Ablation Of Breast Cancer Cells Research Articles

Mucilage-assisted fabrication of molybdenum trioxide nanostructures for photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells.

Nanostructures have been used for various biomedical applications due to their optical, antibacterial, magnetic, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties. Cancer is a prevalent disease that severely threatens human life and health. Thus, innovative and effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required for cancer. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach to killing cancer cells. In this investigation, we developed a low-cost, simple, green technique to fabricate molybdenum trioxide nanostructures (MNs) using Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage as a template. Moreover, the MNs were functionalized with folic acid (FA) for cancer PTT. The X-ray diffractometer results revealed that the prepared MNs have an orthorhombic crystal phase. The transmission electron microscope image of MNs shows a flake shape with 20-150nm diameter. The cytotoxicity of MNs and FA-conjugated MNs was studied in vitro. These cell viability assay results suggested that fabricated MoO3 nanostructures reduced 25% of cell viability in MCF-7 cells, even at high doses. However, even with high-dose treatment, FA/MNs do not cause significant cell death. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining revealed DNA and chromatin condensation in MCF-7 cells exposed to MNs. Overall, the in vitro study results suggested that FA/MNs have excellent biocompatibility, which applies to biomedical applications. MNs dispersion temperature gradually increases from 26 to 58°C under 808nm laser irradiation. We found significant mortality rates after NIR irradiation in MNs- or FA/MNs-treated MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that FA/MNs can be used as an effective photothermal agent to treat breast cancer.

Synthesis of folic acid loaded g-C3N4/Ag2S nanohybrids for near infrared light mediated photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells

Synthesis of folic acid loaded g-C3N4/Ag2S nanohybrids for near infrared light mediated photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells

Molecular Engineering of Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generators with Near‐Infrared AIE Features for Mitochondrial Targeted Photodynamic Therapy

AbstractAggregation‐caused fluorescence quenching with insufficient production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has limited the application of photosensitizers (PSs) in fluorescence‐imaging‐guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). Aggregation‐induced emission PSs (AIE‐PSs) exhibit enhanced fluorescence intensity and a high efficiency of ROS generation in the aggregation state, which provides an opportunity to solve the above problems. Herein, a series of AIE‐PSs are successfully designed and synthesized by adjusting the D–A intensity through molecular engineering. The photophysical properties and theoretical calculations prove that the synergistic effect of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene and quinolinium increases the intramolecular charge transfer effect (ICT) of the whole molecule and promotes the intersystem crossing (ISC) from the lowest excited singlet state (S1) to the lowest triplet state (T1). Among these AIE‐PSs, the optimal AIE‐PS (TPA‐DT‐Qy) exhibits the highest generation yield of 1O2 (5.3‐fold of Rose Bengal). Further PDT experiments show that the TPA‐DT‐Qy has a highly efficient photodynamic ablation of breast cancer cells (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231) under white light irradiation. Moreover, the photodynamic antibacterial study indicates that TPA‐DT‐Qy has the discrimination and excellent photodynamic inactivation of S. aureus. This work provides a feasible strategy for the molecular engineering of novel AIE‐PSs to improve the development of fluorescence‐imaging‐guided PDT.

Drug-Loaded Platform Based on Metal-Organic Framework for Photodynamic Ablation of Breast Cancer Cells

Drug-Loaded Platform Based on Metal-Organic Framework for Photodynamic Ablation of Breast Cancer Cells

Folic Acid-Functionalized Composite Scaffolds of Gelatin and Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Ablation of Breast Cancer Cells.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) has been developed as a useful therapeutic method for cancer treatment. Localization of PTT agents in cancer sites and targeting capacity are required to further increase therapeutic efficacy. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and gelatin were functionalized with folic acid (FA) and hybridized to prepare FA-functionalized gelatin–AuNPs composite scaffolds. AuNPs with rod and star shapes of three sizes (40, 70, and 110 nm) were used for the hybridization to investigate the influence of AuNPs shape and size. The composite scaffolds showed porous structures with good interconnectivity. Modification with FA increased capture capacity of the composite scaffolds. Hybridization with AuNPs rendered the composite scaffold a good photothermal conversion property under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Temperature change during laser irradiation increased with the laser power intensity and irradiation time. The shape and size of AuNPs also affected their photothermal conversion property. The composite scaffold of gold nanorods 70 (FA-G/R70) had the highest photothermal conversion capacity. Breast cancer cells cultured in the FA-G/R70 composite scaffold were killed under NIR laser irradiation. Mouse subcutaneous implantation further demonstrated the excellent photothermal ablation capability of FA-G/R70 composite scaffold to breast cancer cells. The FA-functionalized composite scaffolds were demonstrated a high potential for local PPT of breast cancer.

A simple strategy for chemo-photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells by novel smart gold nanoparticles.

