Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities Research Articles

Menstrual cycle abnormalities in women: characteristics, perceptions, and health-seeking behaviours

Objectives To evaluate menstruation characteristics, perceptions, and health-seeking behaviours in women. Methods We conducted this cross-sectional study with 394 women between February 2021 and October 2021. According to the self-perception of women, menstruation characteristics were divided into two groups, including ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’. The data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Assessment Form of the Menstrual Cycle Characteristics, and Health-Seeking Behaviour Scale. Results Among all women, 49.7% perceived their menstruation characteristics as ‘normal’, and 50.3% perceived them as ‘abnormal’. The menstruation characteristics negatively affected the daily life of 57.6% of women in the normal group and 68.7% of women in the abnormal group. Online health-seeking behaviour was the most common behaviour of seeking remedy; however, professional health-seeking behaviour was inadequate. Among women who perceived their menstruation characteristics as ‘normal’, excessive menstrual bleeding, extreme pain, and adverse effects on daily life increased health-seeking behaviour. Among women who perceived their menstruation characteristics as ‘abnormal’, irregular cycles, frequent bleeding, low levels of bleeding, the use of too many pads, extreme pain, and adverse effects on daily life increased health-seeking behaviour. Conclusion The participants in this study exhibited insufficient health-seeking behaviour for abnormal menstruation characteristics. Women should be directed by health professionals to reliable online sources to seek help, and they should be encouraged to display professional health-seeking behaviour.

HUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI REMAJA DENGAN SIKLUS MENSTRUASI

One phase of human development is adolescence. Adolescence is a period that occurs between childhood and adulthood, usually called puberty. This age group experiences menstrual disorders, one of which is an abnormal menstrual cycle. Nutritional status is one of the factors causing menstrual disorders. 2018 Riskesdas data shows that 25.7% of adolescents aged 13-15 years and 26.9% of adolescents aged 16-18 years have short and very short nutritional status. Apart from that, there are 8.7% of teenagers aged 13-15 years and 8.1% of teenagers aged 16-18 years who are thin and very thin. Meanwhile, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is 16.0% in adolescents aged 13-15 years and 13.5% in adolescents aged 16-18 years. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between adolescent nutritional status and the menstrual cycle. The research method is analytical, with a cross-sectional research design. The population in this study were all 35 female students at SMA IT Cinta Illahi. The research results show a significant relationship between nutritional status and the menstrual cycle with the result being P value = 0.019 < α value = 0.05

Experiences, awareness, perceptions and attitudes of women and girls towards menstrual hygiene management and safe menstrual products in Pakistan.

The taboo of menstruation, lack of discussion on puberty, misinformation and poor awareness on menstrual hygiene management and limited access to safe menstrual products can negatively impact the physical and mental health of women and girls residing in low middle income countries. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences, awareness, perceptions and attitudes of women and girls towards menstrual hygiene management in Pakistan. Moreover, the study also assessed consumer satisfaction towards locally manufactured organic menstrual products. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used with a sample of 400 women and girls selected through convenience sampling from high schools, universities, outpatient department and gynaecological clinics located in 2 cities, i.e., Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A pre-structured questionnaire was used to explore experiences, awareness, perceptions and attitudes of women and girls towards menstrual hygiene management. Moreover, each respondent was provided with sample of locally designed and manufactured organic menstrual hygiene & wellness kit by a group of women researchers named "FemPure" including organic sanitary pads, feminine wellness mist and feminine wellness wash. The respondents were asked to use the products and a telephonic follow-up was conducted to assess consumer satisfaction for the products after a period of 1 month. Data was analyzed statistically using SPSS 21. The results of the study reported that 86.2% (n = 345) of the respondents had normal periods. Out of 400 respondents, 58.5% (n = 234) knew about any health conditions related to abnormal menstrual cycle while 88.3% (n = 353) were aware of female menstrual hygiene. Majority of the respondents 78.7% (n = 315) felt ashamed while buying sanitary pads. Out of 400 respondents, 5.4% (n = 22) were interested in getting awareness regarding menstrual hygiene. The results of the study showed that all the respondents (100%, n = 400) were satisfied with FemPure organic menstrual products. The study concluded that majority of women and girls faced menstrual hygiene issues during and after the cycle and were eager to receive information on MHM and use organic rash free menstrual wellness products which could be ordered via mobile app. The respondents were satisfied after the use of FemPure organic menstrual products.

