Incidence Of Abortion Research Articles

Comparison of bison and elk susceptibility to experimental challenge with Brucella abortus strain 2308

IntroductionBrucellosis is endemic in bison and elk in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas.MethodsA comparative study was conducted using data from naive (n = 82 and 67, respectively) and Brucella abortus strain RB51 (RB51) vaccinated (n-99 and 29, respectively) bison and elk experimentally challenged with virulent B. abortus strain during pregnancy.ResultsThe incidence of abortion, fetal infection, uterine or mammary infection, or infection in maternal tissues after experimental challenge was greater (p < 0.05) in naïve and vaccinated bison when compared to similar groups in elk. Vaccinated bison had lower (p < 0.002) abortion rates and recovery of Brucella from fetal or uterine/mammary tissues when compared to naïve bison. Vaccinated elk had reduced (p < 0.01) rates of maternal infection, but rates of abortion and fetal or uterine/mammary infection did not differ (p > 0.05) from naïve elk. Naïve and vaccinated bison had greater (p < 0.05) Brucella colonization in placentomes, and parotid and supramammary lymphatic tissues when compared to elk. In elk or bison that aborted, mean colonization in placentome tissues were typically more than 5 logs higher than in animals that did not abort.DiscussionThe results of our study suggest differences in disease pathogenesis between these two wildlife reservoirs of B. abortus.

Association between alkali and alkaline earth elements in chorionic villus and risk for spontaneous abortion.

Exposure to specific alkali and alkaline earth elements(AEs/AEEs) has been reported that are linked to an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. However, the direct evidence of exposure in the uterus are absent. Therefore, we collected chorionic villi after spontaneous abortion or induced abortion in Peking University Third Hospital. The concentrations of six alkali and alkaline earth elements in chorionic villi were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Through using logistic regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and Weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) model, we assessed single and mixed exposure effects of alkali and alkaline earth elements on spontaneous abortion. In terms of the individual effect, high concentration group of barium (Ba) increased the risk of spontaneous abortion by 150 % (95 % CI: 1.38-4.51), whereas rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and Magnesium (Mg) all clearly demonstrated dose dependency in reducing the incidence of spontaneous abortion. The BKMR model demonstrated that as the mixed exposure percentile increased, the likelihood of spontaneous abortion decreased almost linearly. For every quartile increasing in the WQS index, the risk of spontaneous abortion decreased (OR: 0.21, 95 % CI: 0.13-0.33), with Mg and Rb having the highest weights at 0.587 and 0.367, respectively. According to our findings, there were negative dose-response relationships between Mg and Rb levels and risk for spontaneous abortion, but exposure to higher concentration of Ba in the chorionic villi was positively associated with the risk of it.

Addressing Abortion Underreporting in Surveys with the List Experiment: Lifetime and Five-Year Abortion Incidence with Multivariate Estimation of Socio-Demographic Associations in Two U.S. States

Addressing Abortion Underreporting in Surveys with the List Experiment: Lifetime and Five-Year Abortion Incidence with Multivariate Estimation of Socio-Demographic Associations in Two U.S. States

Neurofibromatosis type 1 and High-risk Pregnancy: A Case Report

Introduction: A high-risk pregnancy is the result of a disease present before pregnancy. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a rare disease during pregnancy, autosomal dominant, with a mutation in the NF1 gene, on chromosome 17q11.2. Clinical case: 38-year-old woman, Gestational age 1. Mother with neurofibromatosis type 1. The patient is hypertensive, diagnosed 7 years ago and currently treated with alpha-methyldopa 250 mg every 12 hours orally. She reports the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 since childhood. Without adequate prenatal control, with alterations in the Doppler ultrasound and complication of intrauterine growth restriction stage 1. A referral is made to third level of care and evaluation by maternal-fetal medicine Discussion: Pregnancies in patients with neurofibromatosis are predisposed to obstetric complications due to the multisystemic nature of the disease. These patients have a higher incidence of spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), oligohydramnios, premature birth and cerebrovascular complications.

THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION, AGE AND INFORMATION SOURCES ON PREGNANT WOMEN'S KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EARLY DETECTION OF IMMINENT ABORT AT THE HOSPITAL MIDWIFERY POLYCLINIC BHAYANGKARA BRIMOB 2023

Background: Based on data on the number of abortions at Bhayangkara Brimob Hospital in the last 3 years, namely in 2020 there were 13 patients, in 2021 there were 21 patients and in 2022 there were 41 patients. From this data, it was found that the cause of the increase in abortion rates was due to mothers' lack of knowledge regarding early detection of imminent abortion. Research Objectives: To determine the influence of education, age and sources of information on pregnant women's knowledge about early detection of imminent abortion at the Obstetrics Polyclinic at Bhayangkara Brimob Hospital in 2023 Research Method: The research method used in this research is quantitative methods. This research includes cross sectional data. The population in this study was 40 pregnant women in the first trimester. The sample in this study was 40 respondents. The sampling technique is total sampling. Researchers used the chi-square test with a confidence level of 95% and a significance level of 5% respectively. Research Results: The results of the research show that the knowledge picture is good, namely 57.5%, the age of pregnant women is more 20 - 35 years old, namely 65%, the education of pregnant women is more secondary education, namely 65%, and the sources of information are more good sources of information. namely 55%. Statistical test results of education on knowledge P value = 0.007, age on knowledge P value = 0.015 and sources of information on knowledge P value = 0.000. Conclusions and Suggestions: There is an influence of education, age and sources of information on pregnant women's knowledge about early detection of imminens abortion at the Obstetrics Polyclinic of Bhayangkara Brimob Hospital in 2023. Suggestions for Hospitals Create educational classes for patients, especially pregnant women, to be able to understand about early detection incidence of imminent abortion

Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with and Practices of Cattle Farmers in Kirehe District Rwanda with Respect to Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Pathogens.

Rural Rwandan communities face health challenges for humans and animals, and the topography and climate of the Kirehe District of Rwanda put farmers at high risk for mosquito-borne diseases. Individuals from 92 Rwandan farms were surveyed about farm practices, as well as animal and human health histories between December 2017 and February 2018. Human, animal, and environmental factors were investigated to determine whether there is a pattern of risk for abortion incidence and/or history of malarial disease on the farm. Iterative, complementary logistic regression models were used to determine whether there was an association between variables and abortion history in animals. These factors were then used to investigate association with a reported history of malaria. Of the 92 farms in our study, 82 were family farms and 10 were commercial farms. On average, 88% of the farms had cattle, and 30% of farms had experienced a cattle abortion in the past 2 years. There was no observed statistical significance in the risk factors for history of abortion in cattle and the measured variables. Using One Health as a guiding framework, we sought to determine whether human, animal, and environmental factors were statistically associated with observed disease outcomes. From our study of the practices of the farmers with respect to biosafety and self-protection against disease, we have identified potential sources of risk that could be targeted to enhance education and protection on these farms.

Estimating the Social Visibility of Abortions in Uganda and Ethiopia Using the Game of Contacts.

Social network-based data collection methods that rely on third-party reporting have emerged as a promising approach for measuring abortion in restrictive settings. In order for these methods to accurately measure abortion incidence, they must also assess the visibility of abortions within social networks. Failure to do so may result in estimates affected by transmission bias, caused by imperfect knowledge of all abortions within one's social network. In this paper, we present exploratory research that uses respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and the game of contacts method to measure abortion visibility in four sites in Uganda and Ethiopia. We assess the existence of potential biases in the game of contacts estimate of abortion visibility in each site by conducting several internal and external validity tests. While these tests provided some promising results, other factors such as the representativeness of the RDS samples, direct versus indirect abortion knowledge transfers, and the generalizability of the study sites may have introduced biases into the final estimates of abortion visibility in this study. We conclude by making recommendations on how applications of this methodology could be improved to better estimate abortion-related transmission bias.