Combined therapeutics dependent on the synergistic effect between photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy have been anticipated to be the next generation of cancer treatment. For this purpose, a novel gold hydrosol was synthesized by a one-pot approach using poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate-co- N-isopropylacrylamide-co- 2-vinylpyridine) P(DMAEMA-co-NIPAAM-co-VP) terpolymers as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized gold hydrosol was recoated by a novel carboxylic acid rich poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-maleic anhydride-graft-citric acid) (PNIPAAm-co-PMA-g-CA) copolymer. Then the gold nanoparticles conjugated with Doxorubicin (DOX) and served as a smart photo synthesizer for chemo/photothermal therapy of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The synthesized nanoparticles had mono-dispersed spherical morphology with a diameter below 30 nm. Our results from cellular uptake indicated that around 100% of the particles were uptake by MCF-7 cells in the first 3 h of exposure time. The temperature of nanocomposites considerably went up to 45 °C with 10 min exposure to near-infrared irradiation. As a striking result, a single round of PTT combined with a sub-therapeutic dose of DOX revealed a synergistic effect with an ability of robust anti-tumor response up to 99.99% (sum of the population of apoptotic and necrotic cells) demonstrated by Annexin-V, cell cycle and DAPI staining techniques. In conclusion, Near-infrared-mediated photothermal conversion exhibited high effectiveness of a combinational chemo-thermotherapy to treat cancer cells.

Biocompatible Chitosan Oligosaccharide Modified Gold Nanorods as Highly Effective Photothermal Agents for Ablation of Breast Cancer Cells.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) using biocompatible nanomaterials have recently attracted much attention as a novel candidate technique for cancer therapy. In this work we report the performance of newly synthesized multidentate chitosan oligosaccharide modified gold nanorods (AuNRs-LA-COS) as novel agents for PTT of cancer cells due to their excellent biocompatibility, photothermal stability, and high absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The AuNRs-LA-COS exhibit a strong NIR absorption peak at 838 nm with a mean length of 26 ± 3.1 nm and diameter of 6.8 ± 1.7 nm, respectively. The temperature of AuNRs-LA-COS rapidly reached 52.6 °C for 5 min of NIR laser irradiation at 2 W/cm2. The AuNRs-LA-COS had very low cytotoxicity and exhibited high efficiency for the ablation of breast cancer cells in vitro. The tumor-bearing mice were completely ablated without tumor recurrence after photothermal treatment with AuNRs-LA-COS (25 µg/mL) under laser irradiation. In summary, this study demonstrated that AuNRs-LA-COS with laser irradiation as novel agents pave an alternative way for breast cancer therapy and hold great promise for clinical trials in the near future.

Marriage of antibody–drug conjugate with gold nanorods to achieve multi-modal ablation of breast cancer cells and enhanced photoacoustic performance

A multifunctional nano platform against cancer using SiO2-coated gold nanorods and antibody–drug conjugate is constructed. It incorporates active targeting, antibody therapy, drug therapy, photothermal therapy, and enhanced photoacoustic performance.

C-erbB-2 as a possible target for the use of magnetic nanoparticles in breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy among women worldwide and has been associated with high mortality because of the late treatment of the disease. Our group has proposed a selective ablation of breast cancer cells by the use of magnetic fields assisted by magnetic nanoparticles. The principle is to increase the conductivity of tumoral tissue by the use of a bioconjugated "nanoparticle-antibody" that recognizes specific antigens on the surface of the cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the c-erbB-2 antigen in breast cancer cells of type BT-474, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 as a possible target for the use of magnetic nanoparticles coupled to a specific Monoclonal Antibody (Mab). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry were used to estimate the relative expressions of the c-erbB-2 gene and the c-erbB-2 antigen in the cell lines, respectively. A covalent union of magnetic nanoparticles to anti c-erbB-2 Mab was used to develop the bioconjugate. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine the cells that were tagged by the bioconjugate. The results show a well-differentiated relative expression of c-erbB-2 in the studied cell lines and are qualitatively in agreement with the fluorescent marking by the magnetic nanoparticles. The selected breast cancer cells appear to be suitable for experimental evaluation of selective targeting by magnetic nanoparticles.

Ablation of Breast Cancer Cells Using Trastuzumab‐Functionalized Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Trastuzumab‐Diphtheria Toxin Conjugate

