Aboveground Vegetative Organs Research Articles

Blackberry species endemic to the flora of Georgia - Rubus cyri Juz. Microstructural features of above-ground vegetative organs

Blackberry species endemic to the flora of Georgia - Rubus cyri Juz. Microstructural features of above-ground vegetative organs

The specifics of the content of chemical elements and ash in the leaves of ornamental plants in an urban environment

The content of sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, ash content in the leaves of annual and perennial species and varieties grown in urban conditions near highways and industrial enterprises of the cities of the Novosibirsk region: Iskitim, Berdsk, Koltsovo, Evsino, Sovetsky district of Novosibirsk was studied. Indications of these substances were determined in the leaves of Hemerocallis hybrida, Iris hybrida, Hosta lancifolia, H. decorata, Salvia splendens, Tagetis patula, Senecio cineraria Malva hybrida, Gatsania hybrida, Alyssum hybrida. The individual features of the accumulation of nutrients and ash in aboveground vegetative organs have been revealed. It was noted that the level of nitrogen concentration and ash content in the leaves of floral and ornamental plants exceeded the values of phosphorus and sulfur by 6–11 times. An increase in the concentration of chemicals and ash in plant leaves in an urban environment has been established.

Specifics of tannin content in the aboveground vegetative organs of Callistemon R. Br .genus representatives

Specifics of tannin content in the aboveground vegetative organs of Callistemon R. Br .genus representatives

STUDY OF ALKALOIDS FROM THE SPECIES Mahonia bealei (FORT.) CARR. INTRODUCED IN GEORGIA

The aim of the work was to study the introduced plant on the Black Sea coast of Adjara Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr. for the content of alkaloids. A comparative analysis of the quantitative yield of the total amounts of alkaloids isolated from the aerial organs of M. bealei, collected in the phase of active flowering, showed the advantage of the amount obtained from flowers - 2.48%. Based on the results of the HPLC analysis, it was concluded not only about the percentage of the main protoberberine and aporphine alkaloids, but also in which fractions, which alkaloid is dominant (in leaves, three bases dominate at once: berberine (27%), jatrorrhizine (23%), magnoflorin (18%), in branches and flowers - dominated by one base - berberine (50%) and palmatin (57%), respectively, the rest are present in the form of traces). The results of the preliminary investigation suggest that the alkaloid containing substances obtained from the aboveground vegetative organs of the plant demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ABOVEGROUND VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF Solanum nigrum L.

The internal anatomical structure of the above-ground vegetative organs of S. nigrum  from Georgian flora - a rich source of physiologically active compounds, has been examined using conventional laboratory methods used in microtechnics. The study revealed diagnostic markers in the anatomical structure of a prospective medicinal plant. S. nigrum's aboveground vegetative organs are covered with conical, multicellular, hooked villis and rare spheroidal glandular trichomes. Anisocytic type stomata apparatus is distinguished in the covering tissue of the vegetative organs, though anomocytic stomata are also observed. The conductive system of S. nigrum shoots is monocyclic. Xylem contains a network of tracheidal  small-caliber and spirally thickened large-caliber openings  of conductive vessels. S. nigrum has bifacial leaves with dorsoventral mesophyll, an amphistomatic structure, and a reverse-collateral type conducting bundles. The basal cells of the leaf's upper and lower epidermis are curvilinear and have concave walls. A mixed form of collenchyma is observed in petiole. The outline of the transitional tissue is arcuate; conductive tissue has collateral structure.&nbsp

Shifts in Community Vegetative Organs and Their Dissimilar Trade-Off Patterns in a Tropical Coastal Secondary Forest, Hainan Island, Southern China

