Ability Of Young Adults Research Articles

Speech Outcome and Self-Reported Communicative Ability in Young Adults Born With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Comparing Long-Term Results After 2 Different Surgical Methods for Palatal Repair.

To compare speech outcome and self-reported speech and communicative ability (SOK) in young adults treated with one-stage (OS) or two-stage (TS) palatal repair. Furthermore, to compare with normative data on individuals without cleft lip and palate and to study the relationship between patients' and experts' judgments. A cross-sectional group comparison study with long-term follow-up. Participants: Patients born with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated at 2 cleft centers; 17 with OS at 14 months and 25 with TS, soft palate repair at 7 months and hard palate repair at 6.2 years. Pharyngeal flap surgery was performed in 53% (OS) and 24% (TS) of patients. Speech characteristics were blindly assessed by speech and language pathologist from audio recordings, SOK at 19 years of age. No group differences were found. Although the occurrence of nasality symptoms was low in both groups, only 60% (OS)/65% (TS) were assessed with competent velopharyngeal function (VPC). Articulation proficiency (percentage of consonants correct [PCC]) was 91%/97%, the /s/-sound specifically 87%/91%. Good intelligibility was found in 91%/87%. Patient opinion was in agreement with norms and significantly associated with intelligibility (rs = 0.436, P < .01), PCC (rs = -0.534, P < .01), and correct /s/ (rs = -0.354, P < .05). No differences in speech outcome were related to operation method. The low prevalence of VPC was not clearly reflected in nasality symptoms. Patient opinion was related to articulation and intelligibility. A higher burden of care in terms of pharyngeal flap surgery was seen after the OS technique.

등척성 체간 운동이 젊은 성인의 근지구력과 균형능력에 미치는 영향

This study aims to identify the effects of an isometric trunk exercise program on muscle endurance and balance ability in young adults. Fourteen young adults volunteered to participate in this study. Isometric muscle endurance tests (trunk curl in supine, hyperextension of trunk in prone, and arm-supporting side bridge) and one-leg standing test were used to measure muscle endurance and balance of subjects. Isometric trunk exercises were performed for 30 minutes, twice per week for 6 weeks (a total of 12 sessions), including upper and lower abdominal drawing, abdominal bracing, posterior pelvic tilting, supine bridge exercise, and alternating raising of limbs in quadruped position. After the intervention, significant improvements were found for all items of muscle endurance and balance (p<.05). These findings suggest that an isometric trunk exercise program might be favorably used to enhance muscle endurance if the trunk and balance in young adults. Further studies need to support our findings.

Respiratory allergy with concentration ability in young adults

Introduction: Respiratory allergies prevalence in Indonesia, Asia, and the world ranges from 4-10%. Patients with respiratory allergies and other chronic respiratory diseases often experienced deterioration of productivity and concentration ability. This study aims to observe the correlation between respiratory allergy and concentration ability in adults.

Autonomic Activity during a Daytime Nap Facilitates Working Memory Improvement.

Recent investigations have implicated the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system in higher-order executive functions. These actions are purported to occur through autonomic nervous system's modulation of the pFC, with parasympathetic activity during wake associated with working memory (WM) ability. Compared with wake, sleep is a period with substantially greater parasympathetic tone. Recent work has reported that sleep may also contribute to improvement in WM. Here, we examined the role of cardiac parasympathetic activity during sleep on WM improvement in healthy young adults. Participants were tested in an operation span task in the morning and evening, and during the intertest period, participants experienced either a nap or wake. We measured high-frequency heart rate variability as an index of cardiac, parasympathetic activity during both wake and sleep. Participants showed the expected boost in parasympathetic activity during nap, compared with wake. Furthermore, parasympathetic activity during sleep, but not wake, was significantly correlated with WM improvement. Together, these results indicate that the natural boost in parasympathetic activity during sleep may benefit gains in prefrontal executive function in young adults. We present a conceptual model illustrating the interaction between sleep, autonomic activity, and prefrontal brain function and highlight open research questions that will facilitate understanding of the factors that contribute to executive abilities in young adults as well as in cognitive aging.