Menstrual disturbances and its association with sleep disturbances: a systematic review

BackgroundMenstrual disturbances harm women’s health, and general well-being. As growing evidence highlights the relationship between sleep and menstrual disturbances, it is imperative to comprehensively examine the association between sleep and menstrual disturbance considering the multiple dimensions of sleep. This systematic review aims to identify the association between sleep and menstrual disturbances by evaluating using Buysse’s sleep health framework.MethodsA comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, psychINFO, and CINAHL to identify publications describing any types of menstrual disturbances, and their associations with sleep published between January 1, 1988 to June 2, 2022. Quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. The findings were iteratively evaluated menstrual disturbances and their association with sleep using Buysse’s sleep health framework. This framework understands sleep as multidimensional concept and provides a holistic framing of sleep including Satisfaction, Alertness during waking hours, Timing of sleep, Efficiency, and Sleep duration. Menstrual disturbances were grouped into three categories: premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and abnormal menstrual cycle/heavy bleeding during periods.ResultsThirty-five studies were reviewed to examine the association between sleep and menstrual disturbances. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea were associated with sleep disturbances in sleep health domains of Satisfaction (e.g., poor sleep quality), Alertness during waking hours (e.g., daytime sleepiness), Efficiency (e.g., difficulty initiating/maintaining sleep), and Duration (e.g., short sleep duration). Abnormal menstrual cycle and heavy bleeding during the period were related to Satisfaction, Efficiency, and Duration. There were no studies which investigated the timing of sleep.Conclusions/ImplicationsSleep disturbances within most dimensions of the sleep health framework negatively impact on menstrual disturbances. Future research should longitudinally examine the effects of sleep disturbances in all dimensions of sleep health with the additional objective sleep measure on menstrual disturbances. This review gives insight in that it can be recommended to provide interventions for improving sleep disturbances in women with menstrual disturbance.

Effects of resveratrol on polycystic ovarian syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the heightened ovarian dysfunction associated with excessive androgen production, manifesting with hirsutism, abnormal menstrual cycle, and polycystic ovaries. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the effect of resveratrol on laboratory parameters of PCOS women will be assessed. An electronic search via PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus was performed up to February 2023 for randomized controlled trials conforming to our pre-specified outcomes. A random-effects model was utilized, with cohorts compared using mean differences. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, reporting 84 patients receiving resveratrol, and 85 patients receiving placebo. It was observed that resveratrol significantly improved prolactin levels (P = 0.02), acne scores (P = 0.008), and total cholesterol (P = 0.02). However, there were no significant improvements observed with respect to total testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenizing hormone (LH), body mass index (BMI), hirsutism scores, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). As per the results of our analysis, resveratrol demonstrates mild therapeutic potential for the sufferers of PCOS, and cannot replace the current established treatment guidelines. However, further comprehensive RCTs are required in order to assess the efficacy in long-term dosing and the safety profile of the use of resveratrol.

Changes in Women’s Menstruation Cycle After COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection

Since the COVID-19 case was discovered, Indonesia has been one of the affected nations and found various COVID-19 infection and immunization risks. Most females are in the menstrual cycle following COVID-19 infection, regardless of the number of days between cycles, blood quantity, or menses duration. This study examines the changes in menstruation post-COVID-19 infection and vaccination. This study used a cross-sectional observational study with an online questionnaire. The 758 female respondents in Yogyakarta were divided into two groups: 532 females who received vaccination and never have been infected with COVID-19 (Group A) and 226 females with a history of being infected with COVID-19 and vaccination (Group B). The data was analyzed using SPSS 26. The results found that most respondents aged 17-25 (90.24%) were students (80.87%). Both two groups had acne on Pre-menstrual syndrome (28.16%), 5-8 days of menstrual duration (73.75%), 30 days of menstruation duration length (57%), and the regular menstruation volume (63.19%) after COVID-19 vaccination. The comparative analysis of menstruation changes in two groups (p0.05), including menstrual duration (0.771), menstrual duration length (0.609), and menstrual volume (0.476) after COVID-19 vaccination. In conclusion, there was no significant difference in menstrual change between Group A and Group B. After vaccination, healthcare professionals can promote post-COVID-19 immunization counseling and services to women who experience an abnormal menstrual cycle.

Chromosomal polymorphisms and susceptibility to menstrual disorders: a retrospective analysis of 24,578 women.