The ecology of functional features highlights the importance of the leaf economic spectrum (LES) in understanding plant trade-offs between conservative and commercial resource use. However, it is still unclear whether changes in the plant attributes of various vegetative organs can be altered and whether the plant economic spectrum (PES) is categorized by multiple vegetative organs. We investigated a total of 12 functional features of 174 woody tree species, with leaf and stem attributes, on Hainan Island. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze the changes in attributes and connections to understand how the plant trade-offs differ. We detected that stem organic matter (SOM) and stem organic carbon (SOC) contributed most to the first principal component, followed by leaf organic matter (LOM) and leaf organic carbon (LOC). Using Spearman correlation analysis, we determined that leaf total nitrogen (LTN) and specific leaf area (SLA), LTN and leaf total phosphorus (LTP), and finally stem total nitrogen (STN) and stem total phosphorus (STP) were positively significantly correlated. These significant variations in the traits of nutrients are regulated, while the morphological traits of aboveground vegetative organs are diverse. The coexistence of species and community assembly can increase our knowledge on the tropical coastal secondary forests. Furthermore, our outcomes can help us to better understand the restoration of habitats and green infrastructure design, suggesting that selecting different species across multiple trait axes can help ensure functionality at the maximum level.

Ecological and biological features of Triglochin maritima L. in the biotopes of the littoral zone with different degree of flooding on the coast of the White Sea

The study of Triglochin maritima L. was carried out on the Pomor (western) coast of the White Sea, in the Republic of Karelia (64°22'81"N, 35°93'14"E). Morphological analysis of aboveground and underground parts of the clones was performed on virginal plants. Anatomical analysis of leaf sheaths of the current year shoots, rhizomes and adventitious roots was carried out. The viability of pollen was assessed by determining the relative share of normally developed and malformed pollen grains. The content of heavy metals was determined in the soil, sea water and plant samples. The study was carried out on a model transect in the littoral zone on three test plots representing the lower littoral; the middle and the upper littoral zones. Adaptation to wave and storm impact was manifested in a well-developed system of underground organs. In the lower littoral, underground part surpasses the aboveground vegetative organs in terms of the mass and the formation of mechanical tissues. This allows the plants to anchor stronger in the substrate. Pollen analysis confirmed the adaptability of T. maritima plants to the conditions of the lower littoral by a high percentage of normal and, consequently, fertile pollen, which ensures sexual reproduction of the species. T. maritima can be considered as a Fe hyperaccumulator as the plant accumulates very high levels of Fe (22–34 g kg-1), especially in the lower and middle littoral zones, both in underground and aboveground organs. The ability of T. maritima plants to actively deposit metals was revealed on the basis of the coefficient of biological absorption of metals and makes it possible to suggest potential possibility of using the species in phytoremediation technologies on coastal territories.

НАДЗЕМНЫЕ ВЕГЕТАТИВНЫЕ ОРГАНЫ МАСЛИЧНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ ГУБИНСКОГО МАССИВА АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

The paper considers the morphology of the aboveground vegetative organs of oil-bearing plants in the Guba massif of the Azerbaijan Republic. The regularity of the structure and arrangement of stems and leaves in the individual development of a plant has been investigated. The main characteristic classification features of stems and leaves of oil plants of the Guba mountain range are considered. The quantitative statistics for each considered characteristic are presented. Descriptive and comparative methods were used. It was revealed that work on ontomorphogenesis and the study of the morphology of oil plants has an important role in the development of methods and recommendations for the rational use of wild useful plants (medicinal, etc.) taking into account their renewal and biological control over the growth of cultivated plants. Key words: oil plants, stem, leaves

The influence of antigibberellin preparations on the accumulation and redistribution of different forms of carbohydrates in potato plants

