ABO Rh Research Articles

ABO Blood Group System and RH Factor

There are many systems which are used to classify blood group types in man, the most common types are MN, ABO and Rh blood group systems. Among the above mentioned types, ABO blood group system is most common which is used to classify blood group types. Austrian immunologist, Karl Landsteiner was the first person to give and describe the system in 1900 [1]. This system explains four types of blood groups which include A, B, AB and O [2]. These blood groups are made on the basis of presence or absence of special proteins found on erythrocytes (red blood cells) which are known as antigens. These antigens are A and B. Antigen production in the body starts before birth of a person and remains throughout life. Antigen production is under control of two genes IA and IB. People whose blood group is A have antigen A in their red blood cells. Persons which have blood group B have antigen B in their red blood cells. AB blood group has both the antigens A and B at the same time while blood group O is due to complete absence of any antigen. In emergency condition, when blood transfusion is required, the blood groups of donor and recipients are cross matched because there can be compatibility issues which can lead to deleterious consequences as red blood cells are attacked. This is due to the production of another type of protein naturally produced in a human body known as antibody. An antibody has capability to agglutinate the antigens found on red blood cells. Thus blood transfusion is a very serious process which needs to be done vigilantly. People who have blood group AB can receive blood from any other type so they are called universal donors. Similarly people with blood group O can donate blood to all types thus are called as universal donors. This blood group is also very common in entire world particularly in people of South and Central America. Blood group B is common in Asia specially North India. Blood group A is equally common in the world specially people of Australian Aboriginal origin. It has been reported that ABO blood group types are also present in Order primates of class mammalia and also in Old World Monkeys [3]. ABO antibodies are passively obtained from mother in children well before birth. Infants of three months age start making their own antibodies. Antibody formation is due to stimulus of contact with ABO like antigenic substances naturally [4].
 The second most common system to classify blood group types is Rh system [5]. This system was given by again Karl Landsteiner and A. S. Weiner in 1940. This type of system is also due to proteins present on red blood cells. Rh blood group system includes 49 defined antigens with 5 most common antigens including c, C, D and E [6]. Rh (D) is the most distinct antigen. It is main determinant of the trait. Rh positive and Rh negative are the two terms which refer only Rh (D). Antibody production due to Rh factor is a cause of hemolytic reaction in fetus and newborns. The name Rh is given due to use of blood of Rhesus monkeys to determine the presence of Rh antigen in basic test. Rh antigen can lead to deleterious effects in a person having blood group Rh negative if both the factors come in contact due to blood transfusion [7].

Correlation of ABO Rh and Cholelithiasis: A Prospective Observational Study in a Zonal Hospital, North India

Background: Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901 and Rh factor in 1940, since then, scientists searched for an association between different pathologies and the ABO blood group system of patients. ABO blood groups have been shown to be associated not only with various diseases but also with metabolic process. Objective: This study was done to determine if there is any significant correlation between ABO-Rh and cholelithiasis. Materials and Methods: This is hospital-based prospective observational study in which 360 patients with ultrasonography proven symptomatic cholelithiasis, belonging to different socioeconomic conditions and various geographical locations of India, underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy formed the study population. The ABO Rh of the 360 patients was done by standard agglutination technique in blood bank of department of pathology. For statistical analysis data were enter into the MS Excel sheet. Results: Cholelithiasis was predominant in females (85%) than males. Age group of 51–60 years has the maximum number of patients. Blood group “O” has maximum number of cholelithiasis patients (69.6%) followed blood group “B” (37.2%). Among blood group “O” Rh positive had numerous stone of cholesterol type, followed by blood group “B” Rh positive. Conclusion: In this study, incidence of cholelithiasis was maximum in the blood group “O” Rh positive with the cholesterol stones as the predominant type of stone. These results has not corroborated with the existing literature, suggesting variability. A large prospective study could potentially reveal if any correlation exists and this could open the doorway to future research on the etiologies of gall stone diseases.

