Abnormal Leakage Research Articles

Abnormal Positive Bias Temperature Instability Induced by Dipole Doped N-Type MOSCAP

This work performs fundamental electrical measurements and a positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) test on an N-type metal oxide semiconductor capacitor (MOSCAP) and a La2O3 dipole-doped N-type MOSCAP. Experimental results show that the dipole-doped N-type MOSCAP has a lower threshold voltage and gate current leakage than do the N-type MOSCAP. After positive bias stress, an abnormal gate current leakage decrease appears in both dipole-doped and normal N-type MOSCAPs under short term stress. Analysis of capacitance and gate current measurements indicate that electron trapping and defect generation cause the change in gate current after positive bias stress. Generally, devices with higher gate leakage have more severe degradation after PBTI. However, in this work, the dipole sample shows a lower initial gate current leakage but higher gate current degradation than those found in the control sample after PBTI. Based on the electrical measurement results and the energy band simulation, a conduction model was proposed to explain the abnormal PBTI of the dipole-doped N-type MOSCAP.

Therapeutic Potential of an Orally Available Dual Small-Molecule Modulator of Wnt and P53 Pathways in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Background: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration is a common cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor has been effective in treating pathological ocular neovascularization, but it has limitations including the need for repeated intraocular injections for the maintenance of therapeutic effects in most patients and poor or non-response to this agent in some patients. Methods: In vitro cellular studies were conducted using retinal pigment epithelial cell lines (ARPE-19 and hTERT-RPE1), human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and HUVSMCs. In vivo efficacy of ilimaquinone was tested in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse models. Findings: Ilimaquinone, 4,9-friedodrimane-type sesquiterpenoid isolated from marine sponge, repressed the expression of angiogenic/inflammatory factors and restored the expression of E-cadherin in retinal pigment epithelial cells by inhibiting the Wnt/b-catenin pathway. In addition, it selectively inhibited proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by activating the p53 pathway. Intravitreal, intraperitoneal, and oral administration of ilimaquinone significantly reduced abnormal vascular leakage in mice with laser-induced choroidal neovascularization without affecting established, mature blood vessels in the adult mouse retina. Interpretation: Our findings demonstrate that ilimaquinone functions through regulation of p53 and Wnt/b-catenin pathways with conceivable advantages over existing cytokine-targeted anti-angiogenic therapies. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the Fundamental Technology Program (2012M3A9B2028335, 2017R1A2A2A05001340) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean Government. Declaration of Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists. Ethics Approval Statement: All experimental procedures and animal care were conducted following guidelines and approvals of the Animal Care Committee of Konkuk University (KU15104).

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney.

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

Application of geophysical methods in a dam project: Life cycle perspective and Taiwan experience

There is a growing demand for using non-destructive geophysical techniques to internally image dam condition and facilitate the early detection of anomalous phenomena. Near surface geophysical techniques have advanced significantly in the last few decades, and can play a significant role in the siting, construction, and operational safety and sustainable management of dams. Application of engineering geophysics in site characterization during feasibility investigation phase is already part of the standard of practice. This paper introduces newer applications of engineering geophysics during construction phase, dam safety assessment, and sustainable management, including quality control of compacted soils, investigation of abnormal leakage in an earth dam, evaluation of an aged concrete dam, geophysical health monitoring for a newly-constructed dam, and monitoring of sediment transport for sediment management. The applications were presented with more emphases on the needs of dam engineering and adapting appropriate geophysical methods to make assessment more effective and consequential. The collage of these case studies is to broaden the view of how geophysical methods can be applied to a dam project throughout a dam's life cycle and strengthen the linkage between geophysical surveillance and engineering significance at all stages.

Clinical analysis of 426 emmetropia patients with unilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and retinal lesions in the contralateral eyes

