Absence Of Breastfeeding Research Articles

Historical aspects of the use of goat’s milk as a food product for young children: a review

Goat milk (GM) has been a valuable food product for children and adults all over the world for thousands of years and has been used as an important element of healthy nutrition and healing. The article provides information confirming the importance of GM, which is described in the studies of ancient greek and roman scientists (Hippocrates, Galen), in traditional chinese and arabic medicine (the works of Li Shizheng and Avicenna). The works of domestic and foreign scientists also show the possibility of using GM not only as an alternative to breast milk, but also as a highly effective means for strengthening health. The functional composition of GM makes it possible to create mixtures as close as possible to breast milk, which can be used as a source of nutrition for children in the absence of breastfeeding.

Increased Cadmium Load, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Elevated FGF23 Levels as Pathophysiological Factors Potentially Linked to the Onset of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Review.

The preventability of acute lymphocytic leukemia during childhood is currently receiving great attention, as it is one of the most common cancers in children. Among the known risk factors so far are those affecting the development of gut microbiota, such as a short duration or absence of breastfeeding, cesarean section, a diet lacking in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the use of antibiotics, absence of infection during infancy, and lack of pets, among other factors. Namely, it has been shown that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and lack of vitamin D may cause intestinal dysbiosis, while at the same time, both increase the risk of hematological malignancies. The presence of IDA and vitamin D deficiency have been shown to lead to a decreased proportion of Firmicutes in stool, which could, as a consequence, lead to a deficit of butyrate. Moreover, children with IDA have increased blood concentrations of cadmium, which induces systemic inflammation and is linked to the onset of an inflammatory microenvironment in the bone marrow. Finally, IDA and Cd exposure increase fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) blood levels, which in turn suppresses vitamin D synthesis. A lack of vitamin D has been associated with a higher risk of ALL onset. In brief, as presented in this review, there are three independent ways in which IDA increases the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) appearance. These are: intestinal dysbiosis, disruption of vitamin D synthesis, and an increased Cd load, which has been linked to systemic inflammation. All of the aforementioned factors could generate the appearance of a second mutation, such as ETV6/RUNX1 (TEL-AML), leading to mutation homozygosity and the onset of disease. ALL has been observed in both IDA and thalassemia. However, as IDA is the most common type of anemia and the majority of published data pertains to it, we will focus on IDA in this review.

Establishing a nomogram for predicting necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: A retrospective multicenter cohort study

BackgroundTo construct a nomogram for predicting necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. MethodsA total of 4,724 preterm infants who were admitted into 8 hospitals between April 2019 and September 2020 were initially enrolled this retrospective multicenter cohort study. Finally, 1,092 eligible cases were divided into training set and test set based on a 7:3 ratio. A univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the variables between the two groups. Stepwise backward regression, LASSO regression, and Boruta feature selection were utilized in the multivariate analysis to identify independent risk factors. Then a nomogram model was constructed based on the identified risk factors. ResultsRisk factors for NEC included gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational age, small for gestational age, patent ductus arteriosus, septicemia, red blood cell transfusion, intravenous immunoglobulin, severe feeding intolerance, and absence of breastfeeding. The nomogram model developed based on these factors showed well discriminative ability. Calibration and decision curve analysis curves confirmed the good consistency and clinical utility of the model. ConclusionsWe developed a nomogram model with strong discriminative ability, consistency, and clinical utility for predicting NEC. This model could be valuable for the early prediction of preterm infants at risk of developing NEC.

Risk factors of developmental delay in children from the age group of 6 months to 6 years

Background: Infants at risk for developmental delay (DD) have a history of one or more risk factors that occurred during pregnancy, the perinatal period, or after birth. Despite numerous studies on high-risk pregnancies and child development in advanced countries, there is scanty data from developing nations like India. Objectives: To determine the antenatal, natal and postnatal risk factors of DD in children aged 6 months to 6 years. Method: A case-control study comprising 61 infants with DD and 61 controls was carried out at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe) in Maharashtra from December 2019 to May 2020. Children with DD were taken as cases and children without DD as controls. A questionnaire delivered to mothers was used to gather data. Data analysis was carried out using STATA, version 10 software. Results: Common risk factors were caesarean sections (55%), infections (58%), and chronic disorders during pregnancy (49%). Maternal infections, chronic diseases during pregnancy, caesarean section, failure to cry after birth and absence of breastfeeding were significantly more in cases compared to controls. Conclusions: In this case-control study, maternal infections, chronic diseases during pregnancy, caesarean section, failure to cry after birth and absence of breastfeeding were risk factors of DD in children aged 6 months to 6 years.