The Association Between ABO-Rh Blood Groups and the Risk of COVID-19 Infection

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as an alarming attack broke out in China and spread rapidly worldwide. Objectives: Based on a theory indicating the correlation between some viral diseases and blood types, we investigated the relationship between blood groups and coronavirus infection risk in Guilan Province, Iran. Methods: Retrospectively, all the files of the admitted patients with suspected COVID-19, in peak conditions of the disease between March 1 and May 30, 2020, were reviewed using the Census method. The required data, including epidemiological and clinical information and outcomes, were obtained from electronic records. Results: A total of 249 cases were analyzed, of whom 109 were collected from governmental centers, and the rest were collected from private hospitals. The most common co-morbidity was diabetes with 71 (37.6%) cases and the main symptom at the admission time was dyspnea with 170 (24.5%) cases. Of the total patients, 155 (62.2%) were discharged, and the rest died. The most common blood group among our patients was O Rh-positive with 91 (36.5%) cases. No meaningful correlation was found between outcomes and blood groups in terms of ABO types (P = 0.89) or Rh factor (P = 0.456). The Rh-positive proportion was significantly higher in the COVID-19 cases than in the general population (P = 0.038). Conclusions: We found that the Rh-positive proportion was significantly higher in the COVID-19 cases than in the healthy individuals. However, no correlation was observed between the groups regarding ABO typing.

Association between ABO Blood Group and Radiographic Findings in Periodontal Disease

Background: Periodontal disease is one of the most common diseases in the oral cavity that may beinfluenced by the blood grouping system among individuals. The purpose of this study was to determinewhether there was an association between radiographic findings and ABO blood groups in patients withperiodontal diseases.Material and Method: A prospective study carried out on 200 subjects (99) male and (101) female, aged(18 to 65) who diagnosed clinically with periodontitis who were requested for panoramic and were askedfor ABO blood group and Rh factor determination. The subjects were divided into two groups according tothese findings, as those with (localized chronic periodontitis) and (generalized chronic periodontitis). Theassociation between blood groups and periodontal health were investigated.Result: There is more predominance of the localized chronic periodontitis (60%) of subjects. The distributionperiodontitis with different blood group of the study population (41%, 30%, 20% and, 9%)of blood group Ofollowed by B, A, AB respectively. There is more predominance of subjects with Rh positive group (86.5%)The association between ABO and Rh with age groups and with gender were found to be statistically notsignificant, whilethe association between both localized and generalized chronic periodontitis and Rh factorwas a significant.Conclusion: The association between periodontal diseases and blood group show the high risk people todetermine a perfect treatment plan strategy.

975 ABO blood group, rhesus type and risk of COVID-19 in pregnant women

There is controversy regarding the association of ABO blood group, Rhesus (Rh) type and risk of COVID-19. We tested the hypothesis that ABO blood group and Rh type are associated with COVID-19 diagnosis and symptoms during pregnancy.

A Retrospective Observational Study Comparing ABO Blood Group and Rh Factor Distribution in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases and Healthy Donors in Southern India

Association between ABO blood group and rheumatic diseases is not well characterized. This study assessed distribution of ABO blood group and Rh factor in patients with rheumatic diseases and healthy blood donors. We retrospectively evaluated data of patients with rheumatic diseases who attended the hospital from September 2015 to January 2020, and the documented evidence of blood group of healthy blood donors. Data from 5000 healthy donors and 3165 patients with rheumatic disease were assessed. Overall, blood type O was the most prevalent (42.94% and 43.14%) followed by B (33.21% and 30.08%), A (17.66% and 21.48%) and AB (6.19% and 5.30%) in patients with rheumatic disease and healthy donors, respectively. This distribution was statistically different between the groups, with blood group A being more common in healthy donors than in patients with rheumatic disease (<i>P</i><0.0001). Distribution of ABO groups among rheumatic disease types was similar (<i>P</i>=0.2921). More individuals had Rhesus (Rh) (+) factor (93.97%) than Rh (-) (6.03%), however, its distribution was comparable across healthy donors and patients with rheumatic disease (<i>P</i>=0.1145). Patients with blood group A had significantly lower risk of developing rheumatic diseases compared to blood group O (OR [95% CI]: 0.94 [0.780, 1.134]; <i>P</i><0.0318). Similarly, patients bearing blood type A+ (0.98 [0.62, 1.54]; <i>P</i>=0.0037) and O+ (1.08 [0.694, 1.68]; <i>P</i>=0.0215) were at a lower risk for developing rheumatic diseases compared to those with O- blood group. The most common blood type was O followed by B, A and AB in patients with rheumatic disease and healthy donors. Individuals with blood group A had lower risk of developing rheumatic diseases compared to other blood types.