Impact of bovine herpesvirus-1 infection on fertility in dairy cattle

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is endemic in the UK dairy herd and can have an important negative impact on fertility. As well as being the cause of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and infectious balanoposthitis, BoHV-1 can reduce conception rate following introduction of the virus in contaminated semen at the time of artificial insemination. Its ability to cause abortions, particularly in the last trimester, is well-documented and the incidence of abortions can be high following the introduction of infection to naïve herds. The impact of BoHV-1 on herd fertility will depend on the degree of herd immunity, route of infection and strain of BoHV-1. Vaccination has been shown to reduce spread of BoHV-1 within and between herds, and to significantly reduce the risk of abortion. In light of the cost of a single abortion, and the impact of BoHV-1 on milk yield, routine vaccination against BoHV-1 offers a cost-effective control strategy suitable for most UK dairy herds.

Influence of different concentrations of milk urea nitrogen on the reproductive performance of Holstein cows.

The purpose of this study was to assess how various MUN levels affected the reproductive performance traits of Iranian Holsteins. The dataset used in this study included reproduction performance records for 16,000 Holstein cows and was gathered by the Animal Breeding Center and Promotion of Animal Products of Iran on 30 large dairy herds during 2018-2021. The MUN concentrations were grouped into four classes: [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN1), [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN2), [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN3), and [Formula: see text] mg/dL (MUN4). The study took into account various reproductive and fertility traits, such as the number of inseminations per conception (NINS), the percentage of pregnant cows till 120 days in milk (PP120), the calving interval (CI), the days open (DO), the days from calving to the first service (DCFS), the first service conception rate (FSCR), and the abortion rate (ABR). The impact of MUN levels on the incidence of abortion and non-pregnancy in dairy cows was investigated using logistic regression models. Also, to evaluate the effect of MUN concentrations on reproduction traits, a generalized linear model was used. The MUN2 group had the greatest odds of non-pregnancy (P < 0.05; OR = 2.81; MUN2 vs. MUN1). Also, the MUN4 group had the greatest odds of abortion (P < 0.01, OR = 3.36; MUN4 vs. MUN1). The MUN2 and MUN4 groups had the greatest (51.91%) and the lowest (34.32%) FSCR, respectively. MUN classes had a significant influence on DO (P < 0.05), and MUN4 had the largest value (145.44 days). The results indicated the negative association between MUN with reproduction and fertility in Iranian Holsteins.

Measuring abortion in claims data: What is the state of the science?

Health care insurance claims are an increasingly common data source for health outcomes research. While researchers have successfully used several claims data sources for many obstetric and gynecologic questions, the use of claims data for abortion and contraception research poses a number of challenges. In this update on the state of the science in identifying abortion in claims data, we review claims data generally, describe commonly used claims data sources, and detail specific reasons why abortion may be underestimated in claims even when employing best practices. We provide examples of successful approaches for identifying abortion in claims and importantly, spell out limitations when making comparisons across site of care, states, and policy contexts. As increased attention is turned to identifying abortion across diverse settings, it is critical best practices are applied so that the most appropriate inferences regarding abortion incidence across contexts over time are drawn.

Abortion in South-Africa: Does a liberal legislation really impact safe access and use?

