Absence Of CO Research Articles

Vanadium Oxide Supported on MSU-1 as a Highly Active Catalyst for Dehydrogenation of Isobutane with CO2

Vanadium oxide supported on MSU-1, with VOx loading ranging from 2.5 to 17.5 wt. %, was developed as a highly active catalyst in dehydrogenation of isobutane with CO2. The obtained catalysts of VOx/MSU-1 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, and H2-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR) methods and the results showed that the large surface area of MSU-1 was favorable for the dispersion of VOx species and the optimal loading of VOx was 12.0 wt. %. Meanwhile, the catalytic activity of VOx/MSU-1 was investigated, and VOx/MSU-1 with 12.0 wt. % VOx content was found to be the best one, with the conversion of isobutane (58.8%) and the selectivity of isobutene (78.5%) under the optimal reaction conditions. In contrast with the reaction in the absence of CO2, the presence of CO2 in the reaction stream could obviously enhance the isobutane dehydrogenation, which raised the conversion of reaction and the stability of VOx/MSU-1.

Electrochemical behavior of tetrafluoro-p-benzoquinone at the presence of carbon dioxide: Experimental and theoretical studies

The electrochemical behavior of p-benzoquinone, BQ, and tetrafluoro-p-benzoquinone, TFBQ, in the DMF solvent in the absence and the presence of carbon dioxide, CO2, were studied by means of cyclic voltammetry. An EE mechanism is proposed for reduction of both species of BQ and TFBQ in the absence of CO2. Voltammogram of BQ at the presence of CO2 showed a new redox couple with characteristics that are different from those observed for electrochemical reaction of BQ in the absence of CO2. The mechanism ECiE was proposed for electrochemical reduction of BQ in the presence of CO2. The results indicate that the lifetime of the BQ reduction product, anion radical of BQ−, in the presence of CO2 is much shorter than the time window of the used voltammetric method. The electrochemical behavior of TFBQ in the presence of CO2 is fully different from that observed for BQ reduction in the presence of CO2. The second redox couple potentials of TFBQ are significantly shifted when CO2 is presented in the solution and the shift values are dependent on the CO2 concentration. Finally, an EECr mechanism was proposed for electrochemical reaction of TFBQ in the presence of CO2 in the DMF solvent.

The effect of Na–Ca–Cl brines on the dissolution of arsenic from arsenopyrite under geologic carbon dioxide storage conditions

Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) is one of the most common mineral sources of arsenic in rocks, sediments, and ores. The dissolution of arsenopyrite releases arsenic, which has potential implications for human and environmental health. With carbon dioxide storage in saline, sedimentary geologic formations being an important component of mitigation strategies for global warming, the effect of injected CO2 mixed with anoxic brines on dissolution of arsenic from arsenopyrite merits examination. Arsenopyrite dissolution was studied using anoxic Na–Ca–Cl brines in the presence and absence of CO2, at both ambient and high temperature and pressure conditions. Results revealed that the dissolution rate of arsenic ranged from 10−10 to 10−12mol/m2s, with an average dissolution rate of 10–10.7±0.2mol/m2s in the absence of CO2. Understanding effects of particular brine constituents on arsenopyrite dissolution requires further investigation, however. The observed arsenopyrite dissolution rates under anoxic conditions are about two orders of magnitude lower than those observed under oxidizing conditions. The presence of dissolved CO2 in brines resulted in dissolution rates marginally lower than those observed in the absence of CO2, with an average dissolution rate of 10–11.2±0.5mol/m2s, even though a reduction in pH to approximately 3.5 was observed. Increase in temperature and pressure from 25°C to 60°C, and 1bar to 100bars respectively, increased As dissolution rate from arsenopyrite by 1logunit.

