Abnormal Heat Research Articles

The Influence of an Extreme Warm Spell on Public Support for Government Involvement in Climate Change Adaptation

An emerging literature discusses the effects of short-term temperature fluctuations on public opinion toward climate change. Yet, prior literature has not explored potential opinion-influencing effects of temporal patterns of temperature fluctuations or the interdependence between temperature anomalies and the direction and magnitude of short-term trends. This study uses an extreme warm spell that occurred during a survey of Michigan residents to evaluate the influence of complex temperature effects on public support for government involvement in the agricultural sector's adaptation to climate change. Comparison of several alternatives for capturing the influence of temperature fluctuations on survey responses (some drawn from the literature, some newly constructed) shows a temporary increase in support for government assistance for adaptation after the onset of a warm spell, but a longer exposure to extreme temperatures does not necessarily lead to more support for adaptation policies. Conditional on other attributes of temperature abnormalities (e.g., direction of trend), abnormal heat might even lead to reduced support for adaptation policies.

Quasi-High-Pressure Effects in Transition-Metal-Rich Dichalcogenide, Hf3Te2

High pressure offers an intriguing avenue for the change in physical and chemical properties of condensed matters such as superconductivity, structural phase transition, and catalytic activity. However, it is hard to achieve the high-pressure phases of elements and compounds in an ambient condition by chemical pressure due to the limitation in bonding length variation. Here, we report the quasi-high-pressure state of Hf cuboid confined between two-dimensional chalcogen layers in transition-metal-rich dichalcogenide of Hf3Te2, exhibiting the enhanced degree of localization and chemical potential for valence electrons compared to ambient Hf elements. The structural analysis reveals that Hf metals in Hf3Te2 form a local cuboid structure, in which the coordination for central Hf is identical to that of high-pressure body-centered-cubic Hf phase. Density functional theory calculations verify that the compressed cuboid in Hf3Te2 has a key role for an abnormal heat capacity beyond Dulong–Petit limit and reduced ...

Heat Waves in China: Definitions, Leading Patterns, and Connections to Large‐Scale Atmospheric Circulation and SSTs

AbstractBased on the daily maximum temperatures (Tmax) from 587 surface observation stations in China during 1959–2013, heat waves are detected using both absolute and relative definitions. The spatiotemporal variations of heat wave occurrence/duration/amplitude are compared between the two definitions. Considering the significant differences in regional climatology, relative threshold is more meaningful to detect the local extremes. By utilizing the empirical orthogonal function, the integral index heat wave total intensity is decomposed into three dominant modes: interdecadal (ID), interannual‐tripole (IA‐TR), and interannual‐dipole (IA‐DP) modes. The ID mode shows uniform anomalies over the whole China, with the maximum in north, and its corresponding time series depict notable interdecadal variations with a turning point around mid‐1990s. The IA‐DP mode exhibits opposite‐signed anomalies over north and south China. The IA‐TR mode shows an anomalous tripole pattern with negative anomalies over central China and positive anomalies over north and south China in its positive phase. Both the IA‐DP and IA‐TR patterns are more obvious since mid‐1990s with mainly year‐to‐year variations before that. All the three modes are controlled by anomalous high‐pressure systems, which are accompanied by local‐scale dry land conditions. The diabatic heating associated with anomalous convective activities over tropical western Pacific triggers Rossby wave trains propagating northward along the East Asia, which causes abnormal heat waves through descending motion over the high‐pressure nodes. In turn, the severe convections are generated by enhanced Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific due to warming and/or cooling sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical western and eastern Pacific, respectively.