Sensory processing patterns of young adults with preterm birth history

Purpose/aim This study aimed to evaluate the sensory processing abilities of young adults with a history of preterm birth and the factors affecting these abilities. Materials and methods Thirty-seven young adults with preterm birth history were included. After recording their sociodemographic data, sensory processing functions were evaluated using the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile. The participants’ data were compared to normative samples. Results Mean score was 43.51 ± 8.29 for sensory sensitivity, 44.45 ± 9.19 for sensation avoiding, 33.43 ± 8.45 for low registration, and 47.97 ± 9.91 for sensation seeking. Compared to normative samples, 78% of participants in sensation avoiding quadrant, 62% of participants in sensory sensitivity quadrant, 40% of participants in low registration quadrant and sensation seeking quadrant had atypical scores. When sensory profile scores were analysed according to mode of birth, percentages of typical sensory sensitivity and sensation avoiding were low in both the normal vaginal and caesarean delivery subgroups. When analysed by gestational age at birth, ratios of abnormality in sensation avoiding were similar between individuals with very early, early, and late preterm delivery history. Statistically significant difference was found in low registration and sensation avoiding quadrants according to mode of birth (p < .05). There were no statistically significant sex-based and gestational age at birth differences in any of the four quadrants of the sensory profile in the preterm group (p > .05). Conclusion These results showed that young adults with preterm birth history have differences in sensory processing compared to the general population and should be evaluated for sensory processing patterns.

Mediating Factors for the Relationship between Stress and Work Ability over Time in Young Adults.

Stress can affect work ability. The aim of this study was to identify how this pathway is mediated over time in young adults. Participants of the Work Ability in Young Adults cohort were selected. A theoretical framework was built, which lead to a statistical model. Selected dimensions of mediators were recovery, work demands affecting private life, feelings of control over private life, and physical activity in leisure time. A quadruple serial mediation model was built with four mediators. The total effect of stress on work ability was −0.3955, 95% CI [−0.4764, −0.3146]. The total indirect effect amounted to 81% with an effect of −0.3182, 95% CI [−0.3750, −0.2642]. The relationship between stress and Work Ability Score five years later in young adults was mediated by stress five years later, work demands affecting private life, feelings of control over private life and feeling well-rested upon waking. These results indicate that work demands affecting private life and feelings of control over private life are important mediators of the relationship between stress and work ability in young adults. A well-balanced relationship between work and private life can counteract the influence of stress on work ability in this age group.

Emotion regulation and empathic abilities in young adults: The role of attachment styles

Much research has shown strong relationships between attachment security and the development of emotion regulation (ER) and empathic abilities in childhood. However, less is known about how attachment styles influence ER and empathy in adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine how differences in attachment styles influence the relationships between ER and affective and cognitive empathy in adults. From a total sample of 870 participants, 168 individuals were selected according to their specific attachment style and completed self-reports of attachment styles, ER difficulties, and affective and cognitive empathy. Concerning empathic dimensions, anxious individuals reported higher personal distress and fantasy than secure and avoidant individuals. The results also revealed that individuals with anxious attachment had higher ER difficulties than secure and avoidant individuals. Furthermore, partial least square modeling highlighted that the mediating role of ER in the relationship between attachment and empathy varied according to the attachment styles and the dimensions of empathy. This study emphasizes the role of attachment profiles and ER competences in developing cognitive and affective empathic abilities in adults.

Changes in human walking dynamics induced by uneven terrain are reduced with ongoing exposure, but a higher variability persists

During walking, uneven terrain alters the action of the ground reaction force from stride to stride. The extent to which such environmental inconsistencies are withstood may be revealed by the regulation of whole-body angular momentum (L) during walking. L quantifies the balance of momenta of the body segments (thigh, trunk, etc.) about their combined center of mass, and remains close to zero during level walking. A failure to constrain L has been linked to falls. The aim of this study was to explore the ability of young adults to orchestrate their movement on uneven terrain, illustrated by the range of L (LR) and its variability (vLR). In eleven male adults, we observed significant increases in sagittal plane LR, and vLR in all three planes of motion during walking on an uneven in comparison to a flat surface. No reductions in these measures were observed within a 12-minute familiarisation period, suggesting that unimpaired adults either are unable to, or do not need to eliminate the effects of uneven terrain. Transverse plane LR, in contrast, was lower on immediate exposure, and then increased, pointing to the development of a less restrictive movement pattern, and would support the latter hypothesis.