To evaluate the association between the polymorphic variants of chromosomes and menstrual disorders. The data from our previous retrospective, single-center cohort study were re-analyzed. Women with regular menstruation were included as controls. Women with menstrual cycle abnormalities were subgrouped according to reproductive causes. The frequency of chromosomal polymorphisms was compared between groups. Regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounding variables. A total of 24,578 women composed of 8062 women with regular cycles as the control group and 16,516 women as the menstrual cycle irregularity group were included. When compared with the control group, the incidence of chromosomal polymorphisms in the total menstrual cycle irregularity group, Polycystic ovary syndrome group, and Primary ovarian insufficiency group were significantly higher (4.49% versus 5.34%, P = 0.004, 4.49% versus 5.35%, P = 0.018 and 4.49% versus 5.94%, P = 0.002, respectively). The incidences of inv(9) in the Primary ovarian insufficiency group were significantly higher than that in the control individuals (1.0% versus 1.6%, P = 0.024). Logistic regression analysis showed an effect of chromosomal polymorphisms on menstrual cycle irregularity (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.234-2.187, P = 0.007; adjusted OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.153-1.819, P < 0.001). The result demonstrated an effect of chromosomal polymorphisms on the Primary ovarian insufficiency group (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.307-5.177, P < 0.001; adjusted OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.371-4.605, P < 0.001). The study suggests chromosomal polymorphisms adversely affect female menstrual cycle irregularity.

The Relationship between Body Mass Index and Menstrual Cycle of Female Students in SMK Negeri 2 Gorontalo

Introduction: The menstrual cycle is a regularly coordinated hormonal process in a woman's body which can be an indicator to describe a woman's reproductive health. Riskesdas (2018) shows that 11.7% of Indonesian youth experience menstrual cycle disorders. Body Mass Index (BMI) can be a factor that can interfere with the menstrual cycle, so the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the menstrual cycle in female students at SMK Negeri 2 Gorontalo.Method: This study used a cross-sectional design. The sample was selected using a probability sampling technique utilizing simple random sampling with a total sample of 173 people, the instruments used were scales and meters for body mass index data and menstrual cycle questionnaires. The study was conducted in November 2022. The relationship between BMI and the menstrual cycle was tested using the Spearman correlation test.Results: Out of 173 respondents whose data were analyzed, 128 respondents (74%) had a normal BMI, 19 respondents (11%) were underweight, and 26 respondents (15%) were overweight. Among the total respondents, 117 (67.6%) had a normal menstrual cycle, while 56 (32.4%) had an abnormal cycle. There were 14 respondents (10.9%) with normal BMI, 18 respondents (94.7%) with underweight BMI, and 24 respondents (92.3%) with overweight BMI who had an abnormal menstrual cycle. There was a significant correlation between BMI and menstrual cycle among female students of SMK Negeri Gorontalo, with a p-value of 0.019.Conclusion: significant association exists between BMI and menstrual cycle among SMK Negeri 2 Gorontalo female students. This study can serve as a recommendation for the school to provide information regarding reproductive health, particularly menstrual cycles.

Menstrual cycle abnormalities in women with inflammatory bowel disease and effects of biological therapy on gynecological pathology.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that affects young individuals in their reproductive years. It may have long-term implications on their reproductive, sexual, and mental health. IBD has been related to menstrual abnormalities. Furthermore, the administration of biological therapy can also result in gynecological issues in addition to the disease itself. The purpose of this review was to present potential menstrual cycle problems in patients with IBD, as well as the impact of adalimumab and other anti-tumor necrosis factor medications on gynecological pathology.

Menstrual Abnormalities in Female International Students in Japan: Changes during Pre-Arrival, Difficult, and Current Periods.

The number of Japan's international students has rapidly increased in the last decade. This study examines the relationship between menstrual abnormalities in cycle and symptoms, stress level, and lifestyle of female international students in Japan across three time periods, namely pre-arrival, difficult, and current time periods. A cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, including the menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ), between December 2022 and February 2023. The questionnaire was distributed to 56 female international students from two universities in Japan, and a total of 29 valid responses were collected. We found varying menstrual cycle abnormalities and severity of menstrual symptoms across three time periods, with the difficult period after arrival in Japan displaying the highest symptom severity. Higher stress levels were significantly associated with more severe menstrual symptoms. Lifestyle habits such as alcohol consumption were also linked to menstrual symptoms. The current study emphasizes the importance of providing menstrual education, support, and resources to address international students' unique challenges in managing their menstrual health while studying abroad. By promoting awareness, education, and access to healthcare services, universities may contribute to international students' well-being and academic success.

