Absence Of Regulation Research Articles

The effects of time-to-build and regulation on investment timing and size

This study investigates the effects of the delay of revenue generation on a firm’s investment timing and size decisions. Time-to-build and regulation are considered as internal and external factors that impede the firm’s instant revenue generation, respectively. We show that in the absence of regulation, uncertainty in time-to-build always advances the timing of investment; however, the capacity size is independent of time-to-build. We also show that in the absence of time-to-build, the presence of regulation increases the expected capacity size and the uncertainty of regulation amplifies this effect. When both time-to-build and regulation exist, uncertainty in the delay of revenue generation by the two factors can advance the investment timing and increase the size, improving firm value.

An analysis of flavor descriptors on tobacco products in the Philippines: Regulatory implications and lessons for low- and middle-income countries

BackgroundHistorically, tobacco companies have used flavored tobacco products to enhance the appeal of tobacco consumption, encourage initiation and experimentation of tobacco use, and contribute to sustained tobacco use. While flavored tobacco products are regulated in several countries, there is no existing regulation on flavored tobacco products in the Philippines, specifically for cigarettes and cigars. This study aims to update evidence on the flavored tobacco product landscape in the Philippines by assessing both the flavor descriptors and flavor imagery featured on cigarette and cigar packaging.ResultsWe collected 106 cigarette and cigar products from four major cities in the National Capital Region, Balanced Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Of these 106 cigarette and cigar products, 62 (58.49%) had flavor descriptors. Three crushable capsule products did not feature any flavor descriptor but were included for flavor imagery examination. We identified five categories of flavor descriptors: menthol, concept descriptors, tobacco, beverages, and other flavors. Out of 62 packs, ten featured more than one flavor descriptor on the packaging. Menthol flavor descriptors comprised the majority of flavor descriptors. Imagery and other graphic elements closely resonate with and enhance the flavor descriptors found on these packs.ConclusionsThis study aimed to update the evidence on the flavored tobacco product landscape in the Philippines and address their absence of regulation. Regulating flavored tobacco products requires a comprehensive policy approach complemented by complete enforcement. Flavor substances, flavor descriptors, and flavor imagery must be regulated altogether; however, it is ideal to enforce a ban on flavored tobacco products in compliance with the WHO FCTC, to which the Philippines is a signatory. Policymakers should consider plain packaging as an intervention to eliminate the appeals associated with flavored tobacco products.

An Ethical Analysis of the Online Content of Assisted Reproductive Technology Centers in Bangladesh.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have become a widely utilized medical technology for treating infertility worldwide. However, societies and countries have applied these technologies in accordance with their cultural practices and belief systems. This paper presents an overview of ART providers in Bangladesh and analyzes their online content in addressing potential infertile couples. Examining the topic within the context of socio-economic and public health challenges in Bangladesh, particularly overpopulation, poverty, and lack of education, the research conducted a web content analysis of ART providers in Bangladesh from July 1 to September 1, 2023. Twenty active ART providers were identified using Google searches and an exploratory key. The analysis considered locations, landing page information, ethical standards, quality certification, foreign affiliations, and success rates. The findings revealed a concentration of centers in urban areas, raising concerns about equitable access. The absence of regulation and guidelines, coupled with the lack of ART clinic registration, highlighted potential risks to patient well-being. Landing page statements utilized highly emotive language and ambiguous terms, raising ethical concerns. The absence of explicit mention of quality standards, including ISO 9001:2000 certification, indicated potential gaps in transparency. Foreign affiliations were employed for credibility, raising concerns of misleading advertising. Limited and ambiguous reporting of success rates posed challenges for informed decision-making. Evident exploitative and commercialized practices raised concerns about potentially commodifying reproductive services. The study emphasizes the need for regulatory frameworks, transparency in reporting, adherence to ethical advertising, and increased cultural sensitivity to enhance the ethical standards of ART providers in Bangladesh.

