Absence Of Bands Research Articles

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Some Olive Cultivars Olea Europoea L. Using ISSR, SSR

In the current investigation, the genetic relations, and the genetic dimension of seven olive varieties (Olea europaea L.) were identified using, ISSR, and SSR markers. The study involved uses leaves from different samples for DNA extraction. The DNA amount ranged from 150 to 400 micrograms with purity ranging between 1.6 to 1.9. Agarose gel electrophoresis is applied to evaluate PCR reaction success. The ISSR marker, which used 4 primers, showed different results for the multiplication. Various bands were observed that differed from each other, resulting in a total of 93 bands - 2 general and 91 different. The primer also distinguished unique bands, with 4 unique bands and 7 absent bands. The primer with the highest molecular size (1500bp) was UBC-817, while the lowest molecular volume (200bp) was observed in the UBC-826 primer. The marker results indicated that the two types, Suranie (3) and Frantoio (4), had the lowest hereditary dimension of (0.030). The Frantoio and Santacatrina varieties showed the highest genetic difference, with a value of 0.622. According to the genetic relationship analysis, there were three main groups. The first group consisted of a single category (5), while There were two subgroups in the second group, B1 and B2. Subgroup B1 had only one category, while the rest of the categories were in Subgroup B2.. Even though these markers use different mechanisms to detect variance and genome coverage, they complement each other. Moreover, five SSR markers were used in this study to describe seven olive cultivars and analyze their genetic relationship. Four out of five primers showed positive results, while one was not present. The SSR markers were effective in identifying the similarity of collected species, as they are specialized indicators ISSR markers.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Sorghum Genotypes via Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of 20 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes via simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, with a focus on identifying drought-tolerant varieties. Leaf samples were collected from three-week-old seedlings, and genomic DNA was extracted via the CTAB method, a widely recognized protocol for obtaining high-quality DNA. The DNA samples were quantified to ensure consistent template concentrations for amplification via 25 SSR primers. PCR amplification was performed, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis to separate and visualize the SSR band patterns, which were then recorded in a binary matrix format on the basis of the presence or absence of bands. Among the SSR primers used, nine were polymorphic, generating 13 scorable markers, highlighting the genetic variability among the genotypes. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged across the SSR loci, with the Xtxp145 locus exhibiting the highest PIC value of 0.998, indicating its high discriminatory power and informativeness in differentiating between genotypes. Genetic similarity indices were calculated via Jaccard's similarity coefficient [1], and the data were subjected to cluster analysis via the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method. The resulting dendrogram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters at a 50% similarity threshold, underscoring the genetic diversity present within the sorghum genotypes studied. Cluster I contained a single genotype, SVD-1272R, whereas, Cluster II included seven genotypes with subcluster formation. Cluster III comprised one ungrouped genotype, SPV-486. Cluster IV included eight genotypes, whereas Clusters V, VI, and VII each contained a single ungrouped genotype. This dendrogram illustrates the genetic diversity and relationships among the sorghum genotypes on the basis of similarity indices. The findings of this study confirmed the efficacy of SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity and emphasized their potential utility in breeding programs aimed at improving drought tolerance.

Genetic relationships among common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes using ISSR markers