«Perinatal portrait», reproductive health parameters and risk factors for fat metabolism disorders in young overweight women

Overweight and obesity are one of the most serious social and medical problems today. It is appropriate to single out a special category of young women aged 18–35 years with excessive body weight, that is, the age which is capable of ensuring the reproductive potential of the future.The objective: to determine the probable factors of metabolic imbalance and the main parameters of reproductive health disorders in young overweight women.Materials and methods. Reproductive health parameters and the main predictors of its impairment were evaluated in two groups of patients – the main group (890 women with BMI > 25.0 kg/m2) and a control group (40 patients with BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m2).The main group was divided into two subgroups taking into account the age of formation of overweight and obesity: I subgroup – 596 women with pubertal obesity (66.9%) and II subgroup – 294 women with overweight in the postpubertal period (33.1%).Results. A high rate of pregnancy complications (86.9%), gestational diabetes (25.8%), preeclampsia (34.1%), premature birth and low birth weight fetus (20.9%), as well as the birth of a girl with a large body weight (24.4%), can become modified factors in the formation of the reproductive system according to the characteristics of the “perinatal portrait” and form the basis of screening programs. The relationship between the early introduction of complementary foods and the absence of breastfeeding and the presence of obesity in the girl in the future was established (OR=7.25; 95% CI: 2.99–17.59; χ2=23.53, p<0.0001).Attention should be paid to reproductive function disorders: amenorrhea was found 1.7 times more often in the case of postpubertal obesity, as well as abnormal uterine bleeding or metrorrhagia, infertility (24.4%), dyshormonal breast diseases (34.7%), polycystic ovary syndrome (59.8%), proliferative processes of the endometrium and myometrium (34.7%), as well as the formation of endometrial hyperplasia and polyposis with age (25.8%).A high percentage of stressogenic factors was determined in the examined cohort of patients, which could initiate the manifestation of metabolic and endocrine disorders in 569 cases – 63.9% (OR=4.14; 95% CI: 2.07–8.25; χ2=17.38, p<0.0001).Conclusions. Probable predictors of impaired fat metabolism in young women were statistically identified: heredity from the mothers of such patients regarding metabolic and endocrine disorders, body weight at birth more than 4000 g and artificial feeding, early age of menarche, pubertal paratrophy, stress factors, infectious diseases during menarche, hypodynamia and a high level of intellectual differentiation.The reproductive health of women with overweight and obesity is characterized by a high frequency of menstrual cycle disorders, increased manifestations of changes in the vaginal microbiome and dysuric symptoms, as well as infertility, hormone-dependent diseases, and impaired reproductive function.

The Relationship between Dietary Habits and Periodontal Pathogens in a Sample of Romanian Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The role of diet in shaping oral microbiota and its potential contribution to the development of periodontal pathogens cannot be understated. This study aimed to explore the correlation between dietary habits and the prevalence of 11 periodontal pathogens among children and adolescents in Oradea, Romania. The identification of these pathogens was performed using the micro-IDent test kit, capable of detecting 11 specific periodontal pathogens. Bacterial sampling was conducted from the crevicular fluid in the morning, prior to brushing, followed by the completion of a brief questionnaire by parents. The questionnaire captured various aspects of the children's eating habits, including meal frequency, consumption of sweets, and hydration levels. The collected samples were dispatched to the laboratory for analysis, which provided insights into the abundance of microorganisms. The study encompassed 60 participants aged between 2 and 18 years, with the majority reported by their parents to have regulated meal timings, frequent sugar intake, and adequate hydration. The findings revealed significant associations between certain dietary factors and the presence of specific periodontal pathogens. Notably, the absence of breastfeeding was linked with the detection of Tannerella forsythia and Campylobacter rectus. Furthermore, frequent consumption of sweets corresponded with the presence of Capnocytophaga spp., which was particularly observed in individuals consuming sweets 2-3 times a day. Insufficient age-appropriate hydration showed an association with the prevalence of T. forsythia, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Capnocytophaga spp. In this sample, it became evident that eating habits and diet influenced the presence of several periodontal pathogens. The lack of breastfeeding was predominantly associated with positive results for T. forsythia and C. rectus, while inadequate hydration correlated more frequently with the presence of T. forsythia and P. micros. Moreover, frequent consumption of sweets was linked to the presence of Capnocytophaga spp.