Time-to-build, regulation, and investment

This study investigates the effects of uncertainty in time-to-build and regulation, which hinders immediate revenue generation after investment, on a firm’s optimal investment decision. We show that in the absence of regulation, uncertainty in time-to-build always accelerates investment and enhances pre-investment firm value. We also show that in the absence of time-to-build, uncertainty in regulation can mitigate the distortion of investment induced by regulation. Furthermore, in the presence of both time-to-build and regulation, there can exist harmless regulation that does not induce any distortion in the investment decision and does not harm firm value. Lastly, in the presence of both time-to-build and regulation, not only uncertainty in time-to-build but also its presence can accelerate investment.

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR USING OIL FUEL ON PARTALITE DEFENSE (CASE STUDY OF DITPOLAIRUD POLDA BALI)

The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze legal accountability and factors that affect perpetrators in the misuse of Pertalite Assignment Fuel Oil. In a five-year period, from 2019 to 2023, the Bali Regional Police Directorate handled 10 cases of misuse of Oil and Gas Fuel. The authors conclude that the absence of regulation regarding the maximum limit for the purchase of special assignment fuel with jerry cans, thus causing the Blurring of Legal Norms, so that this can cause the abuse of fuel oil. Factors such as low legal awareness and public compliance with the rules, the dominance of individual and group interests, and the lack of knowledge about applicable regulations are the main causes of the misuse.

USE OF CONSUMER DATA FOR BEHAVIOURAL ADVERTISING WITHIN MARKETPLACE PLATFORMS

Advertising plays an important role in consumer market, as it can awaken previously non-existent needs in the consumer and, due to its too much economic potential, has encouraged the creation and use of various engagement strategies. Some marketplace platforms store consumers’ data without proper consent and uses them for the development of advertising according to their behavior. Thus, the issue is based on the absence of regulation regarding such advertising strategy in the Brazilian legal system, since this conduct may violate the privacy of consumers, besides enabling a disproportionate advantage over other suppliers. It seeks to demonstrate what are the legal limits for the development of this practice, as well as to relate the Law of Consumer Relations to the Competition Law, since behavioral advertising unbalances the use of data allowing a non-egalitarian development of the trading system. Therefore, the methodological procedures used for this analysis consist of applied research, with a qualitative and hypothetical-deductive approach and descriptive objective, given to socioeconomic applicability. It is concluded, in view of this, that although behavioral advertising does not yet have a specific regulation in the Brazilian consumer microsystem, when the collection of data is not expressly authorized by consumers, this conduct can be considered abusive, based on Article 39 of the CDC, due to the violation of consumer privacy and the configuration of unfair competition.

Public Attitudes, Interests, and Concerns Regarding Polygenic Embryo Screening

Polygenic embryo screening (PES) is a novel technology that estimates the likelihood of developing future conditions (eg, diabetes or depression) and traits (eg, height or cognitive ability) in human embryos, with the goal of selecting which embryos to use. Given its commercial availability and concerns raised by researchers, clinicians, bioethicists, and professional organizations, it is essential to inform key stakeholders and relevant policymakers about the public's perspectives on this technology. To survey US adults to examine general attitudes, interests, and concerns regarding PES use. For this survey study, data were collected from 1 stratified sample and 1 nonprobability sample (samples 1 and 2, respectively) between March and July 2023. The surveys measured approval, interest, and concerns regarding various applications of PES. In the second sample, presentation of a list of potential concerns was randomized (presented at survey onset vs survey end). The survey was designed using Qualtrics and distributed to participants through Prolific, an online sampling firm. Sample 1 was nationally representative with respect to gender, age, and race and ethnicity; sample 2 was recruited without specific demographic criteria. Analyses were conducted between March 2023 and February 2024. Participants reported their approval, interest, and concerns regarding various applications of PES and outcomes screened (eg, traits and conditions). Statistical analysis was conducted using independent samples t tests and repeated-measures analyses of variance. Of the 1435 respondents in sample 1, demographic data were available for 1427 (mean [SD] age, 45.8 [16.0] years; 724 women [50.7%]). Among these 1427 sample 1 respondents, 1027 (72.0%) expressed approval for PES and 1169 (81.9%) expressed some interest in using PES if already undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Approval among these respondents for using PES for embryo selection was notably high for physical health conditions (1109 [77.7%]) and psychiatric health conditions (1028 [72.0%]). In contrast, there was minority approval for embryo selection based on PES for behavioral traits (514 [36.0%]) and physical traits (432 [30.3%]). Nevertheless, concerns about PES leading to false expectations and promoting eugenic practices were pronounced, with 787 of 1422 (55.3%) and 780 of 1423 (54.8%) respondents finding them very to extremely concerning, respectively. Sample 2 included 192 respondents (mean [SD] age 37.7 [12.2] years; 110 men [57.3%]). These respondents were presented concerns at survey onset (n = 95) vs survey end (n = 97), which was associated with less approval (28-percentage point decrease) and more uncertainty (24 percentage-point increase) but with only slightly higher disapproval (4 percentage-point increase). These findings suggest that it is critical for health care professionals and medical societies to consider and understand the perspectives of diverse stakeholders (eg, patients undergoing IVF, clinicians, and the general public), given the absence of regulation and the recent commercial availability of PES.