Foraging wireworms are attracted to root-produced volatile aldehydes

Soil-dwelling insects are known to react to chemical cues they encounter in the rhizosphere. Whether wireworms (Coleoptera, Elateridae) use root-emitted volatile organic chemicals to localize their host plant remains, however, poorly understood. Here, we aimed at identifying chemical cues released by barley roots that attract Agriotes sordidus. In a first behavioral experiment, we assessed the ability of wireworms to orient towards live barley roots, using dual-choice olfactometers suitable for belowground insects. Then, we collected the volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by barley roots using a dynamic head-space sampling approach. VOC were quantified and identified using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The odorant blend is composed of four aldehydes, namely hexanal, (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-non-2-enal, and (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal. In a second set of dual-choice bioassays, wireworms were attracted towards a synthetic blend of these four major compounds. However, the synthetic blend was not as attractive as live roots, which is partially explained by the absence of CO2, commonly known as a strong attractant for soil-dwelling insects. While CO2 indicates the presence of living material in the vicinity, we hypothesize that additional VOC inform about the plant suitability. A better understanding of these belowground signals would contribute to the development of new integrated control strategies against wireworms.

The interaction of carbon monoxide with rhodium on potassium-modified CeO2(111)

The adsorption and reactions of CO adsorbed on Rh particles deposited on K-covered CeO2(111) were studied by temperature programmed desorption and photoelectron spectroscopy. K deposited on CeO2(111) forms a KOX over-layer by extracting O from the ceria and partially reducing some of the Ce4+ to Ce3+. CO does not adsorb on the KOX/ CeO2–X(111) surface in the absence of Rh particles. CO adsorbed on Rh/K/CeO2(111) adsorbs molecularly on the Rh at 200K. As the surface is heated the CO spills-over and reacts with the KOX to form carbonate. The carbonate decomposes at elevated temperature to produce CO and CO2. The carbonate stabilizes the KOX so that K desorbs at a higher temperature than it would in the absence of CO. When the Rh and K deposition are reversed so that K is deposited on both the Rh and the CeO2(111), CO adsorbs as CO2− at 200K. The CO2− decomposes below 350K to produce gas phase CO and adsorbed CO32− and CO. The CO is stabilized by the K on the Rh and desorbs above 540K. The carbonate decomposes into gas phase CO and CO2.

The role of CO2 in the dehydrogenation of propane over WOx–VOx/SiO2

A series of WOx–VOx catalysts supported on porous silica, with W/V molar ratios between 0 and 0.6, are examined for propane dehydrogenation in the presence and absence of CO2 from 500°C to 600°C and at atmospheric pressure. Catalysts characterization using temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), temperature programmed oxidation (CO2-TPO), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy shows that the combination of the two metal components allows retention of VOx dispersion during the reaction.CO2 has the ability to oxidize V2O3 to V2O4 and participates in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene. When the reaction is carried out with D2 present in the feed together with C3H8 and CO2 (D2:C3H8:CO2=1:1:1), only 45% of the resulting water contains D2O. This confirms that the reaction follows the oxidative dehydrogenation route of propane but is also accompanied by the reverse water gas shift reaction in combination with the non-oxidative dehydrogenation route. Moreover, one of the major roles of CO2 is the suppression of the formation of surface carbon. A partially reduced vanadia dimer was used to represent the active site and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed. This allowed to confirm that propane dehydrogenation in the presence of CO2 can proceed simultaneously via direct oxidative dehydrogenation and non-oxidative dehydrogenation followed by the reverse water gas shift reaction. According to the DFT-calculated Gibbs free energy profile at 600°C, the activation of the secondary CH bond of propane (EDFT,act=158kJ/mol) is rate-limiting, while re-oxidation of the catalyst with CO2 is potentially much faster.The catalyst with a W/V=0.1M ratio has the highest C3H6 average turnover frequency but higher selectivities were obtained with W/V=0.6. In agreement with the value predicted from DFT, the experimental apparent activation energy for all investigated W/V ratios is similar and varies from 127±11kJ/mol to 147±12kJ/mol with W/V molar ratios between 0 and 0.6.

In-situ spectroscopic monitoring of the ambient pressure hydrogenation of C2 to ethane on Pt(111)

The hydrogenation of C2 molecules formed on the Pt(111) surface through acetylene exposure at 750K was monitored in-situ with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) in the presence of up to 10Torr of H2. The coverage of post-reaction surface carbon was measured with Auger electron spectroscopy. The RAIR spectra show that C2 is hydrogenated to an ethylidyne intermediate. The hydrogenation of ethylidyne was also monitored at 400K for H2(g) pressures of 1.0×10−2 to 10Torr. At H2(g) pressures greater than 1.0Torr, ethylidyne is completely hydrogenated. In an attempt to probe the nature of the C2 adsorption sites, RAIR spectra of coadsorbed CO were obtained. It is found that while C2 does not block CO adsorption, the spectra indicate that the surface carbon is free of hydrogen. In contrast, ethylidyne blocks CO adsorption sites. In the presence of coadsorbed CO, complete hydrogenation of ethylidyne occurs at 450K versus 400K in the absence of CO.