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of antigibberellin preparations with different mechanisms of action on growth processes, leaf apparatus, accumulation and redistribution of different forms of carbohydrates in potato plants and to find out changes in the productivity of crops under their influence.Materials and methods. Field small-scale experiments were laid in the vegetation periods of 2013-2015. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) of cv. Sante was treated in the budding phase with aqueous solutions of tebuconazole (EW-250) (0.025%), chlormequat chloride (CCC-750) (0.25%) and esfon (2-CEPA) (0.15 %) with the Marolex CO-12 backpack sprayer. The effect of preparations on plant height, leaf apparatus, concentration of the amount of chlorophylls in leaves, specific surface density of leaves, leaf area and the content of various forms of carbohydrates in the vegetative organs were investigated. Sampling of the dry material for biochemical studies and determination of phytometric parameters and chlorophyll content were performed every 10 days. The content of various forms of carbohydrates in plant organs was determined by the iodometric method in a fixed dry material. The study results were statistically processed using the Statistica 6.0 computer program.Results. It was found, that all preparations reduced the linear size of potato plants, increased the content of the amount of chlorophylls in the leaves and the specific surface density of lamines. Due to the action of ethyleneproducer 2-CEPA, the growth processes were most significantly inhibited and the leaf blades in potato plants were most thickened. Under the influence of retardants the number of leaves on the plant and the mass of their dry matter increased. EW-250 increased leaf area and maximized chlorophyll content.The use of EW-250 and CCC-750 increased the outflow of sugars and the redistribution of starch from roots, stems and leaves in the second half of the growing season. The preparations increased starch accumulation in potato tubers.The use of ethyleneproducer 2-CEPA was ineffective, despite a number of positive changes in physiological and biochemical parameters.Conclusions. Retardants EW-250 and CCC-750, inhibiting growth processes in potato plants, optimized the leaf apparatus, altered the nature of donor-acceptor relationships in them by enhancing the flow of plastic substances from the above-ground vegetative organs to the roots and tubers, which increased the productivity of the crop. The most effective was the use of the EW-250

The YABBY Genes of Leaf and Leaf-Like Organ Polarity in Leafless Plant Monotropa hypopitys.

Monotropa hypopitys is a mycoheterotrophic, nonphotosynthetic plant acquiring nutrients from the roots of autotrophic trees through mycorrhizal symbiosis, and, similar to other extant plants, forming asymmetrical lateral organs during development. The members of the YABBY family of transcription factors are important players in the establishment of leaf and leaf-like organ polarity in plants. This is the first report on the identification of YABBY genes in a mycoheterotrophic plant devoid of aboveground vegetative organs. Seven M. hypopitys YABBY members were identified and classified into four clades. By structural analysis of putative encoded proteins, we confirmed the presence of YABBY-defining conserved domains and identified novel clade-specific motifs. Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR analyses of different tissues revealed MhyYABBY transcriptional patterns, which were similar to those of orthologous YABBY genes from other angiosperms. These data should contribute to the understanding of the role of the YABBY genes in the regulation of developmental and physiological processes in achlorophyllous leafless plants.

Silicon availability modifies nutrient use efficiency and content, C:N:P stoichiometry, and productivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Silicon (Si) is known as beneficial element for graminaceous plants. The importance of Si for plant functioning of cereals was recently emphasized. However, about the effect of Si availability on biomass production, grain yield, nutrient status and nutrient use efficiency for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as one of the most important crop plants worldwide, less is known so far. Consequently, we assessed the effect of a broad range of supply levels of amorphous SiO2 on wheat plant performance. Our results revealed that Si is readily taken up and accumulated basically in aboveground vegetative organs. Carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) status of plants were altered in response to varying Si supply. In bulk straw biomass C concentration decreased with increasing Si supply, while P concentration increased from slight limitation towards optimal nutrition. Thereby, aboveground biomass production increased at low to medium supply levels of silica whereas grain yield increased at medium supply level only. Nutrient use efficiency was improved by Si insofar that biomass production was enhanced at constant nitrogen (N) status of substrate and plants. Consequently, our findings imply fundamental influences of Si on C turnover, P availability and nitrogen use efficiency for wheat as a major staple crop.