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important nutritional leguminous, which is rich in protein, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals (iron and zinc), and essential vitamins. Among different methods which are used to study the genetic diversity of plants, molecular markers (such as ISSR) have been used as a powerful tool. In this study, 20 ISSR markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of 41 genotypes of common bean (including 36 new lines and five cultivars). Sterilized seeds of genotypes were sown and their fresh leaves were harvested for DNA extraction using the CTAB method. DNA amplification was done using 20 ISSR markers, the obtained bands were scored as 0 (band absence) and 1 (band presence). Finally, statistical analyses were performed. Based on genetic diversity indices UBC835, UBC842, UBC853, UBC857, and UBC859 loci had the highest (0.5) and UBC830 locus had the lowest (0.26) values of polymorphism information content. The highest Shannon index was for UBC856 (10.6) and the lowest for UBC853 (1.23). The highest (8.3) and the lowest (0.7) marker index were related to UBC856 and UBC830 primers, respectively. Cluster analysis classified the 41 common bean genotypes into four main groups. The clusters formed by molecular data indicated some crosses between the genotype KS21633 (the fourth group) and the second group genotypes with a greater probability of obtaining superior lines. Also, KS920056 and KS920049 genotypes showed the lowest Jaccard similarity coefficient (0.099) which indicates a large genetic distance between these two genotypes. Genotype grouping by the first two principal components partially confirmed the classification of cluster analysis. The results of this study showed the high efficiency of ISSR molecular markers in the differentiating of common bean genotypes. The wide variation observed among the studied genotypes can be used in breeding programs of common bean.

Molecular signatures of elite brinjal varieties towards grouping and marker–trait association for shoot and fruit borer resistance

Aim: Molecular characterization of brinjal genotypes and exploring marker trait association with a number of antixenosis and antibiosis traits in relation to shoot and fruit borer (SFB) infestation. Methodology: Seven elite brinjal genotypes including the most sensitive and highly resistant checks against SFB were sorted out from a set of 101 germplasm stocks. These were subjected to infestation with SFB in Mylar cages. Data were recorded on antixenosis and antibiosis traits related to SFB infestation. Molecular profiling was done using five RAPD and four SSR primers and the binary marker data (presence and absence of band) were analysed for clustering pattern of genotypes and marker-trait association if any for SFB infestation in brinjal. Results: The RAPD primer OPN04 and two SSR primers smSSR03 and smSSR04 emerged as the highly informative, while OPD 16 (a RAPD primer) and smSSR01 and smSSR09 showed high Rp value. The clustering based on RAPD and SSR profiling was almost similar to the grouping based on antixenosis and antibiosis traits indicating good primer efficiency for screening against SFB infestation. A few RAPD markers revealed significant marker-trait association with a number of antixenosis and antibiosis traits, and more specifically with larval weight under SFB infestation. Besides, a 400bp molecular marker 'OPC05_8' had shown significant MTA with fruit infestation, trichome density and calyx length. Interpretation: The above trait–specific molecular markers may be considered useful for screening of parental lines against SFB tolerance, and as such may be used for marker assisted selection in brinjal breeding programs. Key words: Brinjal, Clustering pattern, Genotyping, Marker-trait association, Shoot and fruit borer infestation

Molecular characterization of nine grapevine varieties cultivated in Salahaldin, Iraq by using RAPD-PCR marker

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of important economic fruit crops found in Salahaldin province \ Iraq. To examine the Molecular characterization and genetic relationships among nine grape varieties by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. Fifteen RAPD primers produced polymorphic band (71, 56%), while two RAPD primers yielded monomorphic bands only. The size of the fragment ranged between 250-2700 bp, with an average of 5.47 band/primer. A total of 20 unique and absent bands used to identify seven cultivars. This study has found that genetic distance values ranged from 0.092 to 0.277 among studied grape cultivars. The cluster analysis showed there were two main groups (G1 and G2). These results proposed RAPD marker as rapid, easy and power marker for Molecular characterization and genetic analysis among grapevine.

Singing in Dark Times: Report from Berlin

Singing in Dark Times: Report from Berlin

Genetic diversity of eight maize (Zea mays) cultivars from East Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia) based on inter simple sequence repeat markers