S59DELINEATING TCF4 GENETIC NETWORKS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION

We examined the association between cognitive ability in young adulthood and dementia in Danish men, brothers, and male twins.In total, 666,986 men born between 1939 and 1959 were identified for dementia diagnosis in national registries from 1969 to 2016. The association between cognitive ability from draft board examination and dementia was examined using Cox regression.During a 44-year follow-up, 6416 (0.96%) men developed dementia, 1760 (0.26%) and 970 (0.15%) of which were classified as Alzheimer's and vascular dementia, respectively. Low cognitive ability was associated with increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR]per SD decrease 1.33 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 1.30–1.35]) with the strongest associations for vascular dementia (HRper SD decrease 1.47 [95% CI = 1.31–1.56]) and a weaker for Alzheimer's disease (HRper SD decrease 1.07 [95% CI = 1.03–1.13]). The intrabrother and twin analyses (taking shared family factors into account) showed attenuated risk estimates but with wide CIs.Low early-life cognitive ability increases the risk of dementia before the age of 78 years. The association is partly explained by shared family factors.

Neonatal vitamin D levels and cognitive ability in young adulthood.

Intelligence has a strong influence on life capability, and thus, identifying early modifiable risk factors related to cognitive ability is of major public health interest. During pregnancy, vitamin D is transported from the mother to the fetus through the placenta in the form of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Levels of 25(OH)D have in some studies been associated with childhood neurodevelopment; however, results from all studies are not in agreement. We investigated if neonatal 25(OH)D3 concentrations were associated with Børge Priens IQ test score (BPP) in young adulthood. In this nested cohort study, 25(OH)D3 concentrations were measured in dried blood spots from 818 newborns. We followed the children for their IQ BPP test scores in the Danish Conscription Register, which holds information on test results from the BPP test on individuals who have been recruited for Danish mandatory military draft board examination. Using general linear models, we investigated the crude and adjusted relationship between quintiles of 25(OH)D3 concentrations and BPP IQ test results. The study population consisted of 95.8% men, with a mean age of 19.4years. The median and range of the neonatal 25(OH)D3levels were 26.2nmol/L (0-104.7nmol/L). The overall Wald test did not show an association between neonatal 25(OH)D3levels and BPP IQ scores (p = 0.23); however, individuals within the 3rd (BPP IQ = 101.0, 98.0-103.9) and 4th (BPP IQ = 101.2, 99.1-104.3) quintiles had slightly higher BPP IQ scores than individuals from the first quintile (BPP IQ = 97.6, 94.6-100.6). Our results support the hypothesis that individuals with the lowest levels of neonatal vitamin D might have slightly lower BPP. However, more studies are needed with larger study populations to confirm our results.

Cognitive Performance in Young APOE ε4 Carriers: A Latent Variable Approach for Assessing the Genotype-Phenotype Relationship.

The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein (APOE) gene is a widely recognized genetic risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease in older age. However, it is controversial whether there is a positive impact of the APOE ε4 allele on human cognitive performance in young adulthood, possibly representing a case of antagonistic pleiotropy. Here we explored associations of the APOE ε4 allele with cognitive ability in young adulthood. In contrast to previous studies, we used structural equation modeling that allows a multivariate measurement of the cognitive phenotype. Results based on four independent samples (N1 = 245; N2 = 300; N3 = 244; N4 = 206) overall revealed a complex effect of the APOE ε4 genotype on cognitive ability in young adulthood: Whereas the ε4 allele tends to be negatively associated with cognitive performance in individuals with lower education levels, there might be a weak positive association in persons with higher education-a finding that is partly in line with the antagonistic pleiotropy view on APOE and cognitive ability. The education-related findings support protective effects of environmental factors.