Response of aboveground vegetative organs of Solanum tuberosum L. to short chain fatty acid (nonanoic acid) applied in different technical parameters of measurements

Response of aboveground vegetative organs of Solanum tuberosum L. to short chain fatty acid (nonanoic acid) applied in different technical parameters of measurements

Effects of experimental early canopy closure on the growth and reproduction of spring ephemeral Erythronium japonicum in a montane deciduous forest

Spring leaf flush and changes in the understory radiation in montane deciduous forests are major determinants of the life cycle of spring ephemerals, which complete their epigeous growth before canopy closure in spring. We compared the growth, carbon allocation, and reproduction of a spring ephemeral, Erythronium japonicum (Balrer) Decne., between the ambient (control) and early shade treatments in the field during the flowering (early-May), fruiting (mid- May), and fruit ripening periods (late-May), under the assumption of early spring canopy closure due to climate change. Carbon allocation was investigated using a 13C labelling experiment. Both sterile (non-flowering) and fertile (flowering) E. japonicum under the shade treatment showed higher specific leaf area and earlier leaf senescence than those in the ambient conditions (p < 0.05). The flowering E. japonicum concentrated on biomass allocation to the aboveground vegetative organs prior to fruiting and to reproductive and storage organs from fruiting. E. japonicum used carbohydrates stored during the previous year for vegetative growth, while the current-year photosynthates were used for the current-year reproduction. Carbon allocation to fruit began earlier under the shade treatment, demonstrating that E. japonicum allocated the current-year photosynthates more to reproduction than to vegetative organs under the early shade conditions. However, the seed size (p = 0.012) and germination rate (p = 0.008) were significantly lower under the shade treatment than under the ambient conditions, implying a potential decrease in viable seed production in the shorter high-light period. The earlier leaf flush could be a critical threat to the population maintenance of spring ephemerals such as E. japonicum.

Ecological and physiological as well as biochemical properties of representatives of the Genus sedum L.

The article deals with the history of the study and the current state of research of physiological and biochemical properties of the plant genus Sedum that are useful for human and has been used in folk medicine for many years. It was noticed that antioxidant properties of extracts from plants S. sarmentosum, S. sempervivoides, S. takesimense were caused by the presence of phenolic compounds. Methanol extract of plants S. takesimense exhibited strong scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals as well as significant inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation induced by a metal ion Cu2+. Various immunomodulatory activities of various fractions of plants extracts (S. dendroideum, S. kamtschaticum, S. sarmentosum, S. telephium) are observed. It was shown that the ethanol extract of S. sarmentosum and it’s fractions suppressed specific antibody and cellular responses to ovalbumin in mice. The methanol extract of plants S. sarmentosum reduced the levels of anti-inflammatory markers, such as volume of exudates, number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suppressed nitric oxide synthesis in activated macrophages via suppressed induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Polysaccharides fractions from plants S. telephium inducing productions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), increasing the intensity of phagocytosis in vitro and in vivo. Methanol extract from the whole part of S. kamtschaticum strongly inhibit PGE2 production from lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line via modulating activity in gene expression of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The methanol extract of plants S. sarmentosum and the major kaempferol glycosides from S. dendroideum have antinociceptive activity. It was noticed that anti-adipogenic activity of extracts from plants S. kamtschaticum were caused by inhibition of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression and it’s dependent target genes, such as genes encoding adipocyte protein 2 (аР2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adiponectin and CD36. Polysaccharides fractions from S. telephium cause inhibition of cell adhesion of human fibroblast (MRC5) to laminin and fibronectin via interfere with integrin-mediated cell behaviour and they contributed to the role of polysaccharides in cell-matrix interaction. The methanol extract of plants S. sarmentosum exhibited a significant inhibitory activity in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. The crude alkaloid fraction of S. sarmentosum caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation on murine hepatoma cell line BNL CL.2 and human hepatoma cell line HepG2 without necrosis or apoptosis. Alkaloids from plants S. sarmentosum may improve survival of hepatoma patients via the inhibition of excessive growth of tumor cells. Plant’s juices have antiviral activity (S. sarmentosum, S. spurium, S. stahlii). Crude ethanol extract S. praealtum have spermicidal activity of the in mice and a relevant inhibitory effect of aqueous extract on human spermatozoa motility as well as an anti-fertilizing activity in rats. Hepatoprotective triterpenes, e.g., δ-amyrone, 3-epi-δ-amyrin, δ-amyrin and sarmentolin were isolated from S. sarmentosum. 2- and 2,6-substituted piperidine alkaloids (e.g., norsedamine, allosedridine, sedamine, allosedamine) are observed in plants S. acre, which in the presence of data on the use of pyridine and piperidine derivatives for treating neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), points on the promising research in this area. Taking into account that biologically active compounds are accumulated in the aboveground vegetative organs of plants of Sedum, the prospects of further study of the use of Sedum for the purposes of biotechnology and in the pharmaceutical industry becomes apparent. This work extends the existing views regarding the use of plants Sedum.