A Highly Hydroxide Conductive, Chemically Stable Anion Exchange Membrane, Poly(2,6 dimethyl 1,4 phenylene oxide)-b-Poly(vinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium), for Electrochemical Applications

A chemically stable copolymer [poly(2,6 dimethyl 1,4 phenylene oxide)-b-poly(vinyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium)] with two ion exchange capacities, 3.2 and 2.9 meq g−1, was prepared as anion exchange membranes (AEM-3.2 and AEM-2.9). These materials showed high OH− conductivities of 138 mS.cm−1 and 106 mS.cm−1, for AEM-3.2 and AEM-2.9 respectively, at 60°C, and 95% RH. The OH− conductivity = 45 mS.cm−1 for AEM-3.2 at 60% RH and 60°C in the absence of CO2. Amongst the ions studied, only OH− is fully dissociated at high RH. The lower Ea = 10–13 kJ.mol−1 for OH− compared to F− ∼ 20 kJ.mol−1 in conductivity measurements, and of H2O from self-diffusion coefficients suggests the presence of a Grotthuss hopping transport mechanism in OH− transport. PGSE-NMR of H2O and F− show that the membranes have low tortuosity, 1.8 and 1.2, and high water self-diffusion coefficients, 0.66 and 0.26 × 10−5 cm2.s−1, for AEM-3.2 and AEM-2.9 respectively. SAXS and TEM show that the membrane has several different sized water environments, ca. 62 nm, 20 nm, and 3.5 nm. The low water uptake, λ = 9–12, reduced swelling, and high OH− conductivity, with no chemical degradation over two weeks, suggests that the membrane is a strong candidate for electrochemical applications.

Mechanistic studies of pyridinium electrochemistry: alternative chemical pathways in the presence of CO2.

Protonated heterocyclic amines, such as pyridinium, have been utilized as catalysts in the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide. While these represent a new and exciting class of electrocatalysts, the details of the mechanism and faradaic processes occurring in solution are unclear. We report a series of cyclic voltammetry experiments involving Pt, Ag, Au, and Cu electrodes, under both aqueous and nonaqueous conditions, directed towards gaining an improved mechanistic understanding of pyridinium electrochemistry. Surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectroelectrochemistry was also performed on Cu film-over-nanosphere electrodes in order to identify adsorbed species. It was found that the reduction potential of pyridinium (-0.58 V vs. SCE) and its electrochemical reversibility are unique features of platinum electrodes. In contrast, the reduction potentials on Ag, Au, and Cu electrodes are ∼400 mV more negative than Pt in both the presence and the absence of CO2. SER spectroelectrochemistry of pyridinium solutions shows no evidence for a pyridinium radical or a pyridinium ion. Increased cathodic current in the presence of CO2 is only detected at scan rates less than 10 mV s(-1) in aqueous solutions. The addition of CO2 resulted in a shift in the potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Pyridinium electrochemistry was observed under nonaqueous conditions; however no increase in cathodic current was observed when CO2 was added to the solution. Based on this set of results it is concluded that the reduction potential of pyridinium is surface dependent, CO2 acts as a pseudo-reserve of H(+), and pyridinium and CO2 create an alternative mechanism for hydrogen evolution.

Selective hydrogenation of acetophenone with supported Pd and Rh catalysts in water, organic solvents, and CO2-dissolved expanded liquids

Solvent effects appear to depend on supports but not on metals in the absence of CO2. Different CO2 effects appear among the catalysts. Water is a better solvent for the reaction for all catalysts under neat and expanded solvent conditions.

Linalool oxide: generalist plant based lure for mosquito disease vectors.