The World Health Organization (WHO) considers comprehensive abortion care as part of their essential healthcare service package, which includes the provision of information, abortion management, and post-abortion care. The WHO estimated that globally, 45% of all induced abortions were unsafe, and it noted that nearly half of all the abortions occurred under the least safe circumstances in Africa. Abortion has been legal in South Africa since the implementation of the Choice of Termination of Pregnancy (CTOP) Act (No. 92 of 1996), which was a significant departure from the country's previously restrictive abortion laws. While the CTOP Act (1996) has made provision for access to safe abortion services and pre- and post-abortion counselling, this has not been effectively implemented into effective service delivery. It's estimated that between 52% and 58% of abortions take place in informal medical settings, and that only 7% of the public health facilities in South Africa were performing abortion services in 2017. The WHO noted that the lack of access to safe, affordable, timely, and respectful abortion care, and the stigma associated with abortion pose risks to women's physical and mental well-being throughout the life-course. The aim of this paper was to explore how women in South Africa experience and cope with induced abortion. Additionally, this research looks at how religion, culture and stigma, impact abortion and mental health post-abortion of South African's women. This study utilises data from the latest South African Demographic and Health Surveys (SADHS), in 2016, which includes data from 8514 women aged 15-49 years. This study highlights the need for more data and research related to challenges and experiences of South African women around mental health and the nature of abortion within the country. In this interview conducted by Professor Jean-Pierre Bouchard, population analysts Robynn Ashely Hera and Siposethu Nojoko together with demographer Professor Nancy Stiegler from the University of the Western Cape discuss safe and unsafe abortion incidence and access and the psychological effects thereof.

Close female friendships and knowledge of recommended abortion methods in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo among a representative sample of reproductive-aged women.

There is a high incidence of unsafe abortion among women in Nigeria and the DRC. Low knowledge of recommended abortion methods [i.e., surgical and medication abortion (MA) pills] is a barrier for women accessing safe abortions. Women often rely on friends for information about abortion methods. Understanding characteristics of women with knowledge of recommended abortion methods, and MA specifically, and how it is influenced by close female friendships may help identify women most at risk of relying on unsafe abortion. We used survey data from Performance Monitoring for Action from 11,106 women of reproductive age in Nigeria (April-May 2018) and 3,697 women in Kinshasa and Kongo Central, DRC, (December 2021-April 2022) to produce representative estimates of knowledge of abortion methods at the national and province levels, respectively. We performed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine which characteristics were independently associated with knowing a recommended abortion method, with knowing of MA pills specifically, and to assess our hypothesis that having at least one female confidante would increase one's odds of knowing about these methods. A minority (26.9%) of women in Nigeria and the majority in Kinshasa (76.7%) and Kongo Central (58.1%) reported having knowledge of at least one recommended abortion method, while knowledge of MA pills was low in all sites. Having at least one close female confidante was associated with increased odds of knowing a recommend abortion method in Nigeria (aOR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.25-1.79) and in Kongo Central (aOR = 2.66, 95% CI 1.40-5.40), and with increased odds of knowing about MA specifically in Kinshasa (aOR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.08-1.93) and Kongo Central (aOR = 3.61, 95% CI 1.28-10.22), but not Nigeria. In legally restrictive contexts where knowledge of recommended abortion methods (particularly medication abortion) is low, having close female friends is related to increased knowledge of recommended abortion methods.

Prevalence and Genetic Variation Investigation of the Pseudorabies Virus in Southwest China.

In 2022, a significant PRV outbreak in a southwestern China pig farm led to a high incidence of sow abortion. A serological analysis using gE antigen-based ELISA revealed a high prevalence (69.30%) of PRV gE antibodies among the affected pigs, with a significant variation across different pig populations (1.11-76.12%). We collected additional 5552 pig serum samples and 580 pig cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from various pig farms in Southwest China between 2022 and 2024. The seropositive rates for PRV gE antibodies ranged from 2.36% and 8.65% in the serum samples, while the positive detection rates for the PRV gE gene in the cerebrospinal fluid samples, as determined by PCR, were between 1.06% and 2.36%. The PCR analysis and sequencing of the PRV gB, gC, gE, and TK genes from eight randomly selected samples identified two distinct strains, CQ1 and CQ2. CQ1's gC gene showed similarity to the vaccine strain Bartha, while the other genes aligned with Chinese classical strains, suggesting its potential genetic recombination. CQ2 aligned with the Chinese classical strain SC. Although the overall PRV infection in Southwest China's pig farms is relatively low, occasional outbreaks with high positivity rates are observed. These findings highlight the necessity for increased surveillance and stringent control measures to safeguard the swine industry.