Clinico-microbiological profile of healthcare associated infections in a neonatal intensive care unit and its relation with environmental surveillance

Healthcare associated infections (HAI’s) or nosocomial infections are frequently encountered in neonatal intensive care units (NICU’s), resulting in morbidity as well as mortality of new born babies, with varying predisposing factors and microbiological profile. This study was conducted to identify the most common HAI among the neonates admitted in the NICU, to identify the risk factors of HAI’s in neonates and to compare the bacteriological profile of culture positive cases with the results of environmental survey. This was a prospective study, conducted for a duration of one and a half years from December 2018 to May 2020. Environmental samples from the NICU as well as clinical samples from neonates admitted to the NICU of a tertiary care centre for a duration of more than 2 calendar days were collected. The most common HAI in the NICU was VAP (41.6%), followed by CLABSI (21.8%). Statistically significant risk factors for neonatal nosocomial infection were preterm birth, LSCS, presence of comorbidities, Low Birth Weight, absence of breast feeding and Apgar score. The most common Gram negative organism isolated was Acinetobacter baumannii (18.8%) and Gram positive organism as Methicillin Resistant Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS) (13.9%).Acinetobacter baumanni above average isolation rate was matching with the growth of the similar organism each month, according to the surveillance report. The most common HAI among neonates in our study was VAP, majority of which were caused by Gram negative bacteria. Acinetobacter baumanni was found to have an isolation rate above average on environmental surveillance, indicating its role in causing HAI’s in neonates admitted to the NICU. However, this study did not show a definitive association between HAI and the environmental surveillance report.

Adapted goat milk formulas in infant nutrition: when, to whom and for how long

Breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. In case of its lack or insufficiency, this brings up the question about an affordable and adequate alternative. Adapted cow’s milk formulas are most commonly used, but the incidence of cow’s milk protein allergy in young children is increasing worldwide. Given the early onset of gastrointestinal disorders in infants, minimal digestive dysfunctions are often interpreted by doctors as sensitization to cow’s milk proteins or functional gastrointestinal disorders. However, there are conditions associated not with cow’s milk protein allergy, but intolerance. These conditions are difficult to diagnose, as the mechanism of development of cow’s milk protein allergy has not been sufficiently studied and is often not associated with an IgE-mediated immunological response. Food intolerance is associated with the enzymatic immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract and insufficient activity of intestinal microbiota. This article highlights the issues of cow’s milk protein allergy and food intolerance. In case of food sensitization and even minimal clinical manifestations of cow’s milk protein allergy, the choice of formula should always be made in favour of deep-hydrolyzed milk protein formulas. Goat protein formulas cannot be used in cases of cow’s milk protein allergy due to cross-sensitization effects. The aim of the article was to analyze a differentiated approach to the choice of infant nutrition in the absence of breastfeeding.

Association of infant weight at one year of age with the mode of delivery: A case-control study in Primary Health Care Centers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

To demonstrate the association between body mass index (BMI) centile at age one year with the mode of delivery and selected maternal and infant variables in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. A retrospective case-control study where data were collected from the medical records of infants attending Primary Health Centers in 2019. Based on the World Health Organization 2006 growth standard, cases of overweight and obesity (n = 149) were defined as infants with BMI ≥85th centile, whereas controls (n = 434) were infants with a normal BMI between 3rd and <85th centile. Univariate analysis was performed first to compare the distribution of mode of delivery and other covariates between cases and controls. Adjusted odds ratios (adjOR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated by logistic regression. The adjOR for infant overweight and obesity at one year of age was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.39, P = 0.047) for a cesarean mode of delivery as compared to vaginal delivery. The analysis also showed that the adjOR for infant overweight and obesity was 2.67 (95% CI: 1.22, 5.85, P = 0.014) for having no siblings and 2.20 (95%CI: 1.07, 4.51, P = 0.032) for ≤4 siblings. In contrast, infant overweight and obesity was associated with a lower odds of breastfeeding (adjOR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.38, 0.92; P = 0.020) and mixed milk feeding (adjOR = 0.36; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.66; P = 0.001). In this study, infant overweight and obesity was associated with a greater likelihood of cesarean mode of delivery and having ≤4 siblings. The absence of breastfeeding was also associated with infant overweight and obesity.

Breast milk oligosaccharides: what do we know today?