The Relationship between Blood Groups and Aortic Dissection.

Plenty of diseases have been found having associations with blood types, especially cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether there is a relationship between blood groups and acute aortic dissection. We also further studied the distribution of blood groups in different types of acute aortic dissection. A total of 291 patients diagnosed with acute aortic dissection from 2011 to 2018 were enrolled and analyzed retrospectively in this study. The control group consisted of 582 patients who received plastic surgery at West China hospital from 2011 to 2018. First, we analyzed the distribution of blood groups between the study group and the control group, including the ABO, Rh, O and non-O groups. Then, we further divided the study group into two groups by the type of acute aortic dissection to determine if there was difference in blood groups between the two types of acute aortic dissection. The analysis of the distribution of ABO blood groups (p = 0.302) and Rh blood groups (p = 0.502) did not reveal statistically significant differences. There were no statistically significant differences in the distributions of ABO blood groups and Rh blood groups in different types of acute aortic dissection. Our study did not prove the incidence of acute aortic dissection, or the type of acute aortic dissection had a relationship with common blood groups.

ABO blood type analysis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Tobacco smoking is major risk factor for development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which appears in 15-20% of smokers. Apart from smoking, exposure to polluted air and various noxae, and several genetic factors influence its development as well. The ABO blood type distribution varies among populations in the world, but also within subpopulations. A large number of studies have shown a correlation between blood types and the pathology of various diseases. These markers, used in population genetic research, have mainly shown deviations in the representation of blood groups in different diseases, compared to the general population. The aim of this study was to determine the ABO blood types distribution in patients with COPD compared to the general population, and their possible association with COPD stage, patients? nutritional status and lung function impairment. This observational, prospective study included 150 patients (68.7% men and 31.3% women), average age 64.80 ? 8.38 years, diagnosed with COPD. Data were collected at the Clinical Center of Montenegro in Podgorica and at the Special Hospital for Lung Diseases Brezovik in Niksic. Determination of blood types of the ABO system and Rh factors for all subjects was performed at the Blood Transfusion Center in Podgorica. Apart from patients? tobacco smoking status (duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day expressed in pack/years for current smokers and former smokers), we also analyzed their exposure to various other noxae, their body mass index, and lung function in correlation to ABO blood type and Rh factor, and performed statistical analysis. We found a significant difference in the distribution of ABO blood types in patients with COPD compared to the general population. The highest frequency of blood type A was found in patients with COPD. We also found the lowest average values of spirometry parameters in that group, which represented majority of those patients with respiratory insufficiency having the most severe stage of the disease. Combined blood types A, B and were significantly more common in patients with COPD in comparison to blood type O, which is the least represented (23.3%). The least obstructive disturbance of pulmonary ventilation was found in the patients with B type. Respiratory insufficiency showed differences in gender representation, found in 40.4% of women, and in 25.2% of men with terminal phase of COPD. The prevalence of AB, higher than expected, decreases with the severity of the disease.