Objective To summarize the clinical features and visual outcome of posterior scleritis presented with symptoms involving affected optic nerve. Methods Retrospective case series study. Twelve eyes of 12 female patients with posterior scleritis were included in this study. The average age was 35.2±14.31 years old. The patients got diagnosed with an average of 24.75±22.91 days. Ocular pain was complained in all patients, and blurred vision in 11 patients. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), slit lamp microscope examination, B-scan ultrasound, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and ocular wall thickness measurement were performed in all patients. Nine eyes received visual field examination. All patients received systemic corticosteroid and steroidal eye drops for 3 months. Clinical features and outcome were retrospectively studied. Results Before treatment, the BCVA was from 0.8. There were 3 eyes with scleral hyperemia, 3 eyes with anterior chamber flares, 12 eyes with papilledema and different degrees of retinal vein dilatation, 3 eyes with star-shaped macular exudates and 2 eyes with macular retinal pigment epithelium detachment. B-scan ultrasound demonstrated that the ocular walls were thickening in all eyes with typical T-sign, and the average thickness was 2.76±0.68 mm. OCT demonstrated optic disc swelling, and the macular retinal detachment in 2 eyes. In the FFA examination, the fluorescein leakage of the disc was enhanced with time. In the Humphrey test, the value of mean deviation (MD) was 12.56±5.73 dB and pattern standard deviation (PSD) was 8.15±4.23 dB in 9 eyes before the treatment. After treatment for 3 months, the symptoms were attenuated and the visual acuity was obviously improved with BCVA>0.1 in all eyes. Scleral hyperemia and anterior chamber flares were only found in 1 eye. The optic disc edema gradually faded away. The ocular wall thickness in the poster part of the eyeball decreased, and the T-sign disappeared in all eyes, the average thickness was 1.53±0.41 mm. Compared with parameters before the treatment, the difference was statistically significant (t=0.003 5, P<0.05). OCT demonstrated the recovery of the macular retinal detachment. There was no abnormal leakage evidenced in FFA in the optic disc and macular. After treatment, the value of MD and PSD was 5.19±4.82 dB and (4.33±3.76) dB, respectively. The difference of MD value between before and after the treatment was significant (t=0.026, P<0.05). Conclusions Posterior scleritis with an initial symptom of optic nerve was tend to affect middle-aged patients, with clinical manifestations of anterior segment signs in some patients and optic disc swelling with retinal vein dilatation in all patients. B ultrasound examination showed typical T sign. Systemic corticosteroid treatment always obtained remission of the ocular inflammatory activity, and could achieve favorable visual outcome. Key words: Scleritis/diagnosis; Scleritis/therapy; Optic neuritis; Disease attributes

Monitoring of seepages around dams using geophysical methods: a brief review

The slow escape of a liquid or gas through a porous material or small openings is called seepage. It is a process of seeping in soil engineering whereby water in soils move. Seepages often pose a grave problem in building foundations and also a common problem in earth dams (Dams are structures built to retain water/fluild) due to abnormal or excessive leakage. Seepage through or around dams have been responsible for most dam failures. Dam failures are usually catastrophic with many fatalities and causing the destruction of infrastructure and properties. Therefore, monitoring of seepage through and around dams becomes a necessity in other to maintain dam’s stability. The main field of application of this investigation is subjected to site characterization and foundation quality assurance. This paper reviews the geophysical techniques which have been considered for the monitoring and control of seepages around dams.

Failure analysis on abnormal leakage of TP321 stainless steel pipe in hydrogen-eliminated system of nuclear power plant

Failure analysis is carried out on a leaked Type 321 stainless steel pipe in the hydrogen-eliminated system of a nuclear power plant. Comprehensive characterizations are utilized to investigate the operation conditions, base materials and macro/micro-morphologies of the failed pipe. Two distinct areas of morphologies inside the pipe are observed and three types of inclusions of the base materials are identified. Analysis results revealed that root cause of the abnormal leakage of the stainless steel pipe was the pitting corrosion, which was induced by chlorides from coastal atmosphere. The relevant failure mechanisms of the leaked stainless steel are carefully discussed and effective countermeasures are put forward as well.

Simulation of a hydraulically controllable reactor coolant pump seal

Abstract A hydraulically controllable mechanical seal for a nuclear reactor coolant pump (RCP) is under development. Its purpose is to correct excessive or insufficient leakage through RCP seals, a current expensive problem. The non-rotating seal face contains an annular cavity, filled with pressurized fluid. By changing the pressure within the cavity, the deformation and geometry of the face can be changed. Since the face geometry determines the thickness of the lubricating film between the two seal faces and the leakage rate, the leakage rate can be controlled. Simulations indicate that the hydraulically controllable seal provides sufficient control to address many abnormal leakage rate scenarios.