Breastfeeding remains the "gold standard" for feeding babies in the first year of life. Breast milk contains a mixture of nutrients; their amount varies throughout the lactation period and even throughout the day. The composition of breast milk (BM) is complex and dynamic. Currently, BM oligosaccharides (BMOs) are of most interest to researchers. Due to advances in science and biotechnology, more than 200 BMOs have been identified. Human BM is the richest source of oligosaccharides among all mammals (for instance, their content in cow's milk is almost 1,000 times lower). Numerous favorable effects of BMOs on child health are related to the immune response, gut barrier function, and protection against pathogens. BMOs as prebiotics contribute to the formation of the infant's intestinal microbiome. The BM contains a complex bacterial community whose composition depends on the maternal microbiome (skin, gut, genital, urethral tracts) that forms the infant gut microbial community. In the absence of breastfeeding, modern formulas can be used; BMOs in their composition make them more like BM.

Pregnancy and Reproductive Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women.

Beyond conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, women face an additional burden of sex-specific risk factors. Key stages of a woman's reproductive history may influence or reveal short- and long-term cardiometabolic and cardiovascular trajectories. Early and late menarche, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes (eg, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and intrauterine growth restriction), and absence of breastfeeding are all associated with increased future cardiovascular disease risk. The menopause transition additionally represents a period of accelerated cardiovascular disease risk, with timing (eg, premature menopause), mechanism, and symptoms of menopause, as well as treatment of menopause symptoms, each contributing to this risk. Differences in conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors appear to explain some, but not all, of the observed associations between reproductive history and later-life cardiovascular disease; further research is needed to elucidate hormonal effects and unique sex-specific disease mechanisms. A history of reproductive risk factors represents an opportunity for comprehensive risk factor screening, refinement of cardiovascular disease risk assessment, and implementation of primordial and primary prevention to optimize long-term cardiometabolic health in women.

Prevalence of processed and ultra-processed food intake in Brazilian children (6–24 months) is associated with maternal consumption and breastfeeding practices

The aim of this study is to identify maternal consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods and to verify the factors associated with the supply of these foods to Brazilian children. This is a cross-sectional study with 231 mothers and children aged from 6 to 24 months. The mother’s and children's food consumption was measured using three 24-hour recalls. The foods consumed were categorised according to the NOVA classification. The data were analysed by multinomial logistic regression. The supply of processed and ultra-processed foods to children was associated with the child’s age (T2: OR = 1.17, p<.001; T3: OR = 1.23, p<.001), the absence of breast milk consumption (T3: OR = 3.82, p=.006) and the greater consumption of these foods by mothers (T2: OR = 3.15, p=.018; T3: OR = 4.59, p=.004). We conclude that mothers who consume processed and ultra-processed foods also include them in complementary feeding, and the consumption of these foods by the child increases with age, absence of breastfeeding, and with increased maternal consumption.

Risk Factors Associated with Breast Cancer

Background: It is reported that genetic and hereditary-familial risk factors for breast cancer contribute 5% and the majority are related to the reproductive life of women. Objective: it has the purpose of determining if the factors considered as risk factors are associated with breast cancer in a group of Mexican women. Material and Methods: A retrospective, observational and descriptive study was carried out in 162 women with breast cancer for 3 years (2002-2004) at the Hospital Juárez de México to determine if the usual risk factors are related to breast cancer. The descriptive analysis included localization and dispersion measures, as well as a graphical analysis using bar diagrams. Results: In the sample of 162 women with breast cancer, the age range at the time of breast cancer diagnosis was from 27 to 78 years (mean of 47.60, standard deviation of 13.09); early menarche only appeared in 12.3% (n=20). The mean age of the first pregnancy was 22 years and of menopause at 51 years of age; 72.2% lactated (n=117) and 45.1% did so for more than 6 months (n=73); the menstrual pattern disorder appeared in 22.8% of cases (n=37); Menopausal hormone therapy was previously used in 19.8% (n=32). The hereditary-family history of breast cancer appeared in 14.2% of the cases (n=23). It seems to be correlated with the fact that in patients with nulliparity, alcoholism and the absence of breastfeeding, breast cancer occurs at an early age (&lt; 45 years) and the risk factor that is related to breast cancer is overweight and obesity with 54.26% and 17.11% respectively (average of 28.00, standard deviation of 3.032). Conclusion: no correlation was found between risk factors considered common for breast cancer; only overweight and obesity were related to its development, further research is required to confirm whether this correlation occurs in other countries.

Administration of Extensive Hydrolysates From Caseins and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Probiotic Does Not Prevent Cow's Milk Proteins Allergy in a Mouse Model.