In situ high-resolution thermal microscopy on integrated circuits

The miniaturization of metal tracks in integrated circuits (ICs) can cause abnormal heat dissipation, resulting in electrostatic discharge, overvoltage breakdown, and other unwanted issues. Unfortunately, locating areas of abnormal heat dissipation is limited either by the spatial resolution or imaging acquisition speed of current thermal analytical techniques. A rapid, non-contact approach to the thermal imaging of ICs with sub-μm resolution could help to alleviate this issue. In this work, based on the intensity of the temperature-dependent two-photon fluorescence (TPF) of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) material, we developed a novel fast and non-invasive thermal microscopy with a sub-μm resolution. Its application to the location of hotspots that may evolve into thermally induced defects in ICs was also demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to present high-resolution 2D thermal microscopic images of ICs, showing the generation, propagation, and distribution of heat during its operation. According to the demonstrated results, this scheme has considerable potential for future in situ hotspot analysis during the optimization stage of IC development.

MHD flow and heat transfer of a magnetite–water nanofluid in porous medium under the effects of chemical reaction

PurposeDue to the extensive industrial applications of stagnation flow problems, the present work aims to investigate the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow and heat transfer of a magnetite nanofluid (here Fe3O4–water nanofluid) impinging a flat porous plate under the effects of a non-uniform magnetic field and chemical reaction with variable reaction rate.Design/methodology/approachSimilarity transformations are applied to reduce the governing partial differential equations with boundary conditions into a system of ordinary differential equations over a semi-infinite domain. The modified fourth-order Runge–Kutta method with the shooting technique which is developed for unbounded domains is conducted to give approximate solutions of the problem, which are then verified by results of other researchers, showing very good agreements.FindingsThe effects of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, permeability, magnetic field, chemical reaction and Schmidt number on velocity, temperature and concentration fields are examined and graphically illustrated. It was found that fluid velocity and temperature fields are affected strongly by the types of nanoparticles. Moreover, magnetic field and radiation have strong effects on velocity and temperature fields, fluid velocity increases and thickness of the velocity boundary layer decreases as magnetic parameter M increases. The results also showed that the thickness of the concentration boundary layer decreases with an increase in the Schmidt number, as well as an increase in the chemical reaction coefficient.Research limitations/implicationsThe thermophysical properties of the magnetite nanofluid (Fe3O4–water nanofluid) in different conditions should be checked.Practical implicationsStagnation flow of viscous fluid is important due to its vast industrial applications, such as the flows over the tips of rockets, aircrafts, submarines and oil ships. Moreover, nanofluid, a liquid containing a dispersion of sub-micronic solid particles (nanoparticles) with typical length of the order of 1-50 nm, showed abnormal convective heat transfer enhancement, which is remarkable.Originality/valueThe major novelty of the present work corresponds to utilization of a magnetite nanofluid (Fe3O4–water nanofluid) in a stagnation flow influenced by chemical reaction and magnetic field. It should be noted that in addition to a variable chemical reaction, the permeability is non-uniform, while the imposed magnetic field also varies along the sheet. These, all, make the present work rather original.

Evaluation of Thermal Imaging in the Diagnosis and Classification of Varicocele

Introduction: A varicocele is the abnormal dilation and tortuosity of venous plexus above the testicles. The pattern of abnormal heat distribution in the scrotum can be detected through thermal imaging, which is a distant, non-contact, and non-invasive method. The aim of the present study is to detect and grade varicocele. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 50 patients with high probability of varicocele, who referred to a hospital affiliated to the AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The evaluation procedure included thermal imaging, clinical diagnosis, and ultrasound test. The gold standard method was based on ultrasound examination. The thermal imaging was performed using a non-contact infrared camera. Results: This paper presented two methods for diagnosing and grading varicocele. The first method was based on the patterns and models of thermal asymmetry in the testicles (including three asymmetric and symmetric patterns). The second method was based on the temperature differences. The obtained results demonstrated that the use of temperature differences in the diagnosis of varicocele was better than the other proposed method. In addition, a temperature difference of 0.5°C in the pampiniform venous plexus was an important indicator for the diagnosis of varicocele using thermal imaging. The accuracy of thermography in grading varicocele was 76%. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, thermography is a useful method for initial varicocele screening and can be applied as a supplement to other diagnostic techniques due to its low cost and lack of radiation exposure. Thermography was concluded to be a precise technique for the diagnosis of varicocele; however, its capability to determine the varicocele grading was comparatively low.