Microplastics, physical-chemical and biological principles of this environmental liability

The advent of plastic to the social situation has suppressed a series of demands from both the industry and the population, due to cost, durability and disposal. Because they can be rigid, malleable, opaque, translucent, easy or difficult to melt by the action of fire, some make them capable of serving as raw material for various products on the market, including those widely used in the food industry. In view of the above, the present study aims at a bibliographical review on the topic of microplastics, where the search will be to verify the primary and secondary steps necessary for the formation of the compound, its direct and indirect influence on food production, the physical-chemical processes through which compounds are obtained and the presence or absence of regulation regarding this environmental liability. The present study aims to analyze as a basis the search for knowledge of the primary and secondary formation of microplastics. Subsequently, together with its main objective, this study aims to search for the physico-chemical and thermodynamic phenomena involved in the process of formation and obtaining of microplastics, the polluting potential and, like all waste, its implications for human health. A study horizon was established covering the years 2015 to 2023, where 3,750 articles were found and after applying open access filters, duplication of publication, words present only in the abstract and not in the text, 49 articles remained that are the object of this study. The direct implications of microplastic pollution are already a relevant reason for discussion and subsequent regulation by managers, researchers, international organizations and society in general. Public health problems that can transform into microplastics, containment and adsorption mechanisms of these compounds in living organisms, are points to be pursued by academia as a whole. Contamination by these compounds was found in bottled mineral water, human milk, processed foods, seafood, showing the extent of contamination of this material.

Misallocation in multiple airport regions

In many of the most densely populated and dynamic economic regions around the world, passengers have access to multiple airports in their neighborhood. Beijing, Hong Kong and the Greater Bay Area, London, New York and Tokyo can serve as prominent examples. Due to geographic accessibility and facility characteristics, some airports within the same multiple-airport region (MAR) may have unused capacity whereas others experience severe congestion. Policy makers in MARs, therefore, face a common challenge: managing the allocation of air traffic among airports. Perimeter rules set upper limits on the distances of nonstop flights operated from specific airports within MARs. Traffic distribution rules such as perimeter rules have been used in the United States and Japan. In this study, we distinguish between misallocation and quantity effects. We demonstrate that in the absence of regulation (laissez faire) a combination of a high demand combined with low capacity, as would be the case for LaGuardia as well as Reagan National in the US, can produce substantial welfare losses due to misallocation. This indicates that there can be benefits from centralized policies in the form of perimeter rules and that the introduction or repeal of such rules requires a careful assessment of the effects on the MAR as a whole.