The Experience ofLiving With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome inthe Military.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent reproductive endocrinopathy in women, ranging from 5% to 26% depending on diagnostic criteria applied. Common manifestations of PCOS include overweight and obesity, abnormal menstrual cycles, pelvic pain, increased facial and body hair, acne, and infertility. These abnormalities and associated complications have significant military operational and readiness implications. There is a large gap in research regarding active duty servicewomen (ADW) with PCOS. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe ADW's experience of living with PCOS and to describe the service-branch-specific differences among these women. Moderator's guide, audiotapes, transcripts, and field notes. This was a qualitative descriptive study using focus groups and individual interviews. The David Grant Medical Center Institutional Review Board at Travis AFB, CA, USA, approved the study protocol. Women with PCOS were recruited from U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy locations. Data were analyzed using constant comparative content analysis. Twenty-three servicewomen from 19 occupations across the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps participated. Three overarching categories emerged: (1) challenges managing PCOS symptoms, (2) navigating the military health care system, and (3) navigating PCOS as a service member. Servicewomen may have significant career consequences related to PCOS sequelae, such as overweight, obesity, uncontrolled menstrual cycle, and pain. Managing the myriad of symptoms can distract women while deployed, in austere conditions, or at their home stations. As one of the most common cardiometabolic, reproductive endocrinologic conditions in women, PCOS has not received the attention, awareness, education, or research necessary to sufficiently support ADW with this condition. It is imperative that evidence-based strategies are developed to inform relevant and high-quality care for these warfighters. Future qualitative studies are needed to further describe specific stressors and needs of ADW with PCOS. Future intervention studies are also needed to evaluate effective management options for ADW with PCOS.

Association between self-reported menstrual disorders and occupational exposures in female healthcare workers: a university hospital experience from Turkey

Objectives: This study aims to demonstrate the relationship between menstrual disorders and occupational exposures in female healthcare workers, and to contribute to the regulation and improvement of working conditions of female healthcare workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 503 female healthcare workers at university hospital in Turkey was conducted during December 2020-April 2021. The questionnaire prepared using the Google Forms program was sent electronically. Results: Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 59%, abnormal amount of menstrual bleeding 48.7%, abnormal menstrual duration 32%, and abnormal menstrual cycle length 154 30.6% in 503 participants. Dysmenorrhea risk was 0.79-fold (95% CI = 0.64-0.83) lower in those with advanced age and 1.56-fold (95% CI = 1.02-2.37) higher in smokers; risk of abnormal amount of menstrual bleeding was 3.91-fold (95% CI = 1.24-12.30) higher in those with total employment time of ≥ 20 years and 1.56-fold (95% CI = 1.07-2.26) higher in those who worked with display screens for &amp;gt; 20 hours a week; risk of abnormal menstrual cycle length was 3.46-fold (95% CI = 1.41-8.43) higher in technicians, 2.86-fold (95% CI = 1.24-6.61) higher in nurses, 2.63-fold (95% CI = 1.19-5.79) higher in other healthcare workers, and 2.14-fold (95% CI = 1.42-3.21) higher in those who were unsatisfied with their job. Conclusions: It was found that occupational exposures may increase the risk of menstrual disorders. A plan of action is needed to reduce the frequency of menstrual disorders by preventing occupational exposures experienced by healthcare workers.

EVALUATION OF OBESITY IN FEMALES WITH ABNORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCL

The study aimed to evaluate obesity in females with abnormal menstrual cycles. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatimah Memorial Hospital, Lahore, from 1st May 2018 to 30th October 2018. A total of 144 women with abnormal mensuration were included in the study. Patients’ data, including age, marital status, and duration of menstrual irregularity, were noted. All the women were assessed for obesity, i.e., BMI equal to or greater than 27 kg/m2. The mean age of patients was 27.645±2.84 years. The average BMI was 25.365±3.41 kg/m2. 28 (19.4%) patients were obese, and 53 (36.8%) were married. 23 (18.9%) obese patients were 26-35 years old. 26 (19.7%) obese subjects had a parity of 0-3 times. Obesity was directly associated with irregularities in the menstrual cycle.