A Report on the Unnatural Death Cases Caused by Paradoxical Undressing and Hypothermia

이상탈의 현상이란 체온조절 기능의 이상으로 인하여 체온이 낮아짐에도 불구하고 열감을 느껴 탈의 상태에 이르는 현상이다. 본 연구는 변사현장에서 수사요원들이 잘못된 가정으로 인하여 수사력을 낭비하지 않기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여, 최근 5년간 국내에서 동절기에 발생한 이상탈의 현상과 관련된 13건의 변사사건을 대상으로 사례분석을 실시 한 것이다. 사례 중 남성은 9명, 여성은 4명으로 남성이 여성에 비하여 상대적으로 많았으며 연령 분포는 40대에서 80대 까지 다양하였다. 그러나 50-60대가 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였고 고령자에 국한된 현상이 아님을 알 수 있었다. 공통적으로 국내외 사례는 극도의 저온보다 0 ± 3 ˚C 사이에서 가장 많이 발생하였으며 온도에 크게 영향을 받지 않는 경향이었다. 특히, 동절기에 나체로 변사체가 발견되는 여성의 경우, 이상탈의 결과로 인식하지 못하고 폭력과 관련된 강간 살해로 오인하는 경우가 많으므로 다양한 가능성을 염두에 두어야 할 것이다.The paradoxical undressing is a phenomenon that the victims feel abnormal heat sensation and take off their clothes even though the body temperature is lower due to the thermoregulator function disorder. This case study analyzing 13 cases of unnatural death related to the paradoxical undressing in last five year winter seasons, Korea, to provide the preliminary data that the investigators might not waste their time and power due to wrong assumptions. The result of case study, 13 cases divided 9 males and 4 females that the case of males were relatively larger than females. The age distribution ranged from 40 to 80 years. However, the 50-60 years group comprise the largest proportion that means the paradoxical undressing is not limited to elderly. In general, most of the paradoxical undressing in domestic and foreign occurred at 0 ± 3 ˚C than extreme low temperature that is not significantly affected by temperature. Especially, women victims who are found naked in the winter may be taken for rape murder instead of paradoxical undressing in many cases so, should be considers different possibilities.

Enhanced thermal imaging of wound tissue for better clinical decision making

Infrared cameras are increasingly applied in clinical applications as they allow fast, inexpensive and non-contact temperature measurements. As abnormal heat distribution can indicate illness, infrared cameras have been applied in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of medical conditions.Current practices, however, often overlook the importance of emissivity when taking thermal measurements. The consensus is that human skin has an emissivity of 0.98 but this value varies between individuals, areas examined, and if the skin is damaged. In particular, further research should be conducted on the emissivity variations of wounds.Objective: This research investigated the emissivity variation of chronic wounds and its effect on thermal measurements. Eleven patients with non-infected foot ulcers were recruited. Three non-diabetic wounds were also investigated in a clinical setting. Approach: A reflectance based method was used which involved alternating shades at different temperatures over the region of interest. Based on the change in the thermal images, emissivity was calculated at each pixel. Main Results: Overall, it was found that the emissivity of wounds was similar or slightly higher to intact skin (range 0.01–0.03 higher with an average value of 0.97 ± 0.03), with lower values at wound edges (on average 0.02 lower than intact skin). Correcting for emissivity resulted in an average temperature difference of 0.83% in the thermal images.Significance: Despite the similarity in emissivity, the difference between the original thermal image and the emissivity corrected thermal image in some cases was substantial. These differences could prove significant in clinical evaluations, indicating the need to incorporate emissivity measurement into standard protocol to ensure utmost accuracy.