Efekti uvođenja Type&amp;Screen sistema na racionalno korišćenje transfuzije

Introduction: The number of blood donors at the global level has decreased primarily due to ethical and age-related changes in the structure of the planet's population. In addition, there is over ordering of blood for surgical patients. Accordingly, there is a need for rationalizing the testing i.e. reducing the number of cross-matchings and decrease in the use of blood. A type and screen (T&amp;S) upon admission is sufficient for most patients. Determination of ABO blood group and Rh type, and screens for clinically significant alloantibodies is denoted as type and screen (T&amp;S). Aim: Comparison of pharmaco-economic effect using transfusion indices on the number of performed cross-matches and the amount of packed red blood cells issued. Material and Methods: The authors present the comparison between the year 2010 before the introduction of the Type and Screen (T&amp;S) system and the year 2019 when the T&amp;S system and restrictive policy in transfusion practice, were introduced. Data for 2010 were collected from written transfusion protocols of the clinic, and for 2019 were obtained from the hospital information system (Heliant) and written transfusion protocols. The difference between two groups of data was examine with Chi-square test and Fisher exact test, with the reliability level set at p&lt;0.05. Results: With the introduction of the T&amp;S system, the number of cross-matches was reduced from 0.63 to 0.49 and the number of blood units was reduced from 0.21 to 0.11 per hospitalized patient, which at the level of one clinic represents a significant pharmacoeconomic contribution of approximately 50%. In our study, after processing T&amp;S in ordering of blood, the indices (CTR, %T, TI) failed to improve. Despite of unsatisfactory transfusion indices, the application of restrictive indication policies in accordance with national and international guidelines has led to highly significant reduction in the consumption of total blood from 3243 to 1867 blood units. The BOQ as an overall assessment of the results after the introduction of the T&amp;S procedure indicated improvement. Conclusions: The introduction of validation in blood transfusion indirectly draws the attention of prescribing physicians to take into account the significance of blood therapy. The effects of the introduction of the T&amp;S method and restrictive transfusion policy are savings in blood consumption, decreased number of patients tested, a significant reduction in used blood units, and the number of performed cross-matches, despite the increased number of patients.

Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia treatment by Locally Made Low-Cost Phototherapy Units.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a very common finding in neonates and may occasionally cause severe morbidity and even mortality. Severe hyperbilirubinemia is typically treated, either with phototherapy or exchange transfusions. This study assessed the effectiveness of a locally manufactured phototherapy device for reducing serum bilirubin in neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia. Retrospective chart review was carried out to assess the outcome of 32 infants who were treated for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia at Jimma Medical Center (JMC) from May, 2017 to April, 2018. RESULTS: Out of 75 charts reviewed, only 32 had subsequent bilirubin level determination, 18(56.3%) of them were males. The age at which jaundice was noticed and confirmed with plasma bilirubin level was 4 ± 2.7 days (mean±SD). Sepsis was thought to be the cause of hyperbilirubinemia in 13(40.5%) of the cases, while hemolysis from ABO incompatibility or RH incompatibility contributed in 5(15.6%) and 3(9.4) of the infants respectively. The mean (minimum, maximum) level of baseline TSB was 21.4(14, 55) mg/dL. Five infants (15.6%) had exchange transfusions because of extreme hyperbilirubinemia. The duration of phototherapy and decline in TSB were 5.34 ±2.8 days and 2.2±1.5mg/dl/day (mean±SD) respectively. The levels of TSB before and at the end of phototherapy were significantly different (p<0.001). Acceptable reduction of TSB was achieved by using locally manufactured PT devices. Benefits included better accessibility and lower price and maintenance costs. High mean baseline TSB was observed, and duration of phototherapy is prolonged which could indicate late diagnosis compared to similar studies.

