only 19 of 99 nations (i.e. 19.1%) globalization actually preceded an improvement in the public health performance. Far from falsifying the globalization critical research, our essay shows the basic weaknesses of the new “pro-globalization” literature in the public health profession.

Women living with HIV still lack highly effective contraception: results from the ANRS VESPA2 study, France, 2011

ObjectivesAdvances in antiretroviral treatment (ART) have led to improvements in reproductive health for women living with HIV. This paper aims to investigate the pattern of contraceptive use among women living with HIV in France. Study designData were drawn from the ANRS VESPA2 study, which included a representative sample of HIV-positive people. Contraception methods were documented, including condoms, highly effective contraception methods (HEC) and traditional methods.We measured the frequency of not using any modern contraception (neither condoms nor HEC) and of HEC use and studied their correlates (i.e., geographic origin, age, parity, partnership status, education level, material deprivation, employment status, health insurance, visits to a gynecologist, being on ART, cardiovascular risk) among women at risk of an unintended pregnancy. ResultsOf the 662 women of reproductive age, 327 were in need of contraception. Overall, 20.5% used HEC, 58.8% used condoms and 20.7% used traditional or no methods, with no difference according to geographic origin [sub-Saharan African (SSA) women vs. French and other migrant women]. Among SSA women, being <30years old [odds ratio (OR) 16.39, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 2.77–97.01], having had at least one child (OR 3.75, 95%CI 1.75–8.04) and being employed (OR 2.36, 95%CI 0.99–5.61) were associated with HEC use; among French and other migrant women, HEC use was associated with being in a stable partnership (OR 4.5, 95%CI 1.2–17.2) and material deprivation (OR 3.3 95%CI 1.4–9.8). Gynecologist visits, health insurance status and cardiovascular risk were not associated with HEC use. ConclusionsCondoms remained the predominant contraceptive method despite the absence of restrictions on hormonal contraception and intrauterine device use for HIV-positive women. The recent recommendations about dual method protection should be actively promoted, targeting HIV-positive women, HIV specialists and gynecologists to overcome the barriers to effective contraception. ImplicationsThe information provided in this study constitutes a major contribution to comprehensively inform the scientific community on contraception practices among women living with HIV in France in the early 2010s. Our results show that the therapeutic advances since the late 1990s and the removal of restrictions on hormonal contraception use have not led to the expected shift in contraception patterns. There is an urgent need to promote dual method protection, as condom use may decrease in the future in the context of the preventive effect of ART.

Active Authentication on Mobile Devices via Stylometry, Application Usage, Web Browsing, and GPS Location

Active authentication is the problem of continuously verifying the identity of a person based on behavioral aspects of their interaction with a computing device. In this study, we collect and analyze behavioral biometrics data from 200subjects, each using their personal Android mobile device for a period of at least 30 days. This dataset is novel in the context of active authentication due to its size, duration, number of modalities, and absence of restrictions on tracked activity. The geographical colocation of the subjects in the study is representative of a large closed-world environment such as an organization where the unauthorized user of a device is likely to be an insider threat: coming from within the organization. We consider four biometric modalities: (1) text entered via soft keyboard, (2) applications used, (3) websites visited, and (4) physical location of the device as determined from GPS (when outdoors) or WiFi (when indoors). We implement and test a classifier for each modality and organize the classifiers as a parallel binary decision fusion architecture. We are able to characterize the performance of the system with respect to intruder detection time and to quantify the contribution of each modality to the overall performance.

The Generalized Informativeness Principle

The informativeness principle, as originally formulated by Holmstrom (1979), relies on the first-order approach. This paper extends the informativeness to settings in which the first-order approach cannot be applied. We introduce a generalized informativeness principle that takes into account non-local incentive constraints and holds generically. The provides a sufficient condition for a signal to have value when the first-order approach cannot be applied. This condition is also necessary for a signal to have value in the absence of restrictions on the utility function.

Optimal aggregation of production systems with parametric connections

Today, all conditions for effective functioning and development of production systems, with the exception of effective mathematical models for the new production management problems are provided. Based on the analysis of the state of theory and practice, requirements to models of production systems: absence of restrictions on the type of production functions, except for non-strict monotony and non-strict positivity; eliminating the dimensionality problem for optimization problems; isomorphic mapping of the structure of the production system in the decomposition structure of the optimization problem were formulated. To solve the problem of optimal control, methodology of optimal aggregation of production systems was used. The key point of this methodology is the decomposition of multidimensional nonlinear programming problem in the system of one-dimensional optimization problems. The structure of this system corresponds to the structure of the resource connections in the production system. Solutions for optimal aggregation of typical structures of production systems with parametric connections: “production – development”, “production – warehouse”, “production with recycling” that satisfy the set requirements were first obtained. The properties of this class of models for production systems are insufficiently investigated. Concrete results of modeling for these tasks were presented in the paper. Models are open for modifications and customization to specific segments of the production.