Xanthium Italicum – Anatomy And Histology Data

Abstract The species of the genus Xanthium L. raise a number of taxonomic problems, and in some cases their identification is difficult and involves to a great extent the features of the fruit. The identification of some additional criteria, such as anatomical and histological features of the vegetative organs, would be highly beneficial. In this context, the current paper analyses the species Xanthium italicum Moretti, one of the six species of the genus Xanthium, recognised as being present in Romania. The paper highlights few anatomo-histological features of the above-ground vegetative organs, which should subsequently be evaluated in other species of the genus Xanthium, with the purpose of identifying those structural criteria, which could contribute to the identification of the species. The paper also completes with new data and original pictures the limited information available in the literature as regards the anatomy of the above-ground vegetative organs of the species Xanthium italicum.

Comparison of sesamin contents and CYP81Q1 gene expressions in aboveground vegetative organs between two Japanese sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) varieties differing in seed sesamin contents

Leaves of Sesamum spp. are used as leafy vegetables in Nigeria and many tropical areas around the world. Sesame ( Sesamum indicum) leaves are also being used in Japan as a new food material containing functional components. Sesamin, a major lignan constituent of sesame seed, is considered responsible for a number of beneficial health effects in humans, but has not previously been detected in sesame leaves. We established an analytical method of detecting sesamin in sesame leaves using ultra performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD), and investigated genotypic differences in sesamin content of two Japanese sesame varieties that differ in seed sesamin content (15 and 5 mg g −1 DW in ‘Gomazou’ and ‘Kin-goma’, respectively, quantified by the established method). Our method enabled quantification of sesamin in sesame leaves for the first time. The sesamin content of ‘Gomazou’ and ‘Kin-goma’ leaves at 5 weeks after sowing was 2.6 and 0.5 μg g −1 DW, respectively, which is approximately 1/5000 or less of the sesamin content of seeds. The higher sesamin content of ‘Gomazou’ suggests that sesamin content of leaves correlates with that of seeds. The expression of the sesamin biosynthetic gene CYP81Q1 was considerably higher in ‘Gomazou’ than in ‘Kin-goma’, indicating that genotypic difference of CYP81Q1 gene expression is one of the important factors affecting leaf sesamin contents.

Optimum harvest date of maize for biogas and silage purposes

The dry matter and moisture contents of the aboveground vegetative organs and kernels of four maize hybrids were studied in Martonvásár at five harvest dates, with four replications per hybrid. The dry matter yield per hectare of the kernels and other plant organs were investigated in order to obtain data on the optimum date of harvest for the purposes of biogas and silage production.It was found that the dry mass of the aboveground vegetative organs, both individually and in total, did not increase after silking. During the last third of the ripening period, however, a significant reduction in the dry matter content was sometimes observed as a function of the length of the vegetation period. The data suggest that, with the exception of extreme weather conditions or an extremely long vegetation period, the maximum dry matter yield could be expected to range from 22–42%, depending on the vegetation period of the variety. The harvest date should be chosen to give a kernel moisture content of above 35% for biogas production and below 35% for silage production. In this phenophase most varieties mature when the stalks are still green, so it is unlikely that transport costs can be reduced by waiting for the vegetative mass to dry.

Analysis of Aboveground Vegetative Growth by Using the Logistic Theory of the Density Effect in Young Monocultures of Ficus carica L.