Initiative for rare donor registry for A2/A2B subgroups with Rh phenotyping: A first of its kind

Aims: Aim of this study is to create donor registry of A2/A2B subgroup blood donors with Rh and Kell phenotype, to provide transfusion to multi-transfused A2/A2B subgroup patients and to prevent adverse transfusion reaction due to immunological stimulation by pre-existing anti-A1 antibodies having enhanced titer and thermal amplitude. Prevalence of A2/A2B subgroup in Indian population is rare with highest prevalence of “e” antigen among the five Rh antigens, phenotyped serologically, and “E” antigen being the lowest in prevalence. Anti-A1 antibodies appear as cold agglutinins in A2/A2B individuals and can be clinically significant when reactive at 37 °C, causing hemolysis of A1 RBCs. Methods: A retrospective data analysis was done in a tertiary care hospital-based blood center at capital city of India from January 2016 to December 2020. All donors were subjected to ABO Rh grouping, Rh and Kell phenotyping by solid phase method. Tube technique was used to distinguish A2/A2B by agglutination reaction with anti-A1 lectin. Results: Total 40,051 donors were analyzed during study period, of which, A and AB groups constituted 21.26% and 9.01% respectively; out of these, only 0.47% belonged to A2 subgroup while A2B subgroup was more frequent (1.06%). The rarest Rh phenotypes found were R1Rz, r”r, r’r” in A2/A2B blood donors. Conclusion: There is a need to create rare donor registry for A2/A2B subgroups and clinically significant blood group antigens and share at various levels. This is a first small step to create a rare donor registry of A2/A2B subgroups with Rh and Kell phenotype, to provide transfusion to A2/A2B patients to prevent adverse transfusion reaction due to immunological stimulation by pre-existing anti-A1 antibodies having enhanced titer and thermal amplitude and to ensure improved quality of transfusion therapy.

Clinical profile and aetiological factors of neonatal jaundice from a rural area of Kutch, Gujarat, India

Background: Etiology of hyperbilirubinemia is not only crucial for optimal management of the patient but also it may have implications for subsequent pregnancies. The objective of this study was to study the clinical profile and the underlying aetiological factors leading to neonatal jaundice in this rural setting of Kutch District, Gujarat, India.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and Post Natal ward Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Science, Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat. Total of 150 cases were enrolled for the study. Blood grouping and Rh typing of baby and mother were done. Cord blood bilirubin and haemoglobin, direct coomb's test (DCT) and bilirubin monitoring were done whenever there was a setting for Rh incompatibility.Results: Among 150 neonates studied, majority had birth weight between 2501g and 3000g. Only 21 babies had birth weight &lt;2.5kg (14%) (Table 2). Of the 150 neonates 85 were males and 65 were females.Conclusions: This study concludes that physiological jaundice is the most common cause of neonatal jaundice in our hospital. This is followed by ABO incompatibility, sepsis, Rh incompatibility and idiopathic cases.

Body Mass Index and Its Association with Genetically Transmitted Traits.

Background Body mass index (BMI) is a metric widely used to measure the healthy weight of an individual and to predict a person's risk of developing serious illnesses. Study the statistical association between genetically transmitted traits and BMI might be of interest. Objectives The present study designed to extend the inadequate evidence concerning the influence of some genetically transmitted traits including ABO blood type, Rh factor, eye color, and hair color on BMI variation. Methods A total of 142 undergraduate female students of the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia, were participated to investigate the possible linkage between genetic traits and BMI variations. Height and weight are collected from participants for BMI measurement. ABO blood type and Rh factor were determined by antisera. Results Out of 142 female students, 48 were categorized in the first tertile (T1: less than 19.8 kg/m2), 50 were categorized in the second tertile (T2: between 19.8 and 23.7 kg/m2), and 44 were categorized in the third tertile (T3: greater than 23.7 kg/m2). Chi-square analysis shows that there were no associations of genetic traits including hair color, eye color, ABO blood type, and Rh blood type with BMI. However, a significant association between hair color and BMI was observed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Conclusions Our data provides a more robust prediction of the relative influence of genetic effects such as hair color on BMI. Future studies may contribute to identifying more association between genes involved in hair pigmentation and BMI variation.

Prevalence and Association of Transfusion Transmitted Infections with ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Blood Donors at the National Blood Bank, Amman, Jordan.