Survival Model Inference Using Functions of Brownian Motion

A family of tests for the presence of regression effect under proportional and non-proportional hazards models is described. The non-proportional hazards model, although not completely general, is very broad and includes a large number of possibilities. In the absence of restrictions, the regression coefficient, β(t), can be any real function of time. When β(t) = β, we recover the proportional hazards model which can then be taken as a special case of a non-proportional hazards model. We study tests of the null hypothesis; H0:β(t) = 0 for all t against alternatives such as; H1:∫β(t)dF(t) ≠ 0 or H1:β(t) ≠ 0 for some t. In contrast to now classical approaches based on partial likelihood and martingale theory, the development here is based on Brownian motion, Donsker’s theorem and theorems from O’Quigley [1] and Xu and O’Quigley [2]. The usual partial likelihood score test arises as a special case. Large sample theory follows without special arguments, such as the martingale central limit theorem, and is relatively straightforward.

The Disappearance of the French Revolution in Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit"

The French Revolution of 1789 is one of the central developments in the history of the concept and practice of political rights. Hegel recognized this, and so valued the Revolution that he claimed always to drink a toast to the storming of the Bastille on July 14th. Nonetheless, in both the Phenomenology of Spirit and the Philosophy of Right Hegel advances an enduring and influential attack upon the Revolution, one that, like that of Edmund Burke, links the Revolution’s accomplishments inextricably with the Reign of Terror of 1793 and 1794. In each Hegelian text, the Revolutionary conception of liberty is presented as being so one-sided and extreme as to be incompatible with a stable polity, and to produce, of necessity, only “a fury of destruction” (P 436/359 and PR §5A). The central line of thought here is relatively clear. The French Revolutionaries enacted a reductive, “abstract” conception of freedom as grasped by the Understanding or Verstand; this “negative freedom” (PR §5A) or “absolute freedom” (P 431/355ff) entails the absence of restriction. When made into a social policy, this can never produce a stable set of institutions, but instead only the destruction of any potential restriction - including, ultimately, those presented by the citizenry themselves. The Revolutionary government was thus destined to descend into the fury of the Terror. In the essay that follows, I do not wish to fundamentally challenge this picture of Hegel’s view. Instead, I will argue that Hegel’s elaboration of it in the Phenomenology in particular is more complicated and nuanced than it initially appears to be, and that attending to the textual details of the Phenomenology’s account allows one to see that Hegel is advancing a particular political diagnosis according which the first “victim” of the Revolution is the apparent agent of the Terror, the volonte generale or general will, a will that only “vanishes” in its own attempt to express itself in action, a vanishing that makes possible the factions, suspicion, guilt, and death of the Jacobins. In connection with this I will also propose that Hegel’s account of the Terror there needs to be read as a response to the immediately preceding account of Utility (die Nutzlichkeit), and that when it is so read it shows one of its sides to be a critique of the attempt to “master” a world in which everything is considered as an object of use, a critique that bears comparison with Heidegger’s more famous reflections on the dangers of die Technik.

Restrictive pattern in spirometry as a predictor of poor survival in chronic heart failure patients on betaceptor-antagonist, with possible indications for heart transplantation

Restrictive spirometry pattern is commonly associated with chronic heart failure (CHF), but its prognostic value is poorly documented. Utility of Lower Limit of Normal (LLN)-based spirometry interpretation has not yet been evaluated in CHF patients. Impact of restrictive pattern defined according to classic or LLN criteria on prognosis in CHF patients was therefore addressed. 171 CHF patients on long-term beta-antagonist treatment with PeakVO2 >12 ml/kg/min (147 men, 49±9 years, LVEF 26±8%, 51% ischemic) were divided into groups based on their spirometry: Group 1A (N=129) - classic criteria: no restriction, Group 2A (N=12) - classic criteria: restrictive pattern, Group 1B (N=90) - LLN criteria: no restriction, Group 2B (N=26) - LLN criteria: restrictive pattern. PeakVO2 in the study groups equaled 12.1-19.9 ml/kg/min. Control group (N=30) - PeakVO2 >20 ml/kg/min, absence of restriction or obstruction (FEV1%FVC ≥70) defined by classic criteria. Classic criteria: VCin% <70 and FEV1%FVC ≥70. LLN criteria: VCin% <LLN and FEV1%FVC ≥LLN. LLN is the 5th percentile of spirometry values' normal distribution in the reference population. End-points: time to death, 1- and 2-year mortality, number and duration time of cardiac and all-cause hospitalizations. P<0.05 was considered significant. Significantly worse survival was observed in groups 2A and 2B when compared to the control group. One-year and 2-year mortality were significantly higher in group 2B (19.2 and 40.9%; control group: 0% and 0%, respectively) and 2-year mortality was higher in group 2A (40.0%). Restrictive spirometry pattern is associated with worse survival in CHF patients with PeakVO2 above the cutoff point for OHT listing. Use of LLN criteria may be useful to predict poor 1-year prognosis.