BackgroundLack of effective vaccines and therapeutics for important arboviral diseases such as Rift Valley fever (RVF) and dengue, necessitates continuous monitoring of vector populations for infections in them. Plant-based lures as surveillance tools has the potential of targeting mosquitoes of both sexes and females of varied physiological states; yet such lures are lacking for vectors of these diseases. Here, we present evidence of the effectiveness of linalool oxide (LO), a single plant-based lure previously developed for malaria vectors in trapping RVF vectors, Aedes mcintoshi and Aedes ochraceus, and dengue vector, Aedes aegypti.MethodsFor RVF vectors, we used CDC traps to evaluate the performance of LO against three vertebrate-based lures: CO2 (dry ice), BioGent (BG) lure, and HONAD (a blend of aldehydes) in 2 experiments with Completely Randomized design: 1) using unlit CDC traps baited separately with LO, HONAD and BG-lure, and unlit CDC trap + CO2 and lit CDC trap as controls, 2) similar treatments but with inclusion of CO2 to all the traps. For dengue vectors, LO was evaluated against BG lure using BG sentinel traps, in a 3 × 6 Latin Square design, first as single lures and then combined with CO2 and traps baited with CO2 included as controls. Trap captures were compared between the treatments using Chi square and GLM.ResultsLow captures of RVF vectors were recorded for all lures in the absence of CO2 with no significant difference between them. When combined with CO2, LO performance in trapping these vectors was comparable to BG-lure and HONAD but it was less effective than the lit CDC trap. In the absence of CO2, LO performed comparably with the BG-lure in trapping female Ae. aegypti, but with significantly higher males recorded in traps baited with the plant-based lure. When CO2 was added, LO was significantly better than the BG-lure with a 2.8- fold increase in captures of male Ae. aegypti.ConclusionsThese results highlight the potential of LO as a generalist plant-based lure for mosquito disease vectors, pending further assessment of possible specificity in their response profile to the different stereoisomers of this compound.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1184-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Palladium assisted copper/alumina catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of propyne, propadiene and propene mixed feeds

A series of copper rich catalysts with different Cu:Pd atomic ratios were screened for the selective hydrogenation of propyne. Sample with 50:1 Cu:Pd ratio exhibited high propene selectivity, yet could be operated at temperatures far lower than typically observed for Cu only catalyst. It is believed that Pd facilitates reaction at Cu sites by promoting hydrogen dissociation at low temperature, followed by spillover onto Cu where the reaction occurs selectively. Catalyst testing with propyne alone showed that full conversion could be achieved at only 383K with greater than 70% selectivity to propene. Industrially relevant tests were also conducted with a mixed C3 feed containing propyne, propadiene, propene and propane which is unique given that most literature studies fail to consider that propadiene is also an impurity which must be removed during selective hydrogenation of C3 cuts from naphtha crackers. Under such conditions and at only 383K, propene selectivity of around 90% was achievable at >99% conversion. The option to operate at such low temperature, in the absence of CO, makes 50-CuPd sample an interesting alterative to current industrial catalysts.

Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of γ-Co2NiGa Nanoparticles with a Very High Curie Temperature

We report the first study on the chemical preparation, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of Co2NiGa nanoparticles (NPs) of a single γ-phase (γ-Co2NiGa). The γ-Co2NiGa NPs were prepared by impregnation in colloidal silica followed by high temperature annealing under hydrogen atmosphere. The crystal structure of tetragonal γ-Co2NiGa was confirmed by selected area electron and X-ray diffraction studies. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping and X-ray absorption near edge structure data provided evidence for the successful preparation of the intermetallic NPs and the absence of Co, Ni, Co–Ni, or metal-containing impurity phases. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy data confirmed the formation of the γ-Co2NiGa phase by examining the atomic environments surrounding Co, Ni, and Ga. The Co2NiGa NPs are ferromagnetic with a high saturation magnetization, which is consistent with the theoretical model. γ-Co2NiGa NPs exhibit a very high Curie temperature (≈1139 K), which m...