Occurrence of Abortion in Different Breeds of Goats Reared under Semi-intensive Farming System at Organized Farms in Semi-arid Region of India

Background: Abortion is a major health problem of animals including goats, which results in significant financial losses for the farmers. The aim of the current study was to determine the occurrence of abortion in different breeds of goats reared under semi-intensive farming system at the organized farms in the semi-arid region of India, and to determine the relationship between the parity, season, and pregnancy stage of the aborted goats with the incidence of abortions. Methods: The data on the caprine abortions was collected and analyzed. The caprine abortions that occurred at the organized farms under a semi-intensive management system were categorized according to the season at the time of abortion, parity and pregnancy stage of the aborted goats. The Chi-Square test and ANOVA methods were used for the statistical analysis of the abortion data. Result: The occurrence of abortion in goats (combined farm) had a significant association with seasons and stages of pregnancy, whereas it was not associated with parities. Barbari, Jakharana and Jamunapari goats individually showed significant differences in abortion rates across various seasons, but did not exhibit significant variation in abortion rates with respect to different stages of pregnancy or parities. In the study, the majority of abortions were found in the winter season, followed by the rainy and summer seasons; similarly, most of the abortions were noticed in the later stage of pregnancy, followed by the mid- and early stages. There was the highest abortion rate in the goats with parity 3 and above, followed by the first and second parities. Further investigation is required to validate the current findings. In conclusion, the study revealed that abortion rates in goats are significantly influenced by seasonal changes and the stages of pregnancy.

Updated Role of Ultrasound for Predicting Pregnancy Outcome in First-Trimester Vaginal Bleeding

Abstract Backgrounds Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester is a common obstetric condition. Approximately 20-25% women in their first trimester complain of vaginal bleeding The vast variety of reasons of early pregnancy bleeding, the risk of miscarriage, and the worry of having any life-threatening etiology puts pregnant women with first trimester hemorrhage in a state of uncertainty, leading to anxiety Aim: To predict pregnancy outcome through sonographic findings of subchorionic hematoma, slow fetal heart rate and high resistance to subtrophoblastic circulation in women presenting with vaginal bleeding in first trimester. Patients &amp;Methods A prospective study was conducted during twenty- month period from September 2021 to April 2023 on 60 pregnant patients during 6-13 + 6dweeks of gestation with positive pregnancy test, complaining of vaginal bleeding. The study group was subdivided into group of non-viable pregnancy (16 cases) and threatened abortion group (44 cases). The group of threatened abortion was subdivided into group of patients who ended in second trimester miscarriage (6 patients) and termination of pregnancy (2 patients) and a group who continued pregnancy (36 patients). Pregnancies were followed up until the final outcome was known. Confirmation of completed pregnancy loss was done with examination of the abortus products that passed spontaneously or after uterine aspiration for non viable group. Antenatal and neonatal outcomes were obtained from hospital records for cases of threatened abortion continued pregnancy to labor. The relation between slow embryonic (fetal) heart rate, subchorionic hematoma and high resistance to subtrophoblastic circulation and fetal demise was recorded and statistically analyzed. Results Spotting was most common nature of bleeding per vagina 63.3% (38/60). Among 60 subjects who were included in the study, 44 patients (73.3%) were diagnosed by US as viable pregnancy and 16 patients (26.7%) were non-viable pregnancy. Among 44 cases of viable pregnancy in the first trimester, 6 (10.0%) ended in second trimester miscarriage, 2(3.3%) were subjected to pregnancy termination (aneuploidy) and 36 (60%) completed their pregnancies of which the live birth rate was 81.8% of which 28 patients had no perinatal complications, and others (22.2%) had problems of PROM, and preterm labor. The prevalence of subchorionic hematoma in threatened abortion group was 22.7% (n = 10) and there was association between the size of the subchorionic hematoma and first trimester miscarriage. There was a statistically significant differences in pregnancy outcomes between those with and without subchorionic hematoma. There is highly significant relation between incidence of abortion and the slowing FHR and high resistance to subtrophoblastic circulation where p-value &amp;lt;0.001 and respectively Conclusions First trimester bleeding could be a predicting factor for perinatal complications. Slow embryonic (or fetal) heart rate as well as increased resistance to subtrophoblastic circulation could be the earliest predictors for subsequent possible miscarriage. Large subchorionic hematoma may increase the risk of miscarriage in patients with vaginal bleeding and so early follow up by ultrasound is recommended a and this help the clinician to make the diagnosis of fetal demise quickly.