BackgroundEarly nutrition may influence the development of food allergies later in life. In the absence of breastfeeding, hydrolysates from cow’s milk proteins (CMP) were indicated as a prevention strategy in at risk infants, but their proof of effectiveness in clinical and pre-clinical studies is still insufficient. Thanks to a validated mouse model, we then assessed specific and nonspecific preventive effects of administration of extensive hydrolysates from caseins (eHC) on the development of food allergy to CMP. The additional nonspecific effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus GG (LGG), commonly used in infant formula, was also assessed.MethodsGroups of young BALB/cByJ female mice were pretreated by repeated gavage either with PBS (control mice), or with PBS solution containing non-hydrolyzed milk protein isolate (MPI), eHC or eHC+LGG (eq. of 10 mg of protein/gavage). All mice were then experimentally sensitized to CMP by gavage with whole CM mixed with the Th2 mucosal adjuvant Cholera toxin. All mice were further chronically exposed to cow’s milk. A group of mice was kept naïve. Sensitization to both caseins and to the non-related whey protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG) was evaluated by measuring specific antibodies in plasma and specific ex vivo Th2/Th1/Th17 cytokine secretion. Elicitation of the allergic reaction was assessed by measuring mMCP1 in plasma obtained after oral food challenge (OFC) with CMP. Th/Treg cell frequencies in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry at the end of the protocol. Robust statistical procedure combining non-supervised and supervised multivariate analyses and univariate analyses, was conducted to reveal any effect of the pretreatments.ResultsPBS pretreated mice were efficiently sensitized and demonstrated elicitation of allergic reaction after OFC, whereas mice pretreated with MPI were durably protected from allergy to CMP. eHC+/-LGG pretreatments had no protective effect on sensitization to casein (specific) or BLG (non-specific), nor on CMP-induced allergic reactions. Surprisingly, eHC+LGG mice demonstrated significantly enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses after sensitization with CMP. Only some subtle changes were evidenced by flow cytometry.ConclusionNeither specific nor nonspecific preventive effects of administration of casein-derived peptides on the development of CMP food allergy were evidenced in our experimental setup. Further studies should be conducted to delineate the mechanisms involved in the immunostimulatory potential of LGG and to clarify its significance in clinical use.

Factors Affecting the Composition of Expressed Fresh Human Milk.

Breast milk is considered the ideal and preferred feeding for all infants through the first 4-6 months of life. It provides many short and long-term benefits to the infant and mother. In the absence of breastfeeding, expressed breast milk is the best way to provide nutrition. In the United States, the majority of breastfeeding mothers express milk at some point during the course of lactation. Breast milk is a dynamic fluid and its content changes with duration of lactation and varies between and among women. Many factors such as maternal diet and medications affect the constituents of breast milk. In addition, method of breast milk expression, handling, and storage can also influence its contents.

History of breastfeeding but not mode of delivery shapes the gut microbiome in childhood.

The naïve neonatal gut is sensitive to early life experiences. Events during this critical developmental window may have life-long impacts on the gut microbiota. Two experiences that have been associated with variation in the gut microbiome in infancy are mode of delivery and feeding practices (eg, breastfeeding). It remains unclear whether these early experiences are responsible for microbial differences beyond toddlerhood. Our study examined whether mode of delivery and infant feeding practices are associated with differences in the child and adolescent microbiome. We used an adoption-sibling design to compare genetically related siblings who were reared together or apart. Gut microbiome samples were collected from 73 children (M = 11 years, SD = 3 years, range = 3-18 years). Parents reported on child breastfeeding history, age, sex, height, and weight. Mode of delivery was collected through medical records and phone interviews. Negative binomial mixed effects models were used to identify whether mode of delivery and feeding practices were related to differences in phylum and genus-level abundance of bacteria found in the gut of child participants. Covariates included age, sex, and body mass index. Genetic relatedness and rearing environment were accounted for as random effects. We observed a significant association between lack of breastfeeding during infancy and a greater number of the genus Bacteroides in stool in childhood and adolescence. The absence of breastfeeding may impart lasting effects on the gut microbiome well into childhood.