The effects of morphology of cerium oxide catalysts for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene

Ethylbenzene (EB) dehydrogenation in presence and absence of CO2 was investigated over CeO2 catalysts of distinct morphologies: cubes, rods and particles. The presence of CO2 resulted in prolonged catalyst activity and higher initial benzene selectivity compared to the absence of CO2. However, CO2 had no effect on the catalytic activity of ceria catalysts after stabilization. CeO2 cubes exhibited about two times higher activity per m2 compared to rods and particles, independent of presence or absence of CO2. Product distribution and Raman spectroscopy characterization of the spent catalysts suggested that superior catalytic activity of CeO2 cubes originates from the enhanced amount of lattice oxygen species that can be extracted by EB on the (100) crystal planes of ceria cubes, contrary to highly intrinsically stable (111) crystal planes predominantly exposed on rods and particles. We suggest that these O species are consumed in nonselective EB conversion pathways, generating partly-reduced surface sites, which are suggested to act as active sites for selective styrene formation.

Evaluating impacts of CO2 intrusion into an unconsolidated aquifer: I. Experimental data

Capture and deep subsurface sequestration of CO2 has been identified as a potential mitigation technique for rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Sequestered CO2 represents a potential risk to overlying aquifers if the CO2 leaks from the deep storage complex. Batch and column experiments combined with wet chemical extractions were conducted to evaluate these risks to groundwater quality and to understand effects of unintentional release of CO2 on groundwater chemistry and aquifer mineralogy. Sediments from the High Plains aquifer in Kansas, a largely unconsolidated aquifer, were used to study time-dependent release of major, minor and trace elements when exposed to CO2 gas. Results showed that Ca, Ba, Si, Mg, Sr, Na, and K increased either within the first 4h or followed nonlinear increasing trends with time, indicating that dissolution and/or desorption reactions controlled their release. In addition, other elements (e.g., Fe and Mn) and trace elements (e.g., As, Cu, Cr, Pb) were released during batch and column experiments, demonstrating the possibility for changes in mineralogy and groundwater quality degradation due to exposure to seepage of sequestered CO2. National drinking water regulations were exceeded for As and Mn in the batch experiments, and As, Se, Mn, Pb and Hg in the column experiments, despite low levels of these contaminants found in the sediments. In addition, the concentration of another potential contaminant, i.e., Mo, was consistently higher in the control batch experiments (i.e., absence of CO2) but was below detection in the presence of CO2 indicating a potential for removal of elements by CO2 gas exposure. Although results will be site specific for the High Plains aquifer and other mostly unconsolidated aquifers, these investigations will provide useful information to support site selection, risk assessment, and public education efforts associated with geological CO2 storage and sequestration.

Formation of brominated disinfection by-products and bromate in cobalt catalyzed peroxymonosulfate oxidation of phenol

Formation of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) in sulfate radical (SO4−) based oxidation processes attracted considerable attention recently. However, the underlying reaction pathways have not been well explored. This study focused on the transformation of Br− in cobalt activated peroxymonosulfate (Co2+/PMS) oxidation process. Phenol was added as a model compound to mimic the reactivity of natural organic matter (NOM). It was revealed that Br− was efficiently transformed to reactive bromine species (RBS) including free bromine and bromine radicals (Br, Br2−, etc.) in Co2+/PMS system. SO4− played a principal role during this process. RBS thus generated resulted in the bromination of phenol and formation brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) including bromoform and bromoacetic acids, during which brominated phenols were detected as the intermediates. Br-DBPs were further degraded by excessive SO4− and transformed to bromate ultimately. Free bromine was also formed in the absence of Co2+, suggesting Br− could be oxidized by PMS per se. Free bromine was incorporated to phenol sequentially leading to Br-DBPs as well. However, Br-DBPs could not be further transformed in the absence of SO4−. This is the first study that elucidated the comprehensive transformation map of Br− in PMS oxidation systems, which should be taken into consideration when PMS was applied to eliminate contamination in real practice.

Quinone Reduction in Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical CO2 Separation

We report the redox activity of quinone materials, in the presence of ionic liquids, with the ability to bind reversibly to CO2. The reduction potential at which 1,4-naphthoquinone transforms to the quinone dianion depends on the strength of the hydrogen-bonding characteristics of the ionic liquid solvent; under CO2, this transformation occurs at much lower potentials than in a CO2-inert environment. In the absence of CO2, two consecutive reduction steps are required to form first the radical anion and then the dianion, but with the quinones considered here, a single two-electron wave reduction with simultaneous binding of CO2 occurs. In particular, the 1,4-napthoquinone and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide, [emim][tcm], system reported here shows a higher quinone solubility (0.6 and 1.9 mol·L–1 at 22 and 60 °C, respectively) compared to other ionic liquids and most common solvents. The high polarity determined through the Kamlet–Taft parameters for [emim][tcm] explains the measured solubilit...