Background and objectives: Blood screening is considered a compulsory procedure in health care services to reduce the occurrence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs). This study estimated the distribution rates of ABO and Rh blood group systems, prevalence rates of TTIs among blood donors and their association with the ABO blood group and Rh system. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the national blood bank, Amman, Jordan for a period of 6 years (from January 2013 to December 2018). For TTIs analysis, about 5 mL blood sample was collected from each volunteer. A total of 365,029 persons (346,048 (94.8%) males and 18,981 (5.2%) females) donated their blood at the national blood bank, Amman, Jordan from January 2013 to December 2018. Results: The results revealed that O and A were the most prevalent blood groups (37.44% and 36.82%, respectively), followed by B (18.62%) and AB (7.12%). The distribution of Rh + ve and Rh − ve among blood donors showed that Rh + ve donors were more prevalent (88.73%) compared with Rh − ve (11.27%). HBsAg was the most prevalent viral infection (0.38%) followed by HCV (0.13%), syphilis (0.02%), HIV (0.006%) and the male donors were highly infected when compared with female donors. The association between ABO/Rh blood groups and TTIs infections was nonsignificant. Conclusions: In conclusion, low frequency rates of TTIs among blood donors were detected in the current study, but improvements are still continuously required. Low percentages of female donors need to be managed via conducting health cultural education programs.

Frequency of ABO blood group and Rhesus factor (D) in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus attending tertiary care teaching hospital of South India

Introduction and Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. After discovery of ABO human blood group system by Landsteiner, many researchers had tried to correlate between ABO phenotype and disease susceptibility. Many reports have appeared in recent past suggesting an association between blood groups and DM but published literature has produced conflicting results. The objective of the present study is to estimate the prevalence of ABO and Rh (D) blood group type among diabetics attending tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: With institutional ethical committee approval and permission from Medical Director, we collected data of diabetic patients from medical records section for a 12 months period from 1st Jan 2015 to 31st Dec 2015. Study design was descriptive and retrospective. Data of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups were represented in simple number and percentage distribution. Results: A total of 1,038 diabetic patients’ medical records were collected during the study period for ABO grouping and Rh (D) typing. Out of these 59.34 % were males and Rh (D) positive was seen in 95.56%. The frequency of blood groups O, A, B, AB was 32.36%, 29.95%, 29.28% and 8.37% respectively. The most prevalent blood group in both males and females was ‘O’ and least prevalent was ‘AB’ blood group. Conclusion: Our study findings suggested DM was more frequently seen in individuals with blood group ‘O’ and these individuals should be closely monitored by the treating physicians. The trend of observed prevalent percentage of blood groups for DM was O>A?B>AB. Keywords: ABO blood groups, Rh (D) typing, Diabetes, Tertiary care hospital, Retrospective.