Unilateral retinal vasculopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus

PurposeSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organ systems frequently with a relapsing and remitting clinical course. It may have ocular manifestations at posterior pole, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, uveal tract and optic nerve.SLE is a complex disease with dysregulation of the immune system with defects in the innate and adaptive immune systems.MethodsA 40‐year‐old Spanish woman was diagnosed with SLE 5 years before. At the time she underwent treatment with a tapering dose of oral prednisone (currently 10 mg/day) and hydroxychloroquine because of a relapse only with cutaneous involvement. She came to the emergency department because she noticed a nasal visual field defect and flashes in her right eye. Her best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in both eyes and slit‐lamp anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Right fundus showed multiple cotton wool spots along the vessels, and some intraretinal haemorrhages in the inferior temporal branch retinal.Right fundus fluorescein angiography revealed an active vasculitis with abnormal vessel permeability and leakage of the dye together with a branch retinal artery occlusion along the inferotemporal arcade without ischemic areas. Her left eye was normal. She was treated with high‐dose steroid (intravenous methylprednisolone 500 mg/day during 3 days). Then, she completed 2 doses of intravenous cyclophosphamide 400 mg and oral prednisone (45 mg/day) and hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day.ResultsThe following week the fundus examination demonstrated resolution of haemorrhages without neovascularization or cotton wool spots. BCVA remained 20/20 and visual field exam slightly improved.ConclusionsSLE may lead to severe unilateral vasculitis. However, an early diagnosis and aggressive treatment allow the resolution of the disease without many sequelae.

Intravitreal itraconazole inhibits laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in rats.

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a major cause of severe visual loss in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recently, itraconazole has shown potent and dose-dependent inhibition of tumor-associated angiogenesis. We evaluated the anti-angiogenic effect of itraconazole in a rat model of laser-induced CNV. After laser photocoagulation in each eye to cause CNV, right eyes were administered intravitreal injections of itraconazole; left eyes received balanced salt solution (BSS) as controls. On day 14 after laser induction, fluorescein angiography (FA) was used to assess abnormal vascular leakage. Flattened retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid tissue complex was stained with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated isolectin B4 to measure the CNV area and volume. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mRNA and protein expression was determined 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after intravitreal injection by quantitative RT-PCR or Western blot. VEGF levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intravitreal itraconazole significantly reduced leakage from CNV as assessed by FA and CNV area and volume on flat mounts compared with intravitreal BSS (p = 0.002 for CNV leakage, p<0.001 for CNV area and volume). Quantitative RT-PCR showed significantly lower expression of VEGFR2 mRNA in the RPE-choroid complexes of itraconazole-injected eyes than those of BSS-injected eyes on days 7 and 14 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.006). Western blots indicated that VEGFR2 was downregulated after itraconazole treatment. ELISA showed a significant difference in VEGF level between itraconazole-injected and BSS-injected eyes on days 7 and 14 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.001). Our study demonstrated that intravitreal itraconazole significantly inhibited the development of laser-induced CNV in rats. Itraconazole had anti-angiogenic activity along with the reduction of VEGFR2 and VEGF levels. Itraconazole may prove beneficial for treating CNV as an alternative or adjunct to other therapies.

Identification of suction flow blockages and casing cavitations in centrifugal pumps by optimal support vector machine techniques

Centrifugal pumps play vital role in many critical applications in industries and require continuous health monitoring to increase its availability. In centrifugal pumps, inlet pipe blockages and cavitation in the casing cause serious problems, such as the abnormal noise, high vibration, leakage, and decrease in the head capacity and the efficiency. Complexity in such fault is that one leads to other, and as such it falls under the multi-fault condition, which is hardly dealt in literature for pumps. Vibration-based monitoring of machinery faults using machine learning approaches has been one of latest trends. This paper presents the use of one of the machine learning tools, i.e., the support vector machine (SVM), for innovatively using in the diagnosis of blockage levels and the impeding cavitation at diverse pump speeds using statistical features extracted from vibration signature. SVM classifier parameters are optimally selected for better classifications. The prediction of classification is encouraging while taking decision for the pump condition.

Pleiotropic Effects of Myocardial MMP-9 Inhibition to Prevent Ventricular Arrhythmia.