The growth characteristics of the aboveground vegetative organs in two fig cultivars, ‘Masui dauphine’ and ‘Houraishi’ (Ficus carica L.), were analyzed by applying numerical techniques of logistic theory of the density effect to the results from our preceding study, which dealt with the influence of tree density on aboveground vegetative growth and reproduction in young fig monocultures. Three major growth characteristics, biological time (τ), growth rate (λ), and final yield (Y) in aboveground vegetative organs, were calculated by the theory, and their seasonal changes were examined. The τ and Y represented a sigmoid curve with respect to time, while λ peaked in late June or early July and decreased after mid-July. Throughout the growing season before defoliation, τ, λ, and Y were always larger in ‘Houraishi’ than in ‘Masui dauphine’, clearly suggesting the superiority of ‘Houraishi’ to ‘Masui dauphine’ in aboveground vegetative growth. The proposed index could express the distance between focal cultivars in terms of three growth characteristics. By comparing λ values of the cultivars with those of other herbs and trees, the status of cultivars in the biological gradient of plant growth rates was examined, and it was concluded that the cultivars are neither herbs nor trees but in-between. Furthermore, the effect of plant mass removal caused by natural or artificial events was incorporated into the reciprocal equation of the density effect in order to discuss leaf defoliation and shoot pruning.

Effect of Cadmium on Uptake and Translocation of Three Microelements in Cotton

A hydroponic experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to study the effect of cadmium (Cd) on uptake, accumulation, and distribution of three microelements [zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe)] in cotton during ontogenesis and their difference among genotypes, using 3 genotypes with different Cd tolerances: Zhongmian 16, Zhongmian 16-2 (relatively tolerant-genotypes); and Simian 3 (relatively sensitive-genotype) and treated with 4 Cd concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM). Cadmium concentration in various organs was in the order: root > petiole > xylem > fruiting branch, leaf > phloem in vegetative organs; and in the order: seed coat, seed nut > boll shell > fiber in reproductive organs, respectively. There were no significant differences in Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations of functional leaves and petioles between 0, 0.1, and 1 µM Cd treatments, while a significant increase with highly significant genotypic difference was observed in 10 µM Cd treatment, when compared with the control. A significant reduction in aboveground vegetative organs and increase in roots were observed for Zn concentration of cotton plants exposed to 1 or 10 µM Cd. The reduction or increase in Zn concentration by Cd differs significantly among the 3 genotypes. One and 10 µM Cd lowered Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations in aboveground vegetative organs, while increasing concentrations in root, implying that the translocation of these elements from roots to shoots was prevented by Cd treatments. Cadmium treatment did not affect Zn, Cu, and Fe concentration in seed coat, seed, and fiber, while it decreased concentrations in boll shell for all genotypes.

Effect of Cadmium on Uptake and Translocation of Three Microelements in Cotton

Abstract A hydroponic experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to study the effect of cadmium (Cd) on uptake, accumulation, and distribution of three microelements [zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe)] in cotton during ontogenesis and their difference among genotypes, using 3 genotypes with different Cd tolerances: Zhongmian 16, Zhongmian 16-2 (relatively tolerant-genotypes); and Simian 3 (relatively sensitive-genotype) and treated with 4 Cd concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM). Cadmium concentration in various organs was in the order: root > petiole > xylem > fruiting branch, leaf > phloem in vegetative organs; and in the order: seed coat, seed nut > boll shell > fiber in reproductive organs, respectively. There were no significant differences in Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations of functional leaves and petioles between 0, 0.1, and 1 µM Cd treatments, while a significant increase with highly significant genotypic difference was observed in 10 µM Cd treatment, when compared with the control. A significant reduction in aboveground vegetative organs and increase in roots were observed for Zn concentration of cotton plants exposed to 1 or 10 µM Cd. The reduction or increase in Zn concentration by Cd differs significantly among the 3 genotypes. One and 10 µM Cd lowered Zn, Cu, and Fe concentrations in aboveground vegetative organs, while increasing concentrations in root, implying that the translocation of these elements from roots to shoots was prevented by Cd treatments. Cadmium treatment did not affect Zn, Cu, and Fe concentration in seed coat, seed, and fiber, while it decreased concentrations in boll shell for all genotypes.