Behavioral intentions in embracing cloud-based accounting information systems

In facing the digital era and a more competitive environment, every organization is required to increasingly implement information systems that can facilitate various organizational needs. Cloud Based Accounting Information Systems (CBAIS), as part of information systems (IS), have also gained attention of organizations. This research was conducted to obtain empirical evidence of the interest in using CBAIS in various medium-sized companies in Indonesia measured using Institutional Theory. The data analysis tool used was SEM- PLS. The respondents in this study were accounting and finance departments employees working for logistics companies that still use conventional accounting information systems (non-cloud-based). A total of 89 responses were collected from 5 logistics companies in Indonesia. The research results indicated that mimetic pressure positively influenced the interest in using CBAIS, coercive pressure does not positively influence the interest in using CBAIS, and normative pressure positively influenced the interest in using CBAIS. An interesting aspect of this study is the absence of regulation or even demand in Indonesia that obligates the use of CBAIS. Hence, the use of CBAIS has not become a commonly adopted best practice in logistics companies.

Analysis of the Scientific Production on Assisted Human Reproduction (2003-2023)

The right to procreate should be provided for in every country's legislation. Infertility needs to be considered as an important public health issue. The absence of regulation could affect the essence of assisted human reproduction. In the present research, a review of the following databases was considered: Scopus, WoS, and PubMed, which were selected for their contribution and scientific rigor demonstrated over time. Twenty documents corresponding to the period 2003 to February 2023 were analyzed through a review of the literature. The results obtained were that Canada and Ireland were identified as the most cited countries. Along the same lines, the most cited journals correspond to Scopus quartile 1. Likewise, the article entitled Distributive Justice and Infertility Treatment in Canada is the most cited and was published in 2008. It was concluded that the common elements in the most studied legislation in scientific publications related to assisted human reproduction in the period 2003-2023 are access to treatment, consolidation of the right to procreate, and ethics in fertilization.
 
 Received: 10 June 2023 / Accepted: 28 January 2024 / Published: 5 March 2024

Formulation of Criminal Law Policy Against Influence Trading as A Criminal Act of Corruption

The act of trading in influence is still not considered as a criminal offence so that until now the regulations governing it do not exist or have not been regulated in Indonesia. This research aims to examine the regulation of the formulation of trading in influence as a Corruption Crime according to positive law and analyse the criminal law policy towards the formulation of trading in influence as a Corruption Crime in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with analytical approach, with the specification of description analysis. The results showed that the absence of regulation regarding the formulation of the offence of trading in influence in Indonesian positive law causes law enforcement officials to often use the offence of bribery to criminalise while between bribery and trading in influence are two different things. The offence is different from the offence of bribery and other corruption offences so it is necessary or a different crime from the category of corruption-related crimes covered by the relevant Legislation. In order to achieve the objectives of the law as stated in Article 1 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia that Indonesia is a State of law, as a form of legal development through legal policies that formulate existing rules with elements, namely each party involved, the form of trading in influence regulated in the respective regulations, the perpetrators who carry out these acts, the form of action and also the form of giving and receiving from the parties for one purpose, namely obtaining an undue advantage or benefit. Specifically, the article on trading in influence in Law Number 31 of 1999 jo Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Eradication of Corruption so that there is no legal vacuum in the event of a case related to trading in influence

Price-Cap Regulation of Firms That Supply Their Rivals

Abstract We study price-cap regulation in a market in which a vertically integrated upstream monopolist sells an essential input to a downstream competitor. In the absence of regulation, entry benefits both firms, but may harm downstream consumers because the upstream monopolist can set a high input price that would push downstream prices above the unregulated monopoly level. However, if a regulator caps the incumbent’s upstream and downstream prices, consumers and firms are better off after entry than under a price-cap monopoly. We extend our model to examine the concern that price caps may induce incumbents to forgo cost-reducing investments and dampen entrants’ incentives to self-provision the input.