Abstract. Yani A, Chasani AR, Daryono BS. 2022. Genetic diversity of eight maize Zea mays L. cultivars from East Nusa Tenggara based on inter simple sequence repeat markers. Biodiversitas 23: 4124-4130. East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is one of Indonesia's island that has many local maize cultivars. However, the existence of this local corn is threatened by the presence of high-yielding maize seeds. Therefore, characterization of local maize cultivars using molecular marker is needed to conserve the germplasm. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of local maize cultivars (Zea maysL.) from East Nusa Tenggara based on ISSR markers. This research used eight local maize cultivars (Watar Ohaq, Watar Puluq, Wata Bura, Wata Kuma, Wata Bunga, Pena Muti, Boti Pulut, and Latun Wara). Young leaves of maize were used for DNA isolation. Total genomic DNA was isolated using Genomic DNA Mini Kit for Plant (Geneaid). DNA was then amplified using 5 ISSR molecular markers (ISSR-807, ISSR-808, UBC-809, UBC-811, UBC-834). DNA band profiles were scored based on the presence or absence of bands. Genetic variability was analyzed based on the UPGMA method using the MVSP ver application. 3.1. Local maize from NTT has high genetic diversity (similarity index between 0.29-0.65). Local maize cultivars were separated into two main clusters at a similarity index of 0.43 and the grouping pattern was not influenced by the geographic location of local maize origin.

Genetic Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi Aspergillus flavus Isolates Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique

Aspergillus flavus is the second most public fungi that causing disease in human and causes diseases in several important agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variety among diverse isolates of Aspergillus flavus by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Five isolates were obtained from Samarra hospital and outpatient clinic and were diagnosed morphologically and microscopically. Results of RAPD profile revealed a high genetic distance (0.244) between isolates number (1 and 5), while the isolates number (2 and 5) were joined with lower genetic distance (0.090). Unique and absent bands were displayed by certain isolates and can be taken as a positive marker for isolate identification. The dendrogram of banding patterns revealed a great relationship between isolates number (2 and 5) from one side and isolates number (1 and 3) from the other side, while the isolate number 4 was separated into particular subgroup which closer to the isolate number 1 and 3.

PCR optimization for the detection of bunchy top virus of abaca (Musa textilis Nee) in Eastern Visayas Philippines

The bunchy top virus in Eastern Visayas has serverly reduced abaca production. Early and accurate detection of plant viral pathogens is an essential and crucial component for disease management. At present, there are no standard PCR conditions in the Eastern Visayas region for detecting the bunchy top virus at an early stage using PCR. Thus, optimization for the detection was carried out to assist in disease management. Different annealing temperatures (57, 60 and 65oC), gel concentrations (1, 1.5 and 2%), and running conditions (80, 90 and 100 volts) were tested using My TaqTM DNA Polymerase (Bioline, USA). The annealing temperatures of 57oC and 60oC resulted in DNA amplification as indicated by the presence of bands but absence of bands at 65oC. The higher voltages of 90 and 100 volts resulted in smears and distorted DNA bands with 1% and 1.5% agarose; thus 2% agarose gel was used to resolve small DNA fragments (100bp to 3kb). Electrophoresis using 80 volts for 45min successfully separated the DNA bands. The amplification of the product with internal control primers indicated the absence of PCR inhibitors in the abaca-extracted DNA samples. This confirmed the negative PCR reaction as indicative of the absence of the virus. The optimized PCR conditions could be applied by students and researchers for the early detection of bunchy top virus in the National Abaca Research Center Germplasm collection and the region.

Crystal structure, Raman characterization, and magnetic properties of the hydrate RbYb(MoO4)2, H2O

The millimeter-sized single crystals of RbYb(MoO4)2, H2O monohydrate were successfully grown using the high-temperature self-flux method. This colorless and shiny double molybdate crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group C2/c. Its lamellar structure can be described with YbO8 regular square antiprisms sharing edges into chains aligned along the [001] direction. A layered arrangement occurs perpendicularly to the [010] direction with MoO4 tetrahedra and YbO8 polyhedra associated in complex anionic layers alternating with cationic layers made of Rb ​+ ​ions surrounded by eight oxygen atoms into flattened RbO8 square antiprisms. Raman investigation at room temperature shows a weak vibration at 737 ​cm−1 attributed to the existence of pseudo-double-bridges Mo-{O2}-Mo, while the absence of bands in the 500-700 ​cm−1 frequency range confirms the lack of covalent Mo–O–Mo single-bridge. Magnetic characterizations suggest that the title compound presents an antiferromagnetic coupling between the Yb3+ centers at T ​≤ ​10 ​K.