Mosquito Attraction: Crucial Role of Carbon Dioxide in Formulation of a Five-Component Blend of Human-Derived Volatiles.

Behavioral responses of the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii (An. gambiae sensu stricto molecular ‘M form’) to an expanded blend of human-derived volatiles were assessed in a dual-port olfactometer. A previously documented attractive three-component blend consisting of NH3, (S)-lactic acid, and tetradecanoic acid served as the basis for expansion. Adding 4.5 % CO2 to the basic blend significantly enhanced its attractiveness. Expansion of the blend with four human-derived C4-volatiles was then assessed, both with and without CO2. Only when CO2 was offered simultaneously, did addition of a specific concentration of 3-methyl-1-butanol or 3-methyl-butanoic acid significantly enhance attraction. The functional group at the terminal C of the 3-methyl-substituted C4 compounds influenced behavioral effectiveness. In the absence of CO2, addition of three concentrations of butan-1-amine caused inhibition when added to the basic blend. In contrast, when CO2 was added, butan-1-amine added to the basic blend strongly enhanced attraction at all five concentrations tested, the lowest being 100,000 times diluted. The reversal of inhibition to attraction by adding CO2 is unique in the class Insecta. We subsequently augmented the three-component basic blend by adding both butan-1-amine and 3-methyl-1-butanol and optimizing their concentrations in the presence of CO2 in order to significantly enhance the attractiveness to An. coluzzii compared to the three- and four-component blends. This novel blend holds potential to enhance malaria vector control based on behavioral disruption.

The chemistry of resorcinol carboxylation and its possible application to the CO2 removal from exhaust gases

The carbon dioxide uptake by resorcinol solutions has been investigated under different operational procedures and experimental conditions. Batch experiments have been carried out in aqueous and glycerol–water solutions of KOH, KHCO3 or K2CO3, and the yield of resorcinol carbonatation has been investigated as a function of the CO2 partial pressure as well as reaction temperature and time. The β-resorcylic acid (2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid) has been isolated in the solid state and identified on the basis of its IR spectrum. The 13C NMR analysis has been applied to identify and quantify the carbonated species in solution upon CO2 uptake and after thermal resorcinol regeneration. The maximum yield of resorcinol conversion into β-resorcylic acid was 60% with 1.0bar of CO2 and 120min reaction time at 110°C. A 34% yield of resorcinol conversion was also obtained with the resorcinol/K2CO3 solution in the absence of CO2. A relationship between the CO2 absorption capacity and the possible mechanism of CO2 capture has been proposed. The CO2 absorption efficiency from a simulated flue gases (15% CO2 in air) has been measured in continuous cycles of CO2 absorption–desorption carried out in packed columns and with a glycerol–water solution of resorcinol/KOH/KHCO3. The maximum absorption efficiency was 82% at absorption-desorption temperatures of 70°C and, respectively, 170°C. Oxidative conditions and the presence of H2S did not affect the yield of β-resorcylic acid and the resorcinol capacity of CO2 capture. Finally, a simple method for the selective separation of H2S from CO2 has been reported.

Cu filling into trenches with Co (00.2) layer by using high-vacuum magnetron sputtering in N2-addded Ar gas

We have investigated the relationship between the presence or absence of Co (00.2) layer orientation and the characteristics of Cu filling into trenches. High-vacuum planar magnetron sputtering systems were used in the deposition of Co and Cu. Co-coated substrates with different Co (00.2) layer orientations were used in experiments on Cu filling into trenches of a width of 40nm and aspect ratio 10. From the results of the Cu filling experiments, Cu filling into trenches was observed in substrates with Co (00.2) layer orientation. Similar Cu filling was also observed in trenches of a width of 20nm and aspect ratio 4.5. We concentrated on lattice misfit between the Co (00.2) layer and the Cu (111) layer as the reason why Cu filling occurred in substrates with Co (00.2) layer orientation, and conducted a study from the capillary theory.