Trastuzumab (Herceptin(®) ) is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) for specific ablation of HER2-overexpressing malignant breast cancer cells. Intensification of antiproliferative activity of trastuzumab through construction of immunotoxins and nano-immunoconjugates is a promising approach for treatment of cancer. In this study, trastuzumab was directly conjugated to diphtheria toxin (DT). Also, conjugates of trastuzumab and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were constructed by covalent immobilization of trastuzumab onto MWCNTs. Then, antiproliferative activity of the fusion constructs against HER2-overexpressing SK-BR-3 and also HER2-negative MCF-7 cancer cell lines were examined. Cells treated with trastuzumab-MWCNT conjugates were irradiated with near-infrared (NIR) light. Efficient absorption of NIR radiation and its conversion to heat by MWCNTs can be resulted to thermal ablation of cancerous cells. Our results strongly showed that both trastuzumab-MWCNT and trastuzumab-DT conjugates were significantly efficient in the specific killing of SK-BR-3 cells. Targeting of MWCNTs to cancerous cells using trastuzumab followed by exposure of cells to NIR radiation was more efficient in repression of cell proliferation than treatment for cancer cells with trastuzumab-DT. Our results also showed that conjugation linkers can significantly affect the cytotoxicity of MWCNT-immunoconjugates. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that trastuzumab-MWCNT is a promising nano-immunoconjugate for killing of HER2-overexpressing cancerous cells.

Gold–chitin–manganese dioxide ternary composite nanogels for radio frequency assisted cancer therapy

Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) based chitin-MnO2 ternary composite nanogels (ACM-TNGs) were prepared by the regeneration of chitin along with MnO2 nanorods (5–20 nm) and the incorporation of 10 nm sized Au-NPs to make “ACM-TNGs”. They were characterized with FT-IR, TG, and UV spectroscopy. The SEM showed spindle shaped 200 nm sized chitin–MnO2 nanogels (chitin–MnO2 NGs), whereas ACM-TNGs had spindle sizes of 220 nm. The ACM-TNGs were compatible up to 1 mg mL−1 and showed uptake into L929, HDF, MG63, T47D and A375 cell lines without affecting the cellular morphology. ACM-TNGs showed conductivity, and heating under a radio frequency (RF) source at 100 W for 2 min. They also showed the ability to kill breast cancer cells under RF radiation at 100 W for 2 min, when compared with the chitin–MnO2 NGs. The RF assisted ablation of breast cancer cells was confirmed by a live/dead assay. These results suggests that ACM-TNGs could be useful for the RF assisted cancer cells ablation with minimal toxicity compared with MnO2 nanorods.

Nanoparticle Mediated Thermal Ablation of Breast Cancer Cells Using a Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field

In the past, ablation of cancer cells using radiofrequency heating techniques has been demonstrated, but the current methodology has many flaws, including inconsistent tumor ablation and significant ablation of normal cells. Other researchers have begun to develop a treatment that is more selective for cancer cells using metallic nanoparticles and constant electric field exposure. In these studies, cell necrosis is induced by heating antibody functionalized metallic nanoparticles attached to cancer cells. Our approach to studying this phenomenon is to use similarly functionalized metallic nanoparticles that are specific for the T47D breast cancer cell line, exposing these nanoparticle cell conjugates to a nanosecond pulsed electric field. Using fluorescent, polystyrene-coated, iron-oxide nanoparticles, the results of our pilot study indicated that we were able to ablate up to approximately 80% of the cells using 60 ns pulses in increasing numbers of pulses and up to approximately 90% of the cells using 300 ns pulses in increasing numbers of pulses. These quantities of ablated cells were achieved using a cumulative exposure time 6 orders of magnitude less than most in vitro constant electric field studies.

The importance of cellular internalization of antibody-targeted carbon nanotubes in thephotothermal ablation of breast cancer cells

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) convert absorbed near infrared (NIR) light intoheat. The use of CNTs in the NIR-mediated photothermal ablation of tumor cells isattractive because the penetration of NIR light through normal tissues is optimal and theside effects are minimal. Targeted thermal ablation with minimal collateral damage can beachieved by using CNTs attached to tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs).However, the role that the cellular internalization of CNTs plays in the subsequentsensitivity of the target cells to NIR-mediated photothermal ablation remains undefined.To address this issue, we used CNTs covalently coupled to an anti-Her2 or a controlMAb and tested their ability to bind, internalize, and photothermally ablateHer2 + butnot Her2 − breast cancer cell lines. Using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and confocal Raman microscopy,we observed the gradual time-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis of anti-Her2–CNTswhereas a control MAb–CNT conjugate did not bind to the cells. Most importantly, theHer2 + cells that internalized the MAb–CNTs were more sensitive to NIR-mediated photothermaldamage than cells that could bind to, but not internalize the MAb–CNTs. These resultssuggest that both the targeting and internalization of MAb–CNTs might result in themost effective thermal ablation of tumor cells following their exposure to NIRlight.

Gold Nanorod/Fe3O4 Nanoparticle “Nano‐Pearl‐Necklaces” for Simultaneous Targeting, Dual‐Mode Imaging, and Photothermal Ablation of Cancer Cells

Gold and pearls: Multifunctional nanoparticles, each composed of a single, amine-modified gold nanorod, decorated with multiple "pearls" of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles capped with carboxy groups, are prepared. Their effectiveness in simultaneous targeting, dual-mode imaging, and photothermal ablation of breast cancer cells is demonstrated.