Academic Freedom: Public Knowledge and the Structural Transformation of the University

Craig Calhoun Academic Freedom: Public Knowledge and the Structural Transformation of the University HIGH IDEALS AND HEROIC STORIES OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM INSPIRE US. We honor individuals who spoke up even when there were reasons to be silent, and we honor a university that sheltered them. The New School played a distinctive role at a crucial time and it is right to honor it on the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the founding of the University in Exile. But I want to challenge us not to let either the heroic stories of the past or the history of terrible abuses narrow our understanding of academic freedom and the issues faced in contemporary universities. W hen we think of academic freedom we are apt to think of individu­ als with something to say and political repression of their speech. But academic freedom is not ju st a matter of free speech and individual rights. It is a matter of institutions and public purposes. Those who value intellectual discovery and expression, intellec­ tual contributions to a vibrant public sphere, freedom of conscience, and a sense of professional responsibility face challenges not just from individual acts of outright repression but from broad transformations of higher education. The very structure of academic institutions has changed dramatically, not least as the place of the liberal arts has dwin­ dled within many. Costs have escalated and sources of funding shifted. social research Vol 76 : No 2 : Summer 2009 561 Scale has grown enormously and come with internal fragmentation and inequality. Academic freedom is challenged by regimes of intel­ lectual property rights, by contractions in academic labor markets, and a growing reliance on insecure appointments. It is challenged by difficulties in sustaining collegial self-governance, including not just growth in administrative power but also mismatches between formal structures of departments and schools and shifting fields of intellec­ tual competence, mutual information, and correction. It is challenged by weakened connection between those who would speak small truths to specialist colleagues and those who would speak larger truths to power and the public. We need, in other words, to be vigilant both for outright repression and for more insidious ways in which the vibrant intellectual life so important to national and international culture and to democracy can be undermined. And we need to look also to positive freedom, not only absence of restrictions. The history of the New School is helpful to us in this regard, for the New School had in a sense two different moments of origin. And the two distinct founding moments of the New School suggest something of the breadth needed to consider academic freedom adequately today. Ignoring chronology, we may start with the second founding moment of the New School. In 1933 the University in Exile was created as a semi-autonomous division of the New School. It was created specifi­ cally to employ German professors and other refugees from National Socialism and developing conflicts in Europe. There was a question of who would pay, and the Rockefeller Foundation provided crucial support. The University in Exile was quickly accredited by the state of New York and grew into the Graduate Faculty of Social and Political Science. In the process one might say that it made the New School into a full-fledged university. Contrary to popular mythology, the New School did not play a central role in the relocation of the Frankfurt School to America, but it did become home to a wide variety of other leading European intel­ lectuals and through them helped introduce different traditions of European thought to the United States. The range of luminaries was 562 social research startling, from Alfred Schütz and Hans Jonas to Hannah Arendt. It also became a major meeting place for intellectuals in transit, displaced by war or repression, seeking new opportunities in hard times, or simply traveling. At least temporarily, New School members also included Roman Jacobson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and others who remind us that mid-twentieth-century European repression and devastation was not limited to Germany. We are tempted to tell the story of academic freedom over­ whelmingly in terms appropriate to the 1930s refugees from National Socialist repression...

Monopolisation of triopoly &amp;ndash; revisited

The main objective of this paper is to provide a new insight into the possibility of monopolising a three-firm industry through acquisition of rivals in the absence of restrictions imposed by the antitrust authorities. The dynamic model of monopolisation under Cournot-type rivalry among oligopolists implies that the monopolisation through acquisition is not profitable because of the free riding among the owners of firms. However, in a model of triopoly where the acquirer could become the market leader of the Stackelberg type, we show that a single buyer can monopolise an industry through acquisition of rivals. It means that the monopolisation of triopoly may not be prevented by the market alone. This finding has an important regulatory implication different from the results of the previous models: an active intervention of antitrust authorities in the market with only three firms is necessary to block mergers and acquisitions.