Microstructure and superelasticity control by rolling and heat treatment in columnar-grained Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy

The effects of rolling and heat treatment on the microstructure and superelasticity of columnar-grained Cu71Al18Mn11 shape memory alloy were investigated in this paper. Two different rolling strategies were adopted: (i) multipass high-temperature rolling (HR); (ii) one-pass HR followed by several-pass cold rolling (HR+nCR). For the first rolling strategy, the results showed that columnar-grained microstructure was reserved after one-pass HR at 800°C with rolling reduction of above 80%, and recrystallization would occur if more HR processes were applied. The superelastic strain could reach 5.9% in multipass HR sample through microstructure control by annealing at 800°C. For the second rolling strategy, after the first pass HR with the reduction of 80% and annealing at 550°C, the alloy could be cold rolled at room temperature with total reduction of 50–70%. The columnar-grained microstructure still existed in the cold-rolled alloy which consisted of two phases (i.e. β1+α). After recrystallization annealing, the HR+nCR alloy tend to form <011> texture along the rolling direction, which was helpful to obtain high superelasticity. Finally, the grain growth heat treatment was used to further improve the superelasticity of the cold-rolled alloy. After 2–3 times abnormal grain growth heat treatment, the grains of the alloy could grow up from several hundred micrometers to more than one centimeter in diameter; they still had strong <011> texture along the rolling direction, which enabled the superelastic strain of as high as about 7%.

Photoperiod cues and patterns of genetic variation limit phenological responses to climate change in warm parts of species' range: Modeling diameter-growth cessation in coast Douglas-fir.

The phenology of diameter-growth cessation in trees will likely play a key role in mediating species and ecosystem responses to climate change. A common expectation is that warming will delay cessation, but the environmental and genetic influences on this process are poorly understood. We modeled the effects of temperature, photoperiod, and seed-source climate on diameter-growth-cessation timing in coast Douglas-fir (an ecologically and economically vital tree) using high-frequency growth measurements across broad environmental gradients for a range of genotypes from different seed sources. Our model suggests that cool temperatures or short photoperiods can induce cessation in autumn. At cool locations (high latitude and elevation), cessation seems to be induced primarily by low temperatures in early autumn (under relatively long photoperiods), so warming will likely delay cessation and extend the growing season. But at warm locations (low latitude or elevation), cessation seems to be induced primarily by short photoperiods later in autumn, so warming will likely lead to only slight extensions of the growing season, reflecting photoperiod limitations on phenological shifts. Trees from seed sources experiencing frequent frosts in autumn or early winter tended to cease growth earlier in the autumn, potentially as an adaptation to avoid frost. Thus, gene flow into populations in warm locations with little frost will likely have limited potential to delay mean cessation dates because these populations already cease growth relatively late. In addition, data from an abnormal heat wave suggested that very high temperatures during long photoperiods in early summer might also induce cessation. Climate change could make these conditions more common in warm locations, leading to much earlier cessation. Thus, photoperiod cues, patterns of genetic variation, and summer heat waves could limit the capacity of coast Douglas-fir to extend its growing season in response to climate change in the warm parts of its range.

Numerical investigation on heat transfer to supercritical CO2 in rolling motion

The numerical calculations with and without rolling motions are conducted to investigate the effect of rolling motion on flow and heat transfer of supercritical CO2 in a vertical double-pipe heat exchanger. The purpose is to provide the detailed information on heat transfer behaviors for better understanding the abnormal heat transfer mechanism of supercritical fluid in rolling motion. It concludes that the effect of rolling motion on the supercritical CO2 is much more notable than that on conventional single-phase fluid. The rolling motion can cause the periodic oscillation of the local heat transfer coefficients and suppress the whole heat transfer deterioration. As supercritical CO2 temperature or mass flux increases, the influences of rolling motion and flow direction on the heat transfer decrease markedly. The secondary flow induced by the rolling motion for upward flow is stronger than that for downward flow, and the influence of rolling motion on the left and right sides of the tube is more obvious than on other locations. The heat transfer deterioration phenomenon weakens gradually as the rolling period decreasing or rolling amplitude increasing. It is important to note that the rolling motion may bring about the large wall temperature oscillation and the wall peak temperature increment to influence the safety of high-pressure pipeline.

