Absence Of Effort Research Articles

Cognitive effort exertion enhances electrophysiological responses to rewarding outcomes.

Recent work has highlighted neural mechanisms underlying cognitive effort-related discounting of anticipated rewards. However, findings on whether effort exertion alters the subjective value of obtained rewards are inconsistent. Here, we provide a more nuanced account of how cognitive effort affects subsequent reward processing in a novel task designed to assess effort-induced modulations of the Reward Positivity, an event-related potential indexing reward-related neural activity. We found that neural responses to both gains and losses were significantly elevated in trials requiring more versus less cognitive effort. Moreover, time-frequency analysis revealed that these effects were mirrored in gain-related delta, but not in loss-related theta band activity, suggesting that people ascribed more value to high-effort outcomes. In addition, we also explored whether individual differences in behavioral effort discounting rates and reward sensitivity in the absence of effort may affect the relationship between effort exertion and subsequent reward processing. Together, our findings provide evidence that cognitive effort exertion can increase the subjective value of subsequent outcomes and that this effect may primarily rely on modulations of delta band activity.

EFEKTIVITAS PELAYANAN PASIEN TB DENGAN STRATEGI DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) DI PUSKESMAS SOKO KABUPATEN TUBAN

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of TB patient services with the DOTS strategy at the Soko Public Health Center in Tuban Regency when viewed from a process approach. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach through interviews, observation and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that in terms of effectiveness in terms of the process approach there are still a number of indicators that are not appropriate and do not support the effectiveness itself, the spirit of work is still lacking, there is no reward system that stimulates the leadership to work for the creation of working groups that effective, the absence of effort from individuals and organizations in achieving goals, conflicts that occur are always resolved with reference to the interests of the organization. Some indicators that have been supportive, namely in terms of superiors' attention to employees, mutual trust and communication between leaders and employees have been said to be good, there has been decentralization in decision making as well as vertical and horizontal communication. Because there are still some indicators that do not yet support the service is not yet effective.

EFEKTIVITAS PELAYANAN PASIEN TB DENGAN STRATEGI DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORT-COURSE (DOTS) DI PUSKESMAS SOKO KABUPATEN TUBAN

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of TB patient services with the DOTS strategy at the Soko Public Health Center in Tuban Regency when viewed from a process approach. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach through interviews, observation and documentation. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that in terms of effectiveness in terms of the process approach there are still a number of indicators that are not appropriate and do not support the effectiveness itself, the spirit of work is still lacking, there is no reward system that stimulates the leadership to work for the creation of working groups that effective, the absence of effort from individuals and organizations in achieving goals, conflicts that occur are always resolved with reference to the interests of the organization. Some indicators that have been supportive, namely in terms of superiors' attention to employees, mutual trust and communication between leaders and employees have been said to be good, there has been decentralization in decision making as well as vertical and horizontal communication. Because there are still some indicators that do not yet support the service is not yet effective.

Charms and Wands in John the Lazy: Performance and Beliefs in Argentinean Folk Narrative

Abstract“Virtue wands” do appear in Argentinean folk narrative as useful devices used by the hero to achieve his dreams. Using the correct charm and waving his wand, the Argentinean folk hero John the Lazy manages to marry the princess and to live without working. Charms show in this way how to do things with words, pronouncing the proper words in the right situation. In this presentation, I deal with the formulaic use of a magic charm in this Argentinean folktale, collected in fieldwork in 1988. This charm deals with an invocation to the “Wand of virtue” given to the hero by God`s mercy, whose proper use shows the performative force of language. The tension between the absence of effort and the need of working is solved in this tale in a world of dream, in which the real effort is to learn how to use the correct words. Social beliefs in the supernatural are expressed in this tale, in which the wand is a God`s gift that allows the hero to avoid struggling. But the main gift is actually the knowledge of language which permits the hero to make an accurate usage of formulaic discourse, structured in the charm in an epigrammatic way. In this way, I propose a metapragmatic consideration of such charms that, as Urban (1989) says, deal with “speech about speech in speech about action”. In the Argentinean context in which I collected this folktale, the hero is the young son of a rural peasant family, poor and struggling, like the narrator and his audience. The lazy poor boy who marries the princess thanks to the force of the dreams shows how the language is the key both to repair social gaps and to restore collective order.

Just entertainment? Student and faculty responses to the pedagogy of media representations of higher education

ABSTRACTHollywood film has been positioned as a form of public pedagogy – a site of efficacious informal learning. Acknowledging this educative potential, this article examines the ways in which faculty and students perceive and respond to representations of higher education offered by popular film. Drawing on focus groups and interviews with 22 participants, we discuss the key themes about teaching and learning that faculty and students observed in filmic representations – including an emphasis on genius, the presence or absence of effort, and a prevalence of extreme faculty-student relationships – and consider the extent to which these lessons shape viewers’ understanding and experiences of teaching, learning, and universities. While many participants suggested these representations are 'just entertainment’ and thus have limited impact, their comments nonetheless indicate ways in which films shape their own and others’ experiences and perceptions of the university, underscoring the need for further research in this area.