Low-level cognitive ability in young adulthood and other risk factors of depression in an observational cohort study among deployed Danish soldiers

PurposeEvidence exists of an association between pre-morbid lower cognitive ability and higher risk of hospitalization for depressive disorder in civilian cohorts. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of cognitive ability at conscription with post-deployment depression and the influence of (1) baseline factors: age, gender, and pre-deployment educational level, (2) deployment-related factors: e.g., war-zone stress and social support, and (3) co-morbid PTSD.MethodsAn observational cohort study linking conscription board registry data with post-deployment self-report data. The study population consisted of Danish Army military personnel deployed to different war zones from 1997 to 2015. The association between cognitive ability at conscription and post-deployment depression was analyzed using repeated-measure logistic regression models.ResultsStudy population totaled 9716 with a total of 13,371 deployments. Low-level cognitive ability at conscription was found to be weakly associated with post-deployment probable depression after adjustment for more important risk factors like gender, education, and deployment-related factors [odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88–0.99]. The co-occurrence rate with PTSD was nearly 60%. When adding co-morbid PTSD as an independent variable, the association between cognitive ability and probable depression became insignificant, OR 0.95, CI 0.89–1.02.ConclusionsLow cognitive ability at conscription is a risk factor for depression among returning military personnel, but unimportant compared to gender, education, and deployment-related factors. Part of this effect may be related to co-morbid PTSD. Use of cognitive ability score as an isolated selection tool cannot be recommended because of low predictive performance.

Labor augmentation during birth and later cognitive ability in young adulthood.

PurposeSynthetic oxytocin for labor augmentation during birth has been linked to negative neurodevelopment effects in children. We examined whether maternal labor augmentation was associated with lower cognitive ability in young adulthoods.Patients and methodsWe identified 330,107 individuals (96.6% were men), with noninduced labor and with a cognitive ability test score, the Børge Priens Prøve (BPP) score, from draft board examinations in 1995–2015 (mean age, 18.8 years). Information on maternal labor augmentation was ascertained from the Danish Medical Birth Register, and we calculated mean differences in the BPP score according to maternal labor augmentation. We repeated our analyses in a sub-sample of siblings to control for unmeasured familial confounding.ResultsMaternal labor augmentation was not associated with any noticeable decline in cognitive ability. However, the difference in the mean BPP score for exposure to maternal labor augmentation varied according to maternal parity, as the mean difference in BPP scores increased with increasing parity, in nulliparous: mean difference=−0.14 (95% CI=−0.23 to −0.04); in maternal parity 4+: mean difference=−1.21 (95% CI=−2.905 to −0.37). The sibling analysis showed little influence of shared familial factors on the association.ConclusionThe mean BPP was slightly lower among labor augmented compared to nonaugmented and with an increasing difference with increasing parity. However, the differences were small and could not be considered of any clinical relevance. Furthermore, the sibling analyses suggested little confounding by familial factors.

The validity of caries risk assessment in young adults with past caries experience using a screening Cariogram model without saliva tests

To evaluate the caries-predictive validity of a screening Cariogram model without saliva tests in Chinese young adults with past caries experience. Two-hundred and fifteen Chinese young adults seeking dental care were included in this observational study, with informed consent obtained. All participants were 18-29 years of age and with past caries experience. A caries risk assessment was made at baseline using a full-blown Cariogram model and a screening Cariogram model without saliva tests; this assessment included bacterial count, saliva secretion and buffer capacity. Participants were divided into five risk groups according to 'the chance of avoiding caries' expressed in Cariogram software with two models. Each participant was required to receive re-examination after 2 years and then the actual caries increment (ΔDMFS) was calculated. The correlation between ΔDMFS and the ratings of caries risk was analysed using Spearman rank correlation. Differences between the full-blown and screening models were expressed as area under the receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC). One-hundred and ninety-two participants finished the 2-year follow-up study, after 23 dropped out. The mean 2-year caries increment was 0.67 ± 1.03. Both Cariogram models displayed a statistically significant relationship with caries development (P < 0.001): more new caries was found among those assessed with high risk compared with those assessed with low risk. No statistically significant difference of the AUC was found between the two Cariogram models (P > 0.05). The Cariogram model without saliva tests does not significantly decrease the caries-predictive ability in young adults with a history of caries. This screening model is a potential tool for rapid caries risk assessment for such populations.