Quantifying occurrence of deformation bands in sandstone as a function of structural and petrophysical factors and their impact on reservoir quality: an example from outcrop analog of Productive Series (Pliocene), South Caspian Basin

Deformation bands (DB) are known to influence porosity and permeability in sandstones. This study aims to predict the occurrence of DB and to quantify their impact on reservoir properties based on field measurements in the steeply dipping limb of a kilometer-scale fold in Yasamal Valley, western South Caspian Basin. An integrated approach of characterizing bands and their effect on reservoir properties included measurements of natural gamma radioactivity and permeability using portable tools, along with bed dip and the count of DB across distinct facies. A set of core analyses was performed on outcrop plugs with and without bands to estimate the alteration of rock properties at the pore scale. Interpretation of outcrop gamma-ray data indicates the absence of bands in Balakhany sandstones containing shale volume greater than 18% for unconsolidated and 32% for calcite-rich facies. A high amount of calcite cement appears to increase the number of DB. A poor, positive trend between bed dip and DB concentration was identified. We show that net to gross, defined as the thickness fraction of sandstone bound by mudstones, is among the parameters controlling the occurrence of bands. Samples containing a single DB show a 33% and 3% decrease in permeability and porosity, respectively, relative to the host rock. We reveal a new set of lithological and petrophysical factors influencing DB occurrence. This study offers a direct tool that can be applied in subsurface reservoir analogs to predict the occurrence and concentration of DB and estimate their influence on rock properties.

Detecting the effects of Wi-Fi waves on phenotypic and molecular markers of Vicia faba L.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of exposure Vicia faba to Wi-Fi waves on growth and molecular levels. The seeds of the Vicia faba plant were soaked for 48 hours, then the seeds were divided into five groups, four for treatments and one for the control group, phenotypic characteristics were recorded, while the molecular markers were evaluated using RAPD-PCR markers to detect the effect of waves on DNA sequence. Morphological study, the highest plant height recorded in treatment B that was 123.9 followed by C, D and E. As for the bean pod number, the treatment E was 13.6 that showed the highest number that followed by D, C and B. For the seed number, the highest was E 34.4 seed that followed by D, B and C treatments. The number of leaves in the plants, the highest was in treatment B that was 251 followed by C, D and E treatments respectively. The leaf measurements recorded, the highest leaf area was in the treatment E that was 3.2-6.1 followed by D, C and B treatments respectively. Most of the treatments were distinguished by unique bands and absent of all mutant bands (51), unique bands (33) and absent bands (18), the treatment E (60) day got a higher number of unique bands that were (12), and the treatment B (15) day have got (4) bands, while the absent bands the treatment D (45) day got a higher number of the absent bands that were (6), and the treatment B (15) day got (4) bands. There was a difference in the results between the morphological and molecular markers because of the difference in mutation frequency on the genome of their coding and noncoding DNA. The Wi-Fi waves induced mutations in the genome of Vicia faba L. and the mutations increased with the period of exposure of the plant to the Wi-Fi waves. The efficiency of the RAPD markers was high in detecting the producing mutation in the genome of Vicia faba L

Adsorption of Colour Pigments from Palm Kernel Oil onto Biopolymer Prepared from Periwinkle Shell Waste