Observational studies have established a strong association between matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and ventricular arrhythmia. However, whether MMP-9 has a causal link to ventricular arrhythmia, as well as the underlying mechanism, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanistic involvement of myocardial MMP-9 in the pathophysiology of ventricular arrhythmia. Increased levels of myocardial MMP-9 are linked to ventricular arrhythmia attacks after angiotensin II (Ang II) treatment. MMP-9-deficient mice were protected from ventricular arrhythmia. Increased expressions of protein kinase A (PKA) and ryanodine receptor phosphorylation at serine 2808 (pS2808) were correlated with inducible ventricular arrhythmia. MMP-9 deficiency consistently prevented PKA and pS2808 increases after Ang II treatment and reduced ventricular arrhythmia. Calcium dynamics were examined via confocal imaging in isolated murine cardiomyocytes. MMP-9 inhibition prevents calcium leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and reduces arrhythmia-like irregular calcium transients via protein kinase A and ryanodine receptor phosphorylation. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes similarly show that MMP-9 inhibition prevents abnormal calcium leakage. Myocardial MMP-9 inhibition prevents ventricular arrhythmia through pleiotropic effects, including the modulation of calcium homeostasis and reduced calcium leakage.

Itraconazole inhibits laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization in rats by suppressing VEGFR2 expression

PurposeTo demonstrate the anti‐angiogenic effect of itraconazole on laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rats.MethodsSix laser burns were induced in the peripapillary area of each eye of male Brown Norway rats (200–250 g) to cause CNV. Right eyes were administered intravitreal injections of 1 μg/10 μl itraconazole; left eyes received 10 μl balanced salt solution (BSS) as controls. On day 14 after laser induction, fluorescein angiography (FA) was used to assess abnormal vascular leakage. Flattened retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)‐choroid tissue complex was stained with Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated isolectin B4 to measure the CNV area with an image analysis program. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mRNA and protein expression were determined by quantitative RT‐PCR or Western blot.ResultsIntravitreal itraconazole significantly reduced leakage from CNV as assessed by FA and CNV area on flat mounts of the RPE‐choroid complex when compared with intravitreal BSS on day 14 after laser induction (p = 0.002 for CNV leakage, p &lt; 0.001 for CNV area). Quantitative RT‐PCR showed significantly lower expression of VEGFR2 mRNA in RPE‐choroid complexes from itraconazole‐injected eyes than from BSS‐injected eyes (p &lt; 0.001). Western blots indicated that VEGFR2 was downregulated after 14 days of itraconazole treatment.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that intravitreal itraconazole significantly inhibited the development of laser‐induced CNV in rats. Itraconazole had anti‐angiogenic activity by reducing VEGFR2 expression. Itraconazole may prove beneficial for treating CNV as an alternative or adjunct to other therapies.

Wide-field fundus fluorescein angiogram assisted photocoagulation on familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

Objective To observe the application value and therapeutic efficacy of wide-field digital pediatric retinal imaging system (Retcam Ⅲ) fundus fluorescein angiograms (FFA) assisted photocoagulation on familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). Methods The study included 46 eyes of 34 patients with staging 2 FEVR. All patients received color fundus photography and FFA under general anesthesia. The blood vessel reliability of color fundus photography and FFA was comparatively determined. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscope laser photocoagulation was applied to peripheral retina with abnormal leakage as indicated by FFA, the wavelength was 532nm, the duration was 0.25 s and the energy was 200 - 280 mW. After laser photocoagulation, fundus imaging and FFA was repeated. Further laser photocoagulation was immediately added to areas with vessel leakage but missing the photocoagulation. After treatment, the mean follow-up duration was 14.4 months. The follow up focused on neovascularization, exudative lesions, vitreous traction and merging of photocoagulation spots within 3 months, and on fibrosis membrane resulting in macular traction, tractional retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage or Coats disease-like retinal exudates after 3 months. Results It was hard to identify the blood vessels based on the color fundus images and some avascular zone maybe missed. Neovascularization can't be determined by shape of the blood vessels. On the other hand, those new blood vessels can be easily recognized by FFA as leakage sites at the boundary of avascular zone. The surgeon could quickly and accurately locate the FEVR area guided by the color fundus images and FFA from same angle under binocular indirect ophthalmoscope. During the treatment, there was no retinal FEVR area missed laser photocoagulation for all patients. There was no neovascularization, exudative lesions, vitreous traction within 3 months, and no fibrosis membrane, tractional retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage or Coats disease-like retinal exudates after 3 months. There were no ocular and systemic complications during and after the FFA and laser photocoagulation. Conclusion Wide-field Retcam Ⅲ FFA can help retinal specialists to identify abnormal neovascularization, locate the lesion area, and thus increase the success rate of laser photocoagulation, reduce the ocular and systemic complications for FEVR. Key words: Retinal diseases/congenital; Retinal diseases/diagnosis; Fluorescein angiography; Retinal diseases/therapy; Laser coagulation

VEGF: From Discovery to Therapy: The Champalimaud Award Lecture.