Managerial flexibility, capacity investment, and inventory levels

We study the effect of managerial time horizon on two key operations decisions: inventory levels and capacity investment. For identification, we exploit a quasi‐natural experiment provided by the staggered adoption of constituency statutes, which alleviate managerial short‐termism by providing legal protection to executives adopting a long‐term approach in their corporate decisions. Using a staggered difference‐in‐differences design, we find that, after the reforms, firms incorporated in constituency states (treated firms) increased inventory and capacity investment by 5.2% and 15.4%, respectively, relative to firms not incorporated in constituency states (control firms). We also find that these increases are gradual and persist over time, suggesting that they are structural in nature. We further show that the effect of constituency statutes on inventory levels and capacity investment are stronger for firms with ex ante higher level of managerial short‐termism, such as firms with low institutional ownership. Performance also increases relatively more for affected firms with higher ex ante managerial short‐termism. Our results pass a battery of robustness and validity tests. Interestingly, while constituency statutes are intended to protect executives from short‐term oriented shareholder sanctions, our findings suggest that these statutes ultimately benefited not only executives, but also potentially the long‐term interest of shareholders. Even in the absence of regulation, executives facing short‐term pressure could intensify communication efforts with shareholders on how specific operational decisions and investments would be beneficial to the company. Notably, executives could use various media channels to help shape retail investors’ attitude toward operational investments that may create future value.

Navigating Stereotypes: Portrayal of Hinduism in OTT Web Series, 2018-2020

OTT or “over-the-top” platforms, which facilitate the distribution of film and TV content over the internet, have gained tremendous popularity in India in the last few years. In addition to streaming pre-existing films and TV shows, they produce new original content in the form of web series and other newer formats. Given that the OTT segment is not subject to governmental regulations, content creators can offer varied and innovative content tailored to distinct audience demographics. In addition to entertainment, Indian web series makers also focus on social issues likes patriarchy, racism, inter-religious conflicts, sexuality among others, and portray their stories against the backdrop of certain religious symbolisms, customs and markers. Often, however, in their zeal to locate social evils in the prevalent social milieu, they end up negatively stereotyping Hindus. Through a critical analysis of three popular web series between 2018-2020, this paper investigates the representations of different dimensions of Dharmic religions, especially Hinduism. Using a structural film theoretic approach, the paper specifically attempts to explore to what degree the portrayal of Hindu symbolism and motifs reinforce or dispel specific negative stereotypes against Hindus. The analysis uncovers a consistent trend of negative portrayal of Hinduism in terms of structural elements like camera composition, facial expressions, body language, rituals, and other elements. While absence of regulation allows for greater creative freedom in the OTT space, it also opens the door to content that can be offensive to certain communities, and hence there is a need for responsible content creation by web series developers.

The AGM as a site of contestation: evaluating the tactics of environmental shareholder activists

ABSTRACT The politics of climate change in Australia remains highly fraught, this is despite the country experiencing acute impacts of a changing climate including mega-fires, floods, and severe and prolonged drought. Government inaction has led to limited market signals encouraging producers or consumers to move away from carbon intensive energy production to clean energy. In the absence of regulation, Australian shareholder activists are engaging directly with company boards and executives to reform corporate behaviour. This engagement, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) shareholder activism, has proliferated since 2017, much later than in comparable jurisdictions. Activists have targeted the mining, oil and gas, and finance sectors, due to their contribution to the Australian economy and their direct impact on global emissions. This paper explores the reasons for, and the implications of, the growth in ESG shareholder activism in Australia. It argues that the emergence of this activism in Australia was delayed due to complexities in the country's corporations' law. Regulatory attempts at stymying ESG shareholder activism resulted in the emergence of a duopoly of actors, at the cost of broader investor and civil society engagement. It is concluded that the rise of ESG shareholder activism in Australia is linked to growing tension between societal expectations, regulation, and the behaviour of firms. And, that ESG activists have been successful in leveraging this tension. There is evidence that large corporates have responded to activist claims, rendering this form of activism a potentially effective method for addressing some of the most pressing issues facing society.