HLA-G rs1063320 Polymorphism with the incidence of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion (RSA) in Iraqi Women

Recurrent spontaneous abortion is a serious complication of pregnancy caused by multiple factors. This study examined whether serum HLA-G concentrations and the HLA-G (rs1063320) SNP were associated with RSA risk. Control 48 healthy females and 48 other with idiopathic RSA were included. By using an ELISA kit for human leukocyte antigen G, the quantity of HLA-G was quantified. HLA-G serum level was 27.26 ± 0.4U/mL and 16.52 ± 0.9 U/mL in women with RSA and apparently healthy women respectively. By employing RT-PCR and the TaqMan genotyping assay, the genotypes were identified. The findings revealed significant distinction in the concentration of HLA-G between apparently healthy as compared with the RSA women. The frequency of allele G was 0.26 and 0.20 in RSA women and control respectively whilst the frequency of allele C was 0.74 and 0.80 in RSA women and control respectively indicating no statistically variations in GG, GC, CC genotype frequency rate distribution and allele frequencies among the studies groups. In conclusion, the genotypes of rs1063320 are not associated with the risk of RSA.

Clinical efficacy and adverse effects of LMWH combined with ASA in the treatment of RSA: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

The incidence of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) in the clinic shows an increasing trend year by year, and the coagulation status of this group of patients is mostly relatively abnormal. Currently, commonly used drugs in clinical practice include Aspirin (ASA) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), but their optimal treatment remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of LMWH combined with ASA in the treatment of RSA. Randomized controlled trials of LMWH combined with ASA for RSA were searched in the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, VIP, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System from the construction of the database to June 2024. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata software. Dichotomous variables were analyzed using relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as their statistics. The included literature was assessed for bias and risk of bias of eligible studies using Cochrane risk of bias tool. The risk of bias was evaluated based on the evaluation criteria recommended by the Cochrane Guidance Manual for Systematic Evaluation. A total of 32 papers with a total of 3397 patients with RSA were finally included. LMWH combined with ASA treatment significantly improved the live birth rate (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: [1.19, 1.45], P < .00001), the rate of preterm stillbirths (RR = 0.23, 95% CI: [0.13, 0.40], P < .00001), rate of term delivery (RR = 1.55, 95% CI: [1.43, 1.67], P < .00001), rate of miscarriage (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: [0.36, 0.48], P < .00001), incidence of petechiae (RR = 0.44, 95% CI: [0.26, 0.72], P = .001), and incidence of thrombocytopenia (RR = 0.61, 95% CI: [0.39, 0.96], P = .03). In contrast, the incidence of preterm live births (RR = 1.07, 95% CI: [0.90, 1.28], P = .44), adverse reactions (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: [0.59, 1.00], P = .05), gingival bleeding (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: [0.65, 1.93], P = .69), and gastrointestinal reactions (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: [0.64, 1.17], P = .35) were not significant. LMWH combined with ASA treatment might improve pregnancy outcomes and reduces the incidence of adverse events in patients with RSA.