Beyond hedonic enjoyment: eudaimonia experience in craft consumption

Purpose This paper aims to explore the distinctions and similarities about Eudaimonia (a deeper pleasure beyond the hedonic enjoyment) and hedonic enjoyment, especially the influencing factors of Eudaimonia. Design/methodology/approach Survey and experiment are conducted to obtain the data. Structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis and analysis of variance are used to analyze the data. Findings Three empirical studies support the idea that Eudaimonia, as a deeper-level pleasure, is a distinct construct from hedonic enjoyment. Like hedonic enjoyment, Eudaimonia can lead to satisfaction. Unlike hedonic enjoyment, Eudaimonia is driven by effort. Moreover, the effort impact on Eudaimonia is enhanced by the uniqueness of the craft task. Originality/value This paper shifts hedonic consumption studies from a product-based paradigm (e.g. utilitarian vs hedonic) to an experience-based paradigm (hedonic enjoyment vs Eudaimonia). The extension of pleasure to Eudaimonia domain successfully explains why prior hedonic consumption studies find that pleasure is more than the absence of effort and can be more inspiring than purely sensory.

Effects of Gender and Age on Pride in Work, and Job Satisfaction

Job pride can be elicited by successful praiseworthy action, such as working to overcome obstacles to reach a desired work-related outcome. In contrast, job satisfaction may be elicited by receipt of job-related resources even in the absence of effort. Thus one difference between job pride and job satisfaction is that pride is likely to reflect wellbeing that flows from doing, while job satisfaction may be more strongly linked to having. Gender and age are also associated with what one does and has in a job, and orientations towards extrinsic rewards (i.e., having) and intrinsic rewards (i.e., the action is its own reward) vary with gender and age. Thus, there are reasons to expect effects of gender and age on job pride to differ from effects on job satisfaction. In this study data from a cross-sectional telephone survey of adults living and working in Toronto, Canada are used to investigate how gender differences in job pride and satisfaction vary with age. Analyses reveal that among workers under age thirty, there is a tendency for women to report less pride in their work than men. This gender difference reverses with age. From midlife to retirement age, women report more pride in work than do men. The age-graded gender difference in job satisfaction is in the opposite direction to the trend for job pride. These divergent patterns are interpreted as resulting from a conjunction of processes that structure job opportunities and job orientations by age and gender.

The Natural Ways of Musicality, Language, and Self Regulation in Infants.

Infants have been seen as entering this world with a collection of reflexes, to serve them as tools of survival during the early days of life. However, ongoing research is redefining the cognitive and biological abilities of infants, even infants in utero or those born prematurely, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to understand how such pervasive capabilities as early musical engagement or language learning can be founded on simple stimulus-response reflex arcs. This paper discusses these new developments, underscoring the findings on how neonates and infants are capable of (a) aural discriminations far exceeding the requirements of the language and music of their culture, and (b) accomplishments indicative of wondrous musical perceptiveness and linguistic competence. Theoretically, childhood capabilities are increasingly seen as a dynamically regulated living system capable of improvising extensive learning in the apparent absence of any intention to learn. Undeniably, humans are born with well-developed capabilities that serve the infant in both survival and development. For instance, swallowing and sucking enable the infant to feed almost immediately. These capabilities, or reflexes, as natural to the newborn as breathing, and as essential as breathing for subsequent growth in the new environment. However, viewing newborn abilities as discrete reflexes is problematic. Too often our psychological tradition ... has assumed that the mind of an infant is incoherent (Trevarthen, 1993, p. 121), but infants demonstrate more than mere reflexive responses. Their actions are much more integrated, much more inherently in touch with the demands of survival, and much more intimately in tune with real-world conditions. Infants engage in action, demand attention from adults, and cope with consequences. For these and other analogous reasons, Dewey ( 1896) viewed the term reflex as capturing but the tip of the iceberg. This reflex theory, he stated, us one disjointed part of a process as if it were the whole. It gives us literally an arc, instead of the circuit; and not giving us the circuit of which it is an arc, does not enable us to place, to center, the arc (p. 370). A salient feature of reflexive responses is the lack of any role played by effort in them. In cognitive science, the absence of effort is equated with automaticity. Yet, the term automaticity is no less problematic. For many researchers, aulomaticity is a learned capacity. It starts with effort-intensive rehearsal and builds up in slow increments with extensive consistent practice (SchneiderS Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). Such effort-laden rehearsal and practice is surely absent in the newborn. Therefore, this understand ing of automaticity is difficult to apply meaningfully to the functioning of infant reflexes. According to Iran-Ncjad (1990), something else must be responsible for the vast amount of learning that the early days of life afford the new-born child. One way to view this problem is to distinguish between biofunctional automaticity, characteristic of the natural functioning of the biological subsystems of the body and the brain, and structural automaticity, in which incremental structures are formed slowly with extensive practice to run on automatic pilot, so to speak (Iran-Nejad, 1986; Shuell, 1990). Though referring to children older than those considered here, Iran-Nejad (1990) described structural and biofunctional automaticity as distinct types oflearning. Each plays a very different role in learning. Some learners practice learning as internalizing external knowledge and are motivated by the intention to internalize. This type oflearning readily can be explained by the rehearsal clement of structural automaticity. For infants it seems that functioning authentically in the real world is the basis oflearning. At this age there is no conscious intent to intcrnali/eoreven to learn. The functional automaticity of natural interest seems to be the basis for learning in infants, who react with surprise to events that they experience as violating the laws of physics, and who respond appropriately to different facial expressions. …