The Unexpected Syndemic HIV Increase Risk for Nutrition-Related Chronic Diseases (NRCDs) for Women in South Africa- A Scoping Review

Abstract Objectives A scoping review of the literature was conducted to ascertain why NRCDs are so high for women in South Africa who are positive for HIV. The hypothesis being tested is that the cause is an interrelated and complex syndemic between biomedical, social, and environmental factors. Methods Literature review was conducted and experts in nutrition, HIV, and global health were referred to assist in the scoping review. Results The main contributing factors of this syndemic found in this review were chronic inflammation, gut microbial translocation, ART-caused weight gain and metabolic changes, absence of breastfeeding, larger ideal body standards, and food insecurity. This review also found that most of the research is preliminary and limited, leaving many questions about this syndemic unanswered. Conclusions The scoping review reveals some novel connections between nutrition, infectious diseases, and the social determinants of health as well as critical gaps in the research and clinical practice in treating people living with HIV (PLHIV). There needs to be more funding, care, and interventions given after PLHIV are on treatment and at undetectable viral loads, due to this massive increased risk in NRCDs. Low- and middle-income countries are especially at risk for this syndemic and need special attention since this increased morbidity and mortality could be especially nefarious. Funding Sources None.

Relação entre oclusopatias e hábitos parafuncionais na primeira infância

As oclusopatias consistem em um problema de alta prevalência caracterizado por um conjunto de anomalias diante de desvios no alinhamento dentário, na relação entre os arcos dentários e/ou entre os ossos maxilares. A literatura evidencia uma relação direta entre as oclusopatias e os hábitos parafuncionais na primeira infância. Nessa perspectiva, compreender a etiologia das oclusopatias para prevenir ou interceptar esses desvios torna-se essencial, tendo em vista a dificuldade no tratamento para a correção de problemas futuros. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar na literatura já existente a relação entre oclusopatias e hábitos parafuncionais na primeira infância através de estudos de más oclusões em crianças. Foram selecionados artigos científicos abrangendo o período de 2000 a 2020, das plataformas Google Acadêmico, Portal Periódicos CAPES, Scientifc Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), utilizando como palavras-chave: Odontopediatria; Má Oclusão; Saúde Coletiva. Dentre os hábitos de sucção deletérios, a sucção digital, de mamadeira e de chupeta estão entre os mais comuns. Além disso, a ausência do aleitamento materno apresenta uma íntima relação com essas alterações. Portanto, a mal oclusão consiste em um dos problemas de saúde pública no Brasil, sendo imprescindível políticas públicas para levar informações aos pais e/ou responsáveis, incentivar o aleitamento materno e conscientizá-los.

Risk factors for obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Follow-up of a community-based youth cohort.

Environmental factors are at least as important as genetic factors for the development of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), but the identification of such factors remain a research priority. Our study aimed to investigate the association between a broad scope of potential risk factors and OCS in a large community cohort of children and adolescents. We evaluated 1877 participants and their caregivers at baseline and after 3years to assess various demographic, prenatal, perinatal, childhood adversity, and psychopathological factors. Mean age at baseline was 10.2years (SD 1.9) and mean age at follow-up was 13.4years (SD 1.9). Reports of OCS at baseline and follow-up were analyzed using latent variable models. At preliminary regression analysis, 15 parameters were significantly associated with higher OCS scores at follow-up. At subsequent regression analysis, we found that eight of these parameters remained significantly associated with higher follow-up OCS scores while being controlled by each other and by baseline OCS scores. The significant predictors of follow-up OCS were: lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.033); lower intelligence quotient (p = 0.013); lower age (p < 0.001); higher maternal stress level during pregnancy (p = 0.028); absence of breastfeeding (p = 0.017); parental baseline OCS (p = 0.038); youth baseline anxiety disorder (p = 0.023); and youth baseline OCS scores (p < 0.001). These findings may better inform clinicians and policymakers engaged in the mental health assessment and prevention in children and adolescents.

Difference of Socioeconomic Factors among Mothers of Preterm and Full-Term Infant

Objective: To analyze the difference of socioeconomic factors among mothers of preterm and full-term infants. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was developed with 250 mothers of children aged three to five years. The sample was divided into two groups: 125 mothers of preterm infants from the referral center of a public hospital in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil and 125 mothers of children born full-term at a daycare center within the same city. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect socioeconomic data and type of breastfeeding. To verify if there was association between the dependent variable gestational age at birth and the independent variables, the chi-square test was used. A final model with multiple Poisson regression estimated prevalence ratio values for each independent variable was developed. Results: The final multiple regression model showed that mothers that have a low monthly income of up to USD 450.28 (PR = 1.979, 95% CI = 1.082-3.620), used drugs, cigarettes, or alcohol during their pregnancy (PR = 4.095, 95% CI = 2.422-6.921), and did not breastfeed (PR = 2.294, 95% CI = 1.205-4.369) were more likely to give birth to preterm infants. Conclusion: Low monthly family income, use of drugs, alcohol, or smoking during pregnancy and absence of breastfeeding were more frequent on mothers of preterm infants.