Cognitive ability in young adulthood predicts risk of early-onset dementia in Finnish men.

To test if the Finnish Defence Forces Basic Intellectual Ability Test scores at 20.1 years predicted risk of organic dementia or Alzheimer disease (AD). Dementia was defined as inpatient or outpatient diagnosis of organic dementia or AD risk derived from Hospital Discharge or Causes of Death Registers in 2,785 men from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, divided based on age at first diagnosis into early onset (<65 years) or late onset (≥65 years). The Finnish Defence Forces Basic Intellectual Ability Test comprises verbal, arithmetic, and visuospatial subtests and a total score (scores transformed into a mean of 100 and SD of 15). We used Cox proportional hazard models and adjusted for age at testing, childhood socioeconomic status, mother's age at delivery, parity, participant's birthweight, education, and stroke or coronary heart disease diagnosis. Lower cognitive ability total and verbal ability (hazard ratio [HR] per 1 SD disadvantage >1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.63) scores predicted higher early-onset any dementia risk across the statistical models; arithmetic and visuospatial ability scores were similarly associated with early-onset any dementia risk, but these associations weakened after covariate adjustments (HR per 1 SD disadvantage >1.57, 95% CI 0.96-2.57). All associations were rendered nonsignificant when we adjusted for participant's education. Cognitive ability did not predict late-onset dementia risk. These findings reinforce previous suggestions that lower cognitive ability in early life is a risk factor for early-onset dementia.

A bidirectional association between cognitive ability in young adulthood and epilepsy: a population-based cohort study.

To investigate the bidirectional association between cognitive ability in young adulthood and epilepsy. This cohort study included 1 159 076 men enrolled in the mandatory conscription board examination from the Danish Conscription Database (DCD; 658 465 men examined 1957-84), the Danish Defence Personnel Organization Database (DPOD; 216 509 men examined 1987-2005) and the Danish Conscription Registry (DCR; 284 102 men examined 2006-15). A supplementary analysis included 14 814 female volunteers. Cognitive ability was measured at conscription, and epilepsy was ascertained by physician diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registries 1977-2016 [using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes: ICD-8-345; ICD-10-G40-G41]. Differences in cognitive ability in relation to epilepsy status at the time of conscription (age 19) were calculated using linear regression. The risk of epilepsy associated with cognitive ability was estimated using Cox regression models, split at age at follow-up (40 and 60 years) and adjusted for year of birth, cerebrovascular disease, traumatic brain injury and education. In all, 5097 (1.0%) men from the DPOD and DCR were diagnosed with epilepsy before conscription, and they had about 0.25 standard deviation (SD) lower cognitive scores than men without epilepsy. The largest difference in cognition was seen for those with the largest number of hospital contacts. A total of 22 364 (1.9%) men developed epilepsy, and cognitive ability was inversely associated with the risk of epilepsy. With the end of follow-up at age 40 years, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR)per SD increase was 0.75 (95% confidence interval = 0.73-0.77). The association attenuated with increasing age at diagnosis. The findings were replicated in female conscripts. The cognitive impairment seen in adults with epilepsy seems to reflect combined effects of epileptic processes and lower premorbid cognitive ability.