THE STATUS OF FOREIGN ARBITRATORS UNDER INDONESIAN LAWS

Foreign arbitrators in Indonesia have never been questioned before with regard to their status or legality. The main aim of this article was to analyze the status of foreign arbitrators in the light of the recent Supreme Court of Indonesia’s decision on the PT. Timas Suplindo case (2017). The method used in this article was descriptive-normative of the subject analyzed supported by the case-law, in particular the decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the issue of foreign arbitrator. This article concluded, while there is an absence of regulation concerning the status of foreign arbitrator in Indonesia, the parties should include and state the legality of the foreign arbitrator in their arbitration clause. This article also recommended, the Arbitration Law should be supplemented with the provision on the status of foreign arbitrator in the future amendment of the Law.

Analysis on the Problems and Countermeasures of Accounts Receivable Management in Shanghai Weiming Food Company

Enterprises in China's food manufacturing industry are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, which are in a weak market position. With the continuous integration of dis-tributors and the tight capital chain, the proportion of procurement credit will increase, and the problem of accounts receivable will become more and more prominent. Aiming at this problem, this paper adopts literature method and case analysis method to study and discuss the existing problems of accounts receivable management of Shanghai Weiming Food Company. Paper first introduces the research background and significance, this pa-per expounds the concept and basic theory of accounts receivable management, wei Ming food company accounts receivable management present situation of Shanghai, and analyz-es the Shanghai wei Ming food company accounts receivable management problems, such as not to set up independent credit management department, business process controls and the absence of regulation, deficiency in the collection and appraisal way, Market credit mechanism is not perfect. In view of these existing problems, the paper puts forward the corresponding improvement measures, one is to set up a credit management group; Sec-ond, establish a sound credit management system; Third, standardize sales process man-agement; Fourth, establish and improve collection and assessment methods.

HOW DOES INFORMATION DISCLOSURE OF CRYPTOCURRENCY WHITEPAPER AFFECT INITIAL COIN OFFERING FUNDRAISING SUCCESS?

ABSTRACT The main function of the initial coin offering (ICO) whitepaper is to eliminate the impact of information mismatch between investment and financing parties. Based on signaling theory, this study analyzes the factors that affect the success of ICOs. To analyze the impact of the disclosure of whitepapers on successful ICO fundraising, the whitepaper information is classified into four directions: fundraising characteristics, project characteristics, human capital, and social capital. At the same time, supplement the ICO project information regarding each cryptocurrency with public information on their official website and social media, ensuring the timeliness and integrity of the analyzed data. Analyze the impact of disclosure on the success of an ICO by constructing a logistic regression model. Due to the two extremes of regulation for cryptocurrency in different countries, either their registration is forbidden or the absence of regulation, resulting in the lack of uniform standards for the information disclosed in the whitepaper, and it is difficult to distinguish between true and false. Low-quality information disclosure has little impact on the successful financing of ICOs and has limited reference value to cryptocurrency investors and investors alike.

Podcasting and ethics: Independent podcast production in New Zealand

In New Zealand – like in the US and UK – independently produced podcasts fall outside of local media regulations. New Zealand’s media laws and regulatory bodies remain broadcast and legacy media-focussed, so podcast content that has not been previously broadcast is not regulated or otherwise overseen. In the absence of regulation, this study explores the ways nine independent podcast producers from New Zealand self-govern their content, as well as their motivations for doing so. It is an investigation of the ways ‘amateur’ content producers approach media ethics, and more broadly podcast production in practice. Not guided or bound by formal publishing or editorial responsibilities, and mostly with no formal media training, study participants demonstrate adherence to journalistic principles. They consider ethical and editorial quandaries as they arise during the production process, factoring in the needs and disposition of their audience. This process is informed by their worldview, as well as their perspectives and experiences as media consumers. Though these podcasters champion the ethos of independent podcasting, the content of their shows is not free from third party influence. These podcasters are also parents, partners, employees, and colleagues; life roles that inform the content of their show. Though they push back against podcasting being legislated, these podcasters see value in creating an informal set of guidelines or a voluntary code of practice for podcasting in New Zealand. This project contributes to ongoing explorations of independent podcasting and podcasting practice, focussing on what defines, motivates, and informs self-driven practitioners.