Experimental and numerical analysis of heat transfer to water at supercritical pressures

Heat transfer to supercritical water were investigated both experimentally and numerically. A 2-m long vertical upward smooth tube with a diameter of 19mm was tested at pressures ranged from 11 to 32MPa, values of mass flux from 170 to 800kg·m−2·s−1 and heat fluxes up to 600kW·m−2. Various dimensionless parameters representing effects of property variations, buoyancy and thermal induced acceleration were estimated. Some of them show unique and strong relations to heat transfer coefficient, while no single behavior of independence is obtained with the majority of them. This result indicates additional parameters are required in case these dimensionless parameters are applied to predict supercritical heat transfer. Based on the experimental data, six typical correlations were evaluated. It turns out that the Mokry et al. correlation and Bishop et al. correlation show the best performance in predicting heat transfer. The shear stress transport k-ω model was employed to numerical analysis. Results of numerical prediction show a good agreement with experimental data, which proves the suitability of the present model. According to the result, physical mechanisms of both enhanced and deteriorated heat transfer at supercritical pressure are revealed. The integral effect of specific heat and buoyancy effect are the main reasons resulting in the abnormal heat transfer.

Do temperature variations at the bearing surface during gait affect polyethylene wear in Charnley low-friction arthroplasty of the hip? Simulator study comparing UHMWPE and highly cross-linked polyethylene

IntroductionThere are significant individual variations in the polyethylene (PE) wear of Charnley total hip arthroplasty (THA) in published studies. This could be in part related to variations in hip joint kinematics with abnormal heating at the metal/PE interface. The objectives of our hip simulator experiment were: (1) to measure PE wear as a function of hip kinematics and temperature variations at the interface; (2) to compare ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) to latest generation highly cross-linked PE (XLPE). HypothesisOur hypothesis was that PE wear is correlated with temperature increases at the interface and thereby hip joint kinematics. Material and methodsA simulator study was performed with four UHMWPE cups (Initiale™, Amplitude, Valence, France) and two XLPE cups (X3, Stryker, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA) subjected to 5 million cycles each. The temperature at the femoral head/cup interface was measured every 500 cycles and implant dimensions were measured every 1 million cycles. ResultsThe average temperature was 42°C for 1Hz and 50°C for 1.5Hz, no matter the type of PE tested. There was a large difference between UHMWPE and XLPE in their roughness, but no temperature variations or wear effects. Femoral head penetration after the first 1 million cycles was 0.18mm for the XLPE and 0.075mm UHMWPE on average. Between 1 and 5 million cycles, the penetration was less than 0.1mm per million cycles, with XLPE being similar to UHMPWE. DiscussionOur study found a significant temperature increase at the bearing interface as a function of frequency. But there was no correlation between temperature variations and PE degradation. However, shear stresses were under-estimated because our simulator could not reproduce abduction and adduction movements. Our hypothesis was not confirmed because PE deformation was not correlated to temperature variations. XLPE was not better than UHMWPE in the particular conditions of this study. Simulator studies are limited because of the lack of standards on cycling and the simulator bath. Level of evidenceIII–prospective case-control study in vitro.