Elephant Gestation: Insights Into Idiopathic Abortions and Stillbirth.

The declining African and Asian elephant populations emphasize the importance of a backup population. Successful reproduction in captivity plays a key role in maintaining such a genetically diverse ex situ population but is challenged by reproductive loss in the form of abortions and stillbirths. The elephants' biphasic prolactin pattern led us to predict a higher incidence of abortions during the time of reduced prolactin concentrations. Therefore, this study focuses on the identification of months during elephant gestation which are prone to loss of pregnancy. A metric was developed to identify the fetal age of aborted calves based on the fetal mass using a regression model. Data on idiopathic abortions in captive and wild elephants collected from zoos, tourist camps, semi-captive, and free-ranging populations since 1974 were analyzed, revealing a significantly higher prevalence of abortions during the 15th and 17th month of gestation. Additionally, the prevalence of stillbirths in the 22nd month of gestation between 2000 and 2023 was assessed. Although stillbirths showed a declining trend over time, the average prevalence between 2019 and 2023 was still 2.8%. Consequently, the 15th, 17th, and 22nd month of gestation were identified as stages prone to pregnancy loss. These findings underscore the necessity of researching risk factors and preventative measures for pregnancy loss in these 3 months, especially exploring a possible link with prolactin during the 15th and 17th month of gestation. The identification of stages prone to fetal loss is a key step towards enhancing elephant reproductive success and welfare.

Induced abortion incidence and associated factors in a cohort of women living with HIV in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, 1996–2016

Background Abortion is a public health problem in Latin America and is more common among women living with HIV. Objective to verify the incidence and factors associated with induced abortion in a cohort of women living with HIV assisted in a reference service for care for individuals with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. Methods Prospective cohort during the period 1996–2016. We estimated the incidence of induced abortions during follow-up in the cohort by calculating person-time incidence rates [per 100 persons-years (PY)] and investigated the factors associated with the outcome “induced abortion” using a generalized linear mixed model. Results 753 women and 210 pregnancies were included in the present analysis. We estimated an induced abortion incidence rate of 0.68/100 persons-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47; 0.94) in the study period, with a significant reduction after 2006. The main factors associated with an induced abortion were currently living with a partner (adjusted OR [AdjOR] 0.32 95% CI: 0.10–0.98), number of children (2 children AdjOR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.02–0.95) and the type of antiretroviral treatment used (regimen without Efavirenz: AdjOR: 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.70). Conclusions We showed a significant reduction in the incidence of induced abortions in a cohort of women living with HIV in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, probably due to a decrease in the incidence of pregnancies observed in the same period. The factors associated with a lower occurrence of induced abortion suggest a good integration between the clinical and reproductive assistance offered to those women.

INTERNATIONAL MISCARRIAGE RATES: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF PREVALENCE AND CAUSES

Purpose: This research and analysis seek to determine the frequency and total number of miscarriages among women of reproductive age over a span of six years in MBAL "NiaMed", locally and globally. Material/Methods: In an observational study, researchers collected data from scientific articles and workplace sources to investigate miscarriages. The study concentrated on women of reproductive age who had experienced pregnancy-related issues, with all information derived from scientific literature and medical records. Results: Both locally and globally, the incidence of spontaneous abortions remains high despite advances in medical prophylaxis and prevention of reproductive failures. The rates per 1,000 women are 53.7 in Russia, 33 in Mexico, and 11.9 in Bulgaria. This is compared with the local incidence at MBAL "NiaMed" among women who have had two or more miscarriages. Conclusion: Miscarriages represent a major global health concern, impacting millions of women annually. Identifying risk factors and implementing effective interventions can decrease miscarriage rates and enhance pregnancy outcomes. Essential components of a comprehensive strategy to tackle this issue include public health initiatives, better access to healthcare services, and ongoing research into potential treatments.