A brief note on the macroeconomic consequences of random production failures

This paper modifies the Shapiro-Stiglitz model of labor market behavior to allow for the effects of “failure” or production breakdown. If capitalists cannot differentiate between failure and the absence of effort, both the natural rate and equilibrium labor income are affected.

Preference for situations involving effort, time pressure, and feedback in relation to Type A behavior, locus of control, and test anxiety.

Eighty subjects from an introductory psychology course rated the desirability of eight course structures that differed according to all combinations of the presence or absence of effort required for success, time pressure, and the provision of feedback. Subjects also completed questionnaire measures of the Type A behavior pattern, test anxiety, and external locus of control. Results showed that the Type A behavior pattern was negatively related to external locus of control and that externals tended to have higher test anxiety scores than internals. Multiple regression analyses that involved the personality variables and age and gender showed that the Type A variable predicted preference for course structures that involved effort and feedback and that external control predicted preference for course structures that were independent of effort and provided little feedback. Test anxiety and desirability ratings were positively correlated for the course structure that was not dependent on effort, had little time pressure, and had little feedback. The results were consistent with the view that individuals seek out and prefer situations that are consistent with their personality characteristics.

Coronary artery spasm: The pendulum continues swinging

Historical background. Those of us who have been interested in the concept of coronary artery spasm and re• search on it have witnessed a remarkable pattern of oscil• lation. The pendulum has swung from the enthusiasm of Sir William Osler (1), who in 1910 stated, I do not know of any better explanation of anginal pain ... , to the skep• ticism of Keefer and Resnick (2), who in 1928 wondered how rigid atherosclerotic coronary arteries could possibly constrict or go into spasm. The pendulum could not be stopped by Danielopolu (3), Gallavardin (4) and Kohn (5), who between 1924 and 1926 suggested that both spasm and atherosclerosis were involved in the pathophysiology of an• gina pectoris. With the influence of Blumgart et al. (6), not only the role of spasm, but its existence, was questioned. However, Blumgart himself (7) seemed to recognize some role for spasm when he stated, ., Some episodes, particularly those occurring in the absence of effort, or increased cardiac work, are best understood as the expression of vasocon• striction or absence of vasodilation leading to relatively insufficient coronary blood flow. Recent historical perspective. The advent of coronary arteriography in the late 1950s and the failure to demonstrate spontaneous spasm in a significant number of patients with angina focused attention on atherosclerosis as the sole phe• nomenon underlying ischemic heart disease. However, in the early 1970s it became clear that spasm could produce clinical myocardial ischemia in workers after withdrawal from long-term industrial exposure to nitroglycerin (8) and, in patients with Prinzmetal' s variant angina, during episodes of chest pain at rest (9). These observations were followed by a flurry of studies and reports documenting some role for spasm in the broad spectrum of ischemic heart disease ( 10) or proposing it as the key mechanism underlying myo• cardial infarction (II). However, in the early 1980s coro• nary angiography, performed in the acute phases of infarc-

FACTORS AND EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH ONSET OF CORONARY ARTERY THROMBOSIS

During the past decade, knowledge of the clinical course of coronary artery thrombosis and the pathologic changes associated with it has been increased rapidly. Nevertheless, the actual events which precipitate an attack remain a matter of speculation. Characteristically, an attack of angina pectoris follows physical exertion or emotional stress, and without critical analysis the same factors have been considered responsible for inducing coronary artery thrombosis. Fitzhugh and Hamilton¹and others²expressed the belief that coronary thrombosis follows unusual exertion. Riesman and Harris³and Wolff and White⁴concurred with them but pointed out that an attack often occurs while the patient is at rest or even in bed. Other authors⁵found no definite relationship between physical stress and coronary thrombosis. Luten⁶went so far as to state that the attack invariably occurs in the absence of effort. Similarly, the importance of occupation and social status

Worship in Its Philosophical Meaning

Worship is a period of pause in the current of living marked by absence of effort. (1) In worship we make ourselves receptive in order that our wills may be commanded from without. (2) Worship is not simply the apprehension of power, for, while power may produce fear, it does not produce the holy fear characteristic of religious awe. (3) Worship is marked off from contemplation of beauty by its renewal of moral energies. Worship yields at the same time the consciousness of one's defects and the inspiration to overcome those defects. It answers skeptical questions as to why we should take our work seriously by creating faith in a better life. It furnishes singleness of aim and saves from the pessimism of disillusionment. It substitutes creative inspiration for heroic resolve.