Spring land temperature anomalies in northwestern US and the summer drought over Southern Plains and adjacent areas

Recurrent drought and associated heatwave episodes are important features of the US climate. Many studies have examined the connection between ocean surface temperature changes and conterminous US droughts. However, remote effects of large-scale land surface temperature variability, over shorter but still considerable distances, on US regional droughts have been largely ignored. The present study combines two types of evidence to address these effects: climate observations and model simulations. Our analysis of observational data shows that springtime land temperature in northwest US is significantly correlated with summer rainfall and surface temperature changes in the US Southern Plains and its adjacent areas. Our model simulations of the 2011 Southern Plains drought using a general circulation model and a regional climate model confirm the observed relationship between land temperature anomaly and drought, and suggest that the long-distance effect of land temperature changes in the northwest US on Southern Plains droughts is probably as large as the more familiar effects of ocean surface temperatures and atmospheric internal variability. We conclude that the cool 2011 springtime climate conditions in the northwest US increased the probability of summer drought and abnormal heat in the Southern Plains. The present study suggests a strong potential for more skillful intra-seasonal predictions of US Southern Plains droughts when such facts as ones presented here are considered.

Numerical investigation on conjugate heat transfer to supercritical CO2 in membrane helical coiled tube heat exchangers

ABSTRACTConjugate heat transfer to supercritical CO2 in membrane helical coiled tube heat exchangers has been numerically investigated in the present study. The purpose is to provide detailed information on the conjugate heat transfer behavior for a better understanding of the abnormal heat transfer mechanism of supercritical fluid. It could be concluded that the supercritical fluid mass flux and vertical/horizontal placement would significantly affect the abnormal heat transfer phenomenon in the tube side. The flow field of supercritical fluid is affected by both the buoyancy and centrifugal force in the conjugate heat transfer process. The local wall temperature and heat transfer coefficient in the tube side would rise and fall periodically for the horizontal heat exchanger, but this phenomenon will gradually disappear with the increase of the mass flow rate or fluid temperature in the tube side. The dual effects of buoyancy force and centrifugal force lead to the deflection of the second flow direction for the vertical placement, which further results in the heat transfer deterioration region on the top-generatrix wall for the downward flow being larger than that for the upward flow.

Heating phenomenon in unclean composite insulators

Abstract Abnormal heating phenomenon may be the precursor of fracture on composite insulator in the transmission line. In this paper, in order to study abnormal heating phenomenon of composite insulators during regular inspection, two operating composite insulators which had been in service for six years in 500 kV transmission line, and a new composite insulator of the same type, were inspected by infrared imaging tests. To understand the characteristic of temperature gradients varying with pollution level and relative humidity (RH), infrared imaging and leakage current of the samples with different amount of pollution placed in the climatic chamber were monitored. The results show that uneven heating along the housing occurs on the high voltage end. With the increase of the pollution level, the phenomenon of temperature rise becomes severer. What's more, RH was found to play an important role with the heating phenomenon. By analyzing the results of temperature rise under different RH with various levels of pollution, the abnormal heating on the polluted composite insulators was found to be caused by polarization loss of the water absorbed by the interface of the housing and resistive leakage current induced by pollution on the high voltage end.

ADAPTIVE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THERMAL PROCESSES IN A COSINE POWER CAPACITOR

The existing protection and diagnostics systems are unable to detect the power capacitor abnormal heating caused by the development of its malfunctions. A diagnosis technique is presented that provides discovering such a heating at its early manifestation. The technique includes algorithms and an apparatus component in a form of a digital device, and it is based on continuous measuring of a capacitor body surface temperature, ambient temperature, voltages and currents from the power source. On the basis of measured values the active power losses in the capacitor and the temperature of the hottest point of its dielectric were calculated. Thereafter, the calculated average daily values of the temperature was analyzed, and, should the tendency of permanent increase of these values is detected, the diagnosis alarms of danger levels of abnormal heating are formed, viz. a low level, an average level, a high level and a very high level. The presented algorithms have been developed heuristically. Their final formation is possible only after years of operation of the proposed diagnosis system applied to the real objects. Because of application of the diagnosis system the probability of capacitor units’ failure will be lower and thus the dependability of the power supply may be higher. The implementation of the developed system will reduce the probability of sudden failure of capacitor units, and, correspondingly, will increase the reliability of the electricity supply system of an enterprise.