ABO Blood Type and Outcomes in a Diverse COVID-19 Infected Population

Introduction:There is conflicting data on the association of blood type with COVID-19 infection. Recent studies have shown an association of blood type in acquisition of COVID-19 infection (Zhao et al., medRxiv 2020), but no association in terms of disease mortality (Latz, Ann Hematol 2020). Prior studies are limited due to lack of diversity. One of the largest studies conducted in China found blood type A conferred highest risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection (Zhao et al., medRxiv 2020). Similar results were found in which the odds of COVID-19 positive infection compared to negative test results were increased in blood group A and decreased in blood group O (Zietz et al., medRxiv 2020). There was no significant association between blood group and intubation or death. Neither of these studies addressed the association of blood groups with thromboembolism. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of blood types on outcomes of COVID-19 infection in a multiracial population.Methods:This is a retrospective electronic chart review of all patients admitted to New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital in Brooklyn, NY. All patients admitted from March 2020 to April 2020 who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab were analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics and outcomes were entered manually by medical professionals via chart review using the electronic medical record (EMR). Baseline characteristics include blood group type, rhesus antigen status, age, gender, race, comorbid conditions, median initial and peak D-dimer. The primary endpoint was inpatient mortality. The secondary endpoints included thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis), myocardial infarction, bleeding event, length of stay, intensive care unit admission, and intubation. Chi-square test for categorical variables was used to calculate statistical significance defined as p value ≤ .05 when comparing ABO blood group and rhesus antigen with mortality and development of thromboembolism.Results:Our study consisted of 249 patients that were COVID-19 positive with a documented blood group. Our population consisted of 51% of patients that identified as black, 35.7% that identified as white, and 17.7% that identified as Hispanic. Blood type B had the highest rate of patients that identified as black at 58.1% and blood type O had the highest rate that identified as Hispanic at 23.6%. When comparing blood groups A, AB, B and O to the rate of mortality the result was 46%, 44.4%, 41.9% and 50.9% respectively which was found to be not statistically significant (p=0.759). Rh positive patients had a 47.2% mortality rate while Rh negative patients had a 46.9% mortality rate however this was also found to be not statistically significant (p=0.954). Next, we compared development of thromboembolism during hospital stay in the A, AB, B, and O blood type groups and the rate was 8%, 11.1%, 9.3%, and 10.9% respectively with the results not being statistically significant when accounted for blood type (p=0.991). Rate of development of thromboembolism in Rh positive and negative patients was 9.3% and 9.4% respectively which was found to not be statistically significant as well (p=0.998). When looking at comorbidities, 70.2% of our patient population had hypertension and the second prevalent comorbidity was diabetes at 38.2% (Table 1).Discussion:In a diverse population, no association between ABO blood group, Rh status, and mortality was found which is similar to the conclusion found in prior studies done by Zhao et al. and Latz et al. in which the majority of the population was either Caucasian or Asian. Additionally, there is no association found between ABO blood group, Rh status and development of thromboembolism. Our patient population consisted mostly of minority groups.Prior studies have shown that blood type A has the highest risk of positive SARS-CoV-2 test whereas type O has the lowest risk of positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Our study further supplements this discovery by the conclusion that while blood type A conferred highest risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection, blood type had no significant association with mortality. Investigation on a larger scale is necessary to address the susceptibility of ABO blood group and COVID-19 infection severity in a multiracial population to address racial disparities.DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Seroprevalence of Syphilis among Iraq’s Blood Donors and Their Relation with Blood Group and Rh Factor

Aim of Study: to detect the frequency of syphilis disease among healthy blood donors and if there’sassociation with ABO Blood groups and Rh factor.Methods and Material: this study performed in Iraq National Blood transfusion in Baghdad city, collection ofblood samples obtained from apparently healthy blood donors for a 12 month period (Jan.2018 toDec.2018).Blood group for the volunteers was determined by forward and revers grouping method. Detection ofsyphilis performed by using ELISA technique (fortress,BXE0995C, united Kingdom) for detect antibodiesin the human serum. Syphilis test on of the routine test applied in the blood donor bank in Iraq.Result: a total of 178966 healthy volunteers included in the study, all were blood donors, age 18-60 years,with mean age of 39 years. Only 1233 (0.69%) appeared infected with syphilis, 1208 (98%) were males while25(2%) were females; 444(36%) seropositive was blood group A, while blood group O and blood group Bseropositivity was 366(29.7%) , 333(37%) respectively, The lowest percentage recorded for blood group ABat 90(7.3%). The prevalence of syphilis with Rh factor was as following: 1147(93%) of seropositive was Rh+ve whereas 86(7%) was Rh -ve. Conclusion: blood group A and O are the most prominent blood groupsamong voluntary donors and the prevalence of syphilis is equal compared with other countries.