The study was carried out to investigate the bleaching efficiency of chitosan for pigments removal from palm kernel oil (PKO). Chitosan was synthesized from periwinkle shell waste by chemical technique involving demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. The bleaching was carried out (batch process) at various adsorbent dosages (1.0-3.0 g). The bleaching adsorbents (Periwinkle Shell Powder, PSP and chitosan periwinkle shell powder, CPSP) were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for their elemental composition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used to observe the presence of functional groups in the samples. The results obtained revealed alteration in the concentration (wt. %) and distribution of different compositional elements. The broad peak at 3272.6 cm-1 and the absence of bands 1744.4, 1628.8, 1461.1 cm-1 in PSP revealed forming and breaking of bonds in PSP and CPSP. The bleaching process was tested with four different adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin – Radushkevich (D-R). The PSP has the higher percentage bleaching efficiency (66.56) while CPSP has 47.05 using 1.0 g each of the biopolymer however 1/n Freundlich isotherm constants which is an indication of adsorption intensity was higher in CPSP (3.4) compare with PSP (2.68). The adsorption process followed D-R in both CPSP and PSP (R2; 0.827 and 0.988 respectively) the mean free energies (EkJ/mol) of both CPSP and PSP (-35.71 and -12.90 respectively) were less than 8 kJ/mol suggesting physical adsorption.

Convenient Agarose Preparation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Desulfation Process Analysis.

Agarose is a natural seaweed polysaccharide and widely used in the medicine, food, and biological fields because of its high gel strength, non-toxicity, and electrical neutrality. The sulfate group is one of the main charged groups that affect the performance of agarose. In the present study, a simple, eco-friendly, and efficient method was explored for agarose preparation. After desulfation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the sulfate content of agar reached 0.21%. Together with gel strength, electroendosmosis, gelling and melting temperature, the indicators of desulfated agar met the standards of commercially available agarose. Notably, the desulfated agar can be used as an agarose gel electrophoresis medium to separate DNA molecules, and the separation effect is as good as that of commercially available agarose. Further, the H2O2 desulfation process was analyzed. The addition of a hydroxyl radical (HO•) scavenger remarkably decreased the H2O2 desulfation rate, indicating that HO• has a certain role in agar desulfation. Sulfate content detection indicated that sulfur was removed from agar molecules in the form of sulfate ions (SO42−) and metal sulfate. The band absence at 850 cm−1 indicated that the sulfate groups at C-4 of D-galactose in sulfated galactan were eliminated.

Development and characterization of genic SSR-FDM for stem gall disease resistance in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its cross species transferability.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is well known vegetable and spice crop grown globally for its leaves and seeds. Stem gall (Protomyces macrosporus L.) is a fungal disease affecting its quality and yield. However, no information is available on SSR markers linked to disease resistance in coriander. Hence, development of co-dominant genetic markers is prerequisite for disease investigations in coriander. In-house stem gall resistance and susceptible cultivars transcriptome data were utilized. Totally, 59,933 and 56,861 transcripts were examined, 9141 and 8346 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) were identified and the most abundant type was the tri, followed by di, tetra, penta and hexa nucleotide repeats. A total of ten selected SSR-Functional Domain Markers (FDM) were developed based on functional annotation terms associated with pathogen response and validated among ten coriander cultivars and their transferability was examined in five fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) cultivars. Nine primer pairs resulted from amplified bands. Marker ACorSGD-1 shown monomorphic bands among coriander genotypes except Acr-1 showed heterologouse and multiple bands in fennel cultivars. Markers ACorSGD-4, 5, 7 and 9 shown presence in resistant cultivars and absence of bands among susceptible cultivars of coriander and thus, considered to be the candidate markers for disease screening. Marker ACorSGD-6 shown monomorphic bands among coriander. Markers ACorSGD-1, 2, 3, and 5 shown transferability among fennel cultivars. A total of 136 alleles in coriander and fennel were produced. Using UPGMA clustering method a dendrogram was generated and cultivars were grouped into two separate clusters with coriander and fennel. Identified and developed SSR-FDM markers are useful for linkage mapping for disease resistant in coriander.