A concept analysis of young adults; Perception of HIV Counselling and Testing

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate perceptions of young adults regarding HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) and the factors contributing to either negative or positive perceptions towards the programme. This article is a report of a concept analysis of young adults' perceptions of HCT that were collected during the study.Background: Perception forms the core of HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) use by young adults, because it is from these perceptions that young adults will decide to follow an HCT programme or not, depending on how they perceive the programme. HCT as an entry point in HIV and AIDS services should be accessible and young adults' perceptions towards the programme be promoted in order to assist them to develop positive perceptions towards the programme, which will enhance its uptake.Data sources: A literature search was undertaken using internet search engines, different journals, websites and electronic literature indexes. A sample of 60 documents met the criteria. The inclusion criterion was any article addressing perceptions in psychology, social sciences, nursing and education were reviewed.Review method: A concept analysis was conducted according to the steps of Rodger andKnafl (2000); Walker and Avant (2005) and Wilson (1963).Results: Perception has been defined as a constructive process that relies on a top-down processing. This entails that people make inferences about what they see and try to make a best guess as to what the object is all about. Attributes for perception were defined as intensity and physical dimension of stimulus, past experiences, and attention factors such as readiness to respond to the stimulus, motivation and emotional state of the subject. Consequences include increasedHCTuptake by young adults, a positive lifestyle, a reduction in the spreading of HIV and AIDS and lowered HIV statistics amongst young adults.Conclusion: The study findings related to HCT and perceptions paved the way towards a further understanding of HCT as an entry programme in HIV/AIDS services or programmes in relation to young adults. The ability of young adults to use their auditory senses to hear the nurses talk about HCT and HIV, the ability to see the attitudes displayed by HCT counsellors, and their perceptions with regard to lack of privacy, together with a lack of treatment for HIV made young adults to perceive HCT programme as being of less importance to them.

Jumping Ability in Young Adults with Spastic Cerebral Palsy – a Comparative Study of Controls

“Signs of Central Nervous System Disorders” discusses the most important signs of damage to the two components of the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord. Damage to certain areas of the brain produces neuropsychologic abnormalities, but damage to either the brain or spinal cord generally produces patterns of paresis, reflex abnormalities, sensory loss, and incoordination. The physician recognizing the pattern will be able to identify (localize) the damaged area (lesion) of the central nervous system. Knowing the history and the localization of the lesion will suggest diseases most likely responsible for the patient's illness.

Association between breastfeeding and better preserved cognitive ability in an elderly cohort of Finnish men.

Being breastfed in infancy has been shown to benefit neurodevelopment. However, whether the benefits persist to old age remains unclear. We examined the associations between breastfeeding and its duration on cognitive ability in young adulthood and old age, and on aging-related cognitive change over five decades. In total, 931 men from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born in 1934-1944 in Finland took the Finnish Defence Forces Basic Intellectual Ability Test (total and verbal, arithmetic and visuospatial subtest scores) twice, at ages 20.2 and 67.9 years, and had data on breastfeeding (yes v. no) and its duration ('never breastfed', 'up to 3', '3 to 6' and '6 or more months'). Linear and mixed model regressions tested the associations. At 20.2 years, breastfed men had higher cognitive ability total and visuospatial subtest scores [mean differences (MDs) ranged between 3.0-3.9, p values < 0.013], and its longer duration predicted higher cognitive ability total and arithmetic and visuospatial subtest scores (MDs ranged between 3.0 and 4.8, p values < 0.039). At 67.9 years, breastfed men had higher total cognitive ability and all subtest scores (MDs ranged between 2.6 and 3.4, p values < 0.044) and its longer duration predicted all cognitive ability scores (MDs ranged between 3.1 and 4.7, p values < 0.050). Verbal subtest scores decreased over five decades in men who were never breastfed or were breastfed for 3 months or less, and increased in those breastfed for longer than 3 months. Neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding and its longer duration persist into old age, and longer duration of breastfeeding may benefit aging-related change, particularly in verbal reasoning ability.

Jumping Ability in Young Adults with Spastic Cerebral Palsy – a Comparative Study of Controls

We introduce the idea of implementation under ambiguity. In particular, we study maximin efficient notions for an ambiguous asymmetric information economy (i.e., economies where agents' preferences are maximin à la Wald, 1950). The interest on the maximin preferences lies in the fact that maximin efficient allocations are always incentive compatible (de Castro and Yannelis, 2009), a result which is false with Bayesian preferences. A noncooperative notion called maximin equilibrium is introduced which provides a noncooperative foundation for individually rational and