THE DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUE OF ABNORMAL HEATING OF POWER CAPACITORS

The existing system of protection and diagnostics are not able to detect abnormal heating of the power capacitors caused by its internal malfunction formation. The paper contains a proposal of a technique that enables to detect such heat at its early study. This technique consists of a hardware and an algorithms. The hardware consists of a microprocessor-based instrument developed by the author, of measuring transformers of current and of temperature sensors. This equipment must be connected to the condenser unit with a rated voltage of 380 V. In operation, the device performs continuous measurement of the surface temperature of the casing of each condenser, the temperature of the external environment, voltage and current from the power source. The measured values are used in the mathematical model of thermal processes that enables to calculate the temperature of the hottest point of each capacitor in real-time. Then the calculation of the intrinsic difference ΔΘ1° between the average temperature values of the dielectric and the base average value of this temperatures during the second day from the start of the measurements. If the Dq1 value exceeds the value of the absolute error of simulation, diagnostic signals of abnormal levels of heating, viz. low, medium, high and very high, are generated. It is also necessary to calculate the rate of change of ΔΘ1° and to consider the values obtained in the formation of hazard levels. For the low level and the average level of hazard the operation of diagnostic system with a visual signal is recommended, while for the high level of hazard it is recommended to use both visual and sound signals, and for the very high hazard level the capacitor ought to be turned off from the source. The algorithms have been developed heuristically. The final formation of the algorithms is possible only after the long-term operation of the proposed diagnosis system on real objects. The implementation of the developed system will reduce the probability of sudden failure of capacitor units and, correspondingly, will increase the reliability of power supply system of enterprise.

リチウムイオン電池の異常発熱時における冷却システムの実証実験

The purpose of this study is to maintain the performance of LiB (lithium-ion battery) of electric vehicle by controlling temperature of LiB. We verified the effectiveness of cooling system utilizing PCM (phase change material) and HP (heat pipe) at the time of sharp temperature rise of LiB as in abnormal heat emission. As a result, we found that cooling by PCM was more effective than cooling by HP at the time of sharp temperature rise of LiB.

From seafloor spreading to obduction: Jurassic–Cretaceous evolution of the northern branch of the Neotethys in the Northeastern Anatolian and Lesser Caucasus regions

Abstract We present arguments for an innovative tectonic set-up just prior to the Northern Neotethys obduction event in the NE Anatolian and Lesser Caucasus area. Along the Northern Neotethyan suture (the Ankara–Erzincan–Amasia–Sevan–Akera suture zone), relicts of the northern branch of the Neotethys oceanic domain outcrop as preserved unmetamorphosed slivers obducted over the northern edge of the South Armenian Block (SAB) and Taurides–Anatolides Platform (TAP) margins. Recent studies have shown that the ophiolitic bodies are formed of similar lithologies of Middle Jurassic age, all bearing mid-ocean ridge basalt chemical compositions enriched in large ion lithophile elements. This extensive database supports a model in which these ophiolites are derived from a single obducted nappe. This model is supported by the metamorphic pressure–temperature–time paths of the sole lithologies under the outcrops of the suture zone ophiolites. Palaeontological dating of sediment deposits directly under or sealing the obduction contact also support this model by temporally linking the emplacement of distant ophiolite outcrops. General emplacement during early Late Cretaceous time has been determined. A south-dipping subduction under the SAB shortly predating obduction has recently been proposed from the metamorphic and magmatic evolution preserved in the SAB crystalline basement, founding a model featuring opposite-direction subduction from at least late Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times. The emplacement of alkaline pillow basalts directly on the oceanic crust is dated as Early to mid-Cretaceous. These dates argue the existence of abnormal mantle heat flows which may be responsible for a decrease in the density of the 80 Ma-old oceanic lithosphere prior to its obduction onto the SAB–TAP. We present a detailed review of recent data to further constrain the structural and geodynamic evolution of this sector and to define the tectonic set-up just prior to the obduction event.