Detection of Genetic Relationship and Genetic Variation of the Four Species of Real Flies Using Molecular Markers

Objective: To uncover the genetic relationship and the genetic variation of four types of true flies, which are as follows: Musca domestica, Chrisomya megacephala, Sarcophaga africa Tabanus regulars, using RAPD-PCR markers. Methods of work: Samples were collected from Tarmiyah district in Baghdad governorate using traps. The species of flies were diagnosed at the Research Center and Museum of Natural History at the University of Baghdad. The species were preserved using 70% ethanol alcohol, the DNA extraction process was carried out, the purity and concentration of the DNA was measured and adjusted using a nano drop device, then the RAPD- PCR reactions were performed using (17) primers and the results were migrated to the acarose gel and the packages were photographed using a digital camera, after which the statistical analysis was performed. Her and the results are saved. Results: The results of the RAPD markers showed different types of bands, and the total loci identified by the primers on the samples genome were (151) loci, of which (11) are general loci and (140) are differentiated loci. A locus, while the two primers produced (P5, P7), the lowest number of loci reached (6) loci. The total number of produced bands was (276) (a band of which (231) polymorphic bands and (44) monomorphic bands. as for the general variation ratio of the produced primers, it was 84%. The study showed the presence of distinctive bands, the total of the distinctive bands was (85), and of which (67) were unique bands and (18) were absent. (12) bands As for the absent bands, the house fly was distinguished by the lowest number of absent bands (3) band, while the horse fly got the highest number of absent band, reaching (6) bands. From the results of the interactions of the genetic distance, the values ​​of the genetic distance ranged between (0.652 - 0.975), where the least genetic distance was between the meat fly and the horse fly, as it reached (0.652). This indicates that these two types are the most similar among the studied species, and it was the highest genetic distance between It is between the metal fly and the horse fly with a genetic distance (0.975), which indicates that they are more different within the studied species. Conclusion: There is a close degree of affinity between the four types of flies, even though they belong to families, so molecular markers can be used in classifying insects, especially flies, accurately and determining their genetic fingerprint instead of adopting the phenotypic features in the classification because molecular markers are fixed traits and do not change with changing conditions.

The use of SDS PAGE to reveal the hybridity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) crosses and genetic diversity analysis

An attempt was made to test the hybridity of crosses through SDS PAGE analysis. A total of 31 wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes were taken for the study out of which 14 genotypes were parental lines (differing in drought tolerance trait) and 17 genotypes were random crosses among the 14 parental lines. Protein bands were scored with their Rf values which ranged from 0.24 to 0.95. A total of 330 bands were obtained. Secondly the genetic diversity was estimated by comparison of the banding pattern in the protein profiles of the genotypes. The bands of Rf values 0.28, 0.32 and 0.60 were present in all the drought tolerant genotypes and were absent in susceptible parents so these could be utilised as markers for drought tolerance trait. Similarity matrix table was made based on the presence and absence of bands. Maximum similarity (0.9041 similarity coefficient) was observed between WH 730 and its cross WH730 X UP 2554 and two crosses WH 730 X UP 2425 & WH 730 X UP 2554. The lowest similarity (0.6575 similarity coefficient) was observed in two cases i.e. between the crosses WH 730 X UP 2338 & HI 385 X UP 2338 and between the crosses HI 385 X UP 2338 & WH730 X UP 2425.

Studies on genetic diversity in some selected medicinal plants of family -Solanaceae using reproductive characters and protein profiling

Reproductive characters and protein profiles of five medicinal plants (Solanum nigrum, Solanum xanthocarphum, Withania somnifera, Capsicum annum and Datura stramonium) of family Solanaceae were estimated through gel electrophoresis. The present investigation revealed that the highest percentage pollen viability was recorded in Datura stramonium (84%) which revealed that this genus has highest reproductive power as well as power of division and lowest percentage pollen viability was obtained in Withania somnifera (67%), which means this genus become scarce. Total seed storage protein profile was examined using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A total of 51 bands were scored, out of them 50 were polymorphic with a total of 98.03% polymorphism and only 1 band was monomorphic with 1.96% monomorphism. The electrophoresis of the total seed proteins revealed protein bands in the range of 125 KD to less than 13 KD molecular weight. The similarity index calculated on the basis of presence and absence of bands ranged from 0.029 to 0.333. A dendrogram constructed based on UPGMA (unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages) showed distinct separation of the collected species into three clusters. This study revealed high genetic variability among the selected members and suggests possibilities for improvement through hybridization programs.