Risk Factors and Causes of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: A Systematic Review Study

Context: Jaundice is a common problem and the most common risk factor for hospitalization during the neonatal period. Objective: The prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia would not be possible without identifying its predisposing risk factors. The present systematic review study aims to determine the risk factors of neonatal jaundice. Data Sources: Databases including Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to identify all eligible papers concerning the risk factors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Study Selection: This systematic review was performed to review the causes and risk factors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Finally, 18 articles were defined as eligible for further review. Data Extraction: The keywords included neonates, jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, and risk factors. The inclusion criteria were studies determining jaundice risk factors, while papers with only published abstracts were excluded. Results: A total of 18 eligible articles (3 retrospective, 4 prospective, 10 cross-sectional, and 1 historical cohort) out of 421 retrieved articles were included in this review. The etiologic causes for neonatal jaundice were ABO incompatibility (24.6%), infection (including UTI and sepsis) (13.7%), G6PD deficiency (9.4%), Rh incompatibility (7%), and cephalohematoma (2.9%), while, known predisposing factors for neonatal jaundice included unknown (33.2%), low birth weight (30.9%), hyperbilirubinemia in siblings (22.7%), prematurity (20.1%), and infant of diabetic mother (6.7%). Conclusion: According to our review with considering the studies, the etiologic causes for neonatal jaundice are ABO incompatibility, infection (including UTI and sepsis), G6PD deficiency, Rh incompatibility, and cephalohematoma. While, known predisposing factors for neonatal jaundice include low birth weight, hyperbilirubinemia in siblings, prematurity, and infant of diabetic mother.

Frequency of ABO and Rh Blood Group Distribution at Debre Tabor Blood Bank, Amhara Region, North-Central Ethiopia. A Six-Year Retrospective Survey.

IntroductionBlood is arranged into four groups based on their surface antigen (A, B, AB, and O). In addition to this classification based on the Rhesus factor, each blood group clustered into RH positive and RH negative. This study was done to identify the distribution of blood group and rhesus factors on the local blood bank.ObjectiveTo identify the frequency of ABO blood group and RH factors distribution on voluntary blood donator at Debre Tabor blood bank from May 2014 to May 2020.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted to identify the frequency of ABO and Rh factor distribution on voluntary blood donors at Debre Tabor town blood bank. The data was collected at Debre Tabor blood bank. A six-year data and a total of 19,901 bags collected blood samples were used for summarization of the data. The data was analysed by using SPSS version 21.ResultsBlood group ”O” was the dominated one with 39.6% followed by blood group “A”, “B” and “AB” with 29.48%, 24.06%, and 6.7%, respectively. When we see the RH classifications, RH positive accounts the highest percentage 92.77% and the remaining 7.23% was Rh negatives.ConclusionIn this survey, the majority of blood groups were found “O” followed by “A”, “B”, and “AB”. Among the collected blood unities, 92.77% was RH positive. The leading blood donators were male.

Características de los donantes voluntarios de sangre en universidades de Neiva, Huila

Objetivo: Describir las características de los donantes voluntarios de sangre en las Universidades de Neiva Huila, durante las promociones realizadas por el banco de sangre del Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo en convenio con la Universidad Surcolombiana durante el período 2013-2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, para los periodos de enero 2013 a diciembre 2017, basado en fuentes secundarias suministradas por la Red Nacional de Bancos de Sangre, a través del Banco de Sangre del Hospital Universitario Hernando Moncaleano Perdomo de Neiva. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia, que cumplieran con criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos para el estudio. Las variables que se analizaron fueron grupos de edad, género, grupo sanguíneo ABO y factor Rh. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se realizaron 6.547 donaciones de sangre voluntarias, de las cuales el 85,5% (I.C 95%: 84,6-86,3) fueron ocasionales y el 14,5% (I.C 95%: 13,6-15,6) habituales. Quienes más donaron fueron hombres entre 19 y 29 años. Se evidencio que el factor Rh positivo y el grupo sanguíneo O+, fueron los que más prevalecieron en la población donante en el 98,5% y 61,6% respectivamente. Conclusión: Los donantes voluntarios habituales son principalmente hombres entre 19 y 29 años, con grupo sanguíneo O y Rh +, dado que los hombres pueden realizar un mayor número de donaciones en comparación con las mujeres. Palabras Clave: Características de la población, Donantes de sangre, Sistema del grupo sanguíneo ABO, Sangre, Factor Rh.