PurposeIntraocular vascular diseases are leading causes of adult vision loss, and in the mid-1900s, I. C. Michaelson postulated that the retina releases a soluble, diffusible factor that causes abnormal vascular growth and leakage. What became known as “Factor X” eluded investigators for decades.MethodsThe field of cancer research, where Judah Folkman pioneered the concept of angiogenesis, provided the inspiration for the work honored by the 2014 Champalimaud Vision Award. Recognizing that tumors recruit their own blood supply to achieve critical mass, Dr Folkman proposed that angiogenic factors could be therapeutic targets in cancer. Napoleone Ferrara identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as such an angiogenic agent: stimulated by hypoxic tumor tissue, secreted, and able to induce neovascularization. VEGF also was a candidate for Factor X, and the 2014 Champalimaud Laureates and colleagues worked individually and collaboratively to identify the role of VEGF in ocular disease.ResultsThe Champalimaud Laureates correlated VEGF with ocular neovascularization in animal models and in patients. Moreover, they showed that VEGF not only was sufficient, but it also was required to induce neovascularization in normal animal eyes, as VEGF inhibition abolished ocular neovascularization in key animal models.ConclusionsThe identification of VEGF as Factor X altered the therapeutic paradigms for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and other retinal disorders.Translational RelevanceThe translation of VEGF from discovery to therapy resulted in the most successful applications of antiangiogenic therapy to date. Annually, over one million patients with eye disease are treated with anti-VEGF agents.

A Case of Perilymphatic Fistula Misdiagnosed as Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Perilymphatic fistula (PLF) is an uncommon disease characterized by abnormal leakage of the perilymph from the inner ear into the middle ear. The symptoms of PLF include sudden-onset hearing loss, tinnitus, ear fullness, and vertigo resulting from inner-ear trauma, stapedial surgery or barotrauma such as valsalva, and nose blowing. As nystagmus can be induced by the affected-ear in down position, benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV) should be considered for differential diagnosis. About 40-50% of PLF patients have experienced spontaneous healing, but surgical repair should be considered when the hearing symptom and dizziness are not alleviated or are aggravated within a few days. Reported herein, with a review of the relevant literature, is a case of PLF initially misdiagnosed as BPPV but where successful fistula repair was finally achieved.

Uncertainty Analysis of Computational-Experimental Approach for Determination of Equivalent Thermal Conductivity of Highly Perforated Bricks

The presented paper aims at thorough uncertainty analysis of combined experimental and computational approach for determination of equivalent thermal conductivity of highly perforated bricks. The thermal conductivity is determined using experimental guarded hot plate method. However, due to large dimensions of analyzed specimens, the measurement is influenced by experimental errors due to abnormal heat leakage. Therefore, numerical modeling of heat transfer is performed in order to quantify this leakage and the resulting value of thermal conductivity is subsequently corrected. The uncertainty analysis is essential part of presented approach leading to its justification. It involves statistical errors, measurement errors as well as results of merged sensitivity analysis. Within the frame of this paper, highly perforated clay brick without cavity fillings was investigated. The results indicated that accuracy of presented approach is very sufficient and combined standard uncertainty is lower than 10 %.

The Spatial-Temporal Anomaly Detection Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

As the traditional anomaly detection algorithms cannot effectively identify the spatial-temporal anomaly of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), taking the CO2 concentration collected by WSNs for example, we propose the spatial-temporal anomaly detection algorithm in wireless sensor network. First we use the 3 rules to realize the anomaly detection of the adaptive threshold. Then extract the eigenvalue (average) of sliding window to be detected, construct the spatial-temporal matrix for the relationship between neighbor nodes in the specified interval, use the fuzzy clustering method to analyze the eigenvalue of adjacent nodes in spatial-temporal correlation and classify them, and identify abnormal leakage probability according to the results of the classification. Finally, use real data to verify this algorithm and analyze the parameters selected , the results show that the algorithm is high detection rate and low false alarm rate.

63.4: High‐Performance 4K x 2K 65‐in. TV with BCE‐Type Oxide TFTs

This paper investigated the 4k2k of 65‐inch TV with oxide TFT performances. The abnormal subthreshold leakage current at high temperature results from active layer bulk, and GI/active layer interface. Finally, it is specific for the Vt shift (‐1V) of devices with color‐materials as a passivation layer under NBIS.