Asymptomatic Malaria Infection and Their Antibodies Against Malaria: A Study in Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines

Abstract Human malaria, caused by four species of Plasmodium, namely P falciparum, P vivax, P malariae, and P ovale, remains a health problem of global concern, with one to two million deaths annually and risking about two billion people worldwide. Alternative ways of controlling the incidence of malaria through understanding the host’s immune response to monoinfection and the detection of the presence of asymptomatic malaria infection are the factors being addressed in this study. The determination of the possible existence of cross-antigenic stimulation is a matter of great significance for future research and development. The isolation of these antigenic structures may give the first step to the development of better vaccines that may protect the general population who are at risk of developing malaria. Prior to blood collection, a memorandum of agreement was signed between the researcher and the Iraya-Mangyan leaders of Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro. A Certificate Precondition was issued by the National Commission of Indigenous Peoples, which was required by the Graduate School Ethics Review Committee. Determination of the presence of malaria parasite on blood samples of residents of two barangays in Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, was performed using two methods: microscopic examination of stained blood smears for the presence of malaria parasite and polymerase chain reaction. Blood smears were prepared and eventually stained using Giemsa and Dip Quick stains. The detection of 5 positive cases of malaria infection with ring/schizont stage among the 53 cases was a clear indication of positive asymptomatic cases. Nested PCR using Plasmodium spp.–specific primer as well as P falciparum–specific and P vivax–specific primers showed the absence of bands so that one of the recommendations in this study is the performance of real-time PRC using more sensitive primers. Levels of P falciparum and P vivax–specific immunoglobulin were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealing a higher level of PF-specific IgG than PV-specific IgG. Whole blood samples were saved for future determinations such as real-time PCR, immunophenotypic analysis, and possible parasitic culture. Further similar studies may also be done by increasing the number of respondents as well as the areas of concern for a more extensive scope.

Evidence of pollen features and peroxidase isozymes in their morphological complexity of ten local cultivars of sweet potato from Indonesia

Abstract. Suranto, Wahyuni D, Edy Purwanto E. 2019. Evidence of pollen features and peroxidase isozymes in their morphological complexity of ten local cultivars of sweet potato from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2511-2518. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) has been recorded to have many cultivars and variations in the morphological characters not only for the leaves but also for the tubers. Sweet potatoes had economically significant role, especially as an additional food due to its high content of carbohydrate and other nutrient values. In order to test whether the morphological variation in this species was also expressed at the micro character; such as pollen morphology and enzyme activity, ten sweet potato cultivars were used in this study. The morphological characters such as shape and structure of the pollen features were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Accordingly, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to look-at the banding pattern of peroxidase isozymes. Morphological characters of leaves, flowers, and tuber were observed qualitatively both for the typical shape and colors. More detail of flower shapes was drown manually especially their petal edges. The results showed that there was variation among the ten sweet potato cultivars confirmed not only on their morphological characters but also the isozyme banding patterns of ten cultivars tested. At least, two cultivar Antin 3 and Papua Solossa had uniques characters especially the purple stem and yellow tuber and dark skin on the tuber, respectively. In addition, the structural analysis of pollen showed that Beta 1 cultivar has very large pollen; 116,50 μm (axis polar) and the contour surface of exine pollen was concave with the aperture shape and ornamentation were prolate spheroidal and echinate respectively. This unique character was also shown by its peroxidase isozyme bands. Eleven bands of leaf and 13 bands of stem samples were detected respectively. The typical Rf values of 0.31, 0.48 and 0.41 were detected for the leaf, while for stem samples were 0.14, 0.20 and 0.26. The Beta 1 cultivar showed very thick bands in between Rf values of 0.13 and 0.26. Meanwhile, the unique band pattern of Papua Salosa was the absence of band at 0.38.