HUBUNGAN SIKLUS MENSTRUASI DENGAN GANGGUAN TIDUR PADA MAHASISWI PENDIDIKAN DOKTER FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA ANGKATAN 2019

Factors that affect the menstrual cycle are hormones, enzymes, vascularization, prostaglandins, psychological factors, chronic disease, malnutrition, physical activity, and drugs. The prevalenceof menstrual cycle abnormalities in Indonesian adolescents is quite high, around 31.6%. Normal sleep disorders in women have risks to health, namely in mood disorders and cognitive function. This study aims to analyze the relationship between menstrual cycle length and sleep disturbances in female medical students. This research is an observational analytic research with cross sectional design. This research was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University from September 2021 to November 2022. The subjects of this study were 60 female medical students from the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, class of 2019. The independent variable in this study was the menstrual cycle, while the dependent variable in this study was sleep disturbances. Data analysis used in this study was bivariate analysis using fisher's exact test to test the menstrual cycle and sleep disturbances. The conclusion in this study is that there is no relationship between menstrual cycle length and sleep disturbances in female medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University class of 2019 with a value of (p&gt; 0.05)

The Relationship Between Menstrual Cycle Disorders In Obese Adolescents

Menstrual cycle disorders are the main symptom of anovulation, a phenomenon accompanied by decreased ovarian steroid secretion and production. Weight gain and an increase in adipose tissue in obese women, especially in the midsection, can disrupt the balance of steroid hormones such as androgens, estrogens, and sex hormone-binding globulins, which can affect the menstrual cycle in adolescents. The mechanism of obesity that is most often associated with menstrual cycle disorders. On that basis, this study aims to assess the relationship between insulin resistance and menstrual cycle disorders in obese adolescents. Method : This study used a cross-sectional design with comparisons where in this study the researchers compared the levels of the Homeostatic Model obese adolescent women who had normal menstrual cycles and abnormal menstrual cycles. Result : the group with abnormal menstrual cycles were found to be lower than those in the normal menstrual cycle group, but no significant difference was found. In addition, the abnormal menstrual cycle group were found to be lower but not significant. Conclusion : Obesity no significant relationship to the menstrual cycle in obese adolescent girls

Age and menstrual cycle may be important in establishing pregnancy in female athletes after retirement from competition

ABSTRACT Background Although it has been shown that amenorrhea associated with low energy availability or relative energy deficiency in sport affects body physiology in female athletes, the association between menstrual dysfunction during active sports careers and reproductive function after retirement is not clear. Objective To investigate the association between menstrual dysfunction during their active sports career and post-retirement infertility in female athletes. Methods A voluntary web-based survey was aimed at former female athletes who had become pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retirement. Nine multiple-choice questions were included, on maternal age, competition levels and menstrual cycles during active sports careers, time from retirement to pregnancy, the time of resumption of spontaneous menstruation after retirement, conception method, and mode of delivery, etc. Regarding cases of primary and secondary amenorrhea among the abnormal menstrual cycle group, only those whose spontaneous menstruation had not recovered from retirement to the time of pregnancy were included in the study. The association between the presence of abnormal menstrual cycles from active sports careers to post-retirement pregnancy and the implementation of infertility treatment was evaluated. Results The study population included 613 female athletes who became pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retiring from competitive sports. Of the 613 former athletes, the infertility treatment rate was 11.9%. The rate of infertility treatment was significantly higher in athletes with abnormal than normal menstrual cycles (17.1% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.0225). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.194; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.129, 1.262) and abnormal menstrual cycles (OR and 1.903; adjusted OR 1.105, 3.278) were the relevant factors for infertility treatment. Conclusion It was suggested that menstrual dysfunction that persist from active sports careers to post-retirement may be a factor in infertility when trying to conceive after retirement.

Association between insulin resistance and abnormal menstrual cycle in Saudi females with polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder experienced by women of reproductive age and is marked by insulin resistance (IR) and menstrual cycle abnormalities. In this study, we set out to assess how the level of menstrual abnormalities relates to the degree of IR in women with PCOS. MethodsThe participants in this study were 93 women diagnosed with PCOS and 100 controls with regular vaginal bleeding. Data was collected through blood samples, physical examinations, and medical histories. The primary outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR), and hormonal parameters. ResultsValues for BMI and HOMA-IR were higher in PCOS cases than in controls [(28.6 ± 1.9 vs. 23.7 ± 2.3) and (2.29 ± 2.87 vs. 1.48 ± 1.02), respectively]. Oligomenorrhea was documented in 79.4% of women with PCOS, with the others experienced vaginal bleeding intervals under 45 days. The greater the menstrual irregularity, the higher the levels of luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone. Among the PCOS group, those with vaginal bleeding intervals of above 90 days had a higher HOMA-IR values (2.46 ± 2.77), after adjustments for age and BMI, than the participants who went<45 days between periods (2.01 ± 2.14) and those whose interval was 45–90 days (2.09 ± 2.43). ConclusionsMost of the participants with PCOS had obvious oligomenorrhea of at least 6 weeks between episodes of vaginal bleeding and had significantly higher insulin resistance than did the controls. This suggests that insulin resistance in PCOS cases may be predicted by the presence of clinically overt menstrual dysfunction.

A retrospective case-control study on menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination and disease

There has been increasing public concern that COVID-19 vaccination causes menstrual disturbance regarding the relative effect of vaccination compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our objectives were to test potential risk factors for reporting menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination and to compare menstrual parameters following COVID-19 vaccination and COVID-19 disease. We performed a secondary analysis of a retrospective online survey conducted in the UK in March 2021. In pre-menopausal vaccinated participants (n= 4,989), 18% reported menstrual cycle changes after their first COVID-19 vaccine injection. The prevalence of reporting any menstrual changes was higher for women who smoke, have a history of COVID-19 disease, or are not using estradiol-containing contraceptives. In a second sample including both vaccinated and unvaccinated participants (n= 12,579), COVID-19 vaccination alone was not associated with abnormal menstrual cycle parameters, while a history of COVID-19 disease was associated with an increased risk of reporting heavier bleeding, "missed" periods, and inter-menstrual bleeding.

Association between insulin resistance and abnormal menstrual cycle in Chinese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disorder, which is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and menstrual cycle disorders. IR is thought of as a pivotal cause of PCOS and related comorbidities. However, the link between IR and abnormal menstrual cycles in PCOS should be further studied. In this study, we clarified the dose–response relationship between IR and abnormal menstrual cycles in patients with PCOS.ResultsIn this retrospective study including 140 patients with PCOS, we found that there was a dose–response relationship between the increased HOMA-IR index and the level of menstrual cycle disorders (1.61 [95%CI: 1.37–1.85] for normal menstruation, 2.02 [95%CI: 1.61–2.44] for oligomenorrhea, 2.35 [95%CI:1.96–2.75] for amenorrhea, P for trend = 0.003). Further stratification analyses showed that this dose–response relationship was more evident in the patients who were younger, had higher BMI, higher AFC numbers, elevated levels of testosterone, anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, and prolactin levels, and had a lower progestogen level.ConclusionsOur study has established an association between IR and abnormal menstrual cycles in patients with PCOS, which can be affected by age, BMI, and hormone levels. Our results might be helpful for further prevention and treatment of amenorrhea in PCOS.

COMPARISON OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN UNDERNOTED AND OVER NUTRITED ADOLESCENTS AT SMA NEGERI 1 PINOLOSIAN

This study aims to determine the comparison of menstrual cycles in undernourished and overweight adolescents at SMA Negeri 1 Pinolosian. This research method uses an observational research design with a cross- sectional approach. The population of this study was 128 female students. The sample used was 95 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. Using data analysis techniques, namely Univariate analysis with frequency distribution tables and Bivariate with Chi-Square test P = &lt;0.05.&#x0D; The results showed that there were 46 (36%) undernutrition and 49 (38.2%) over nutrition. Normal menstrual cycles for undernourishment 31 (63.3%) and for over nutrition 26 (56.6%), while undernourished those with abnormal menstrual cycles 18 (36.8%) and over nutrition 20 (43.3%). A good diet with poor nutrition 27 (58.7%), and not good 19 (41.3%). While a good diet on excess nutrition 25 (51%) and not good 24 (49%). And the results of the Chi Square test of normal and abnormal menstrual cycles in undernourished and overweight adolescents with a P value = 0.00&#x0D; There is a comparison of the menstrual cycle in undernourished and overweight adolescents. It is recommended for female students to pay attention to diet properly in order to get good nutritional status so that it can also have a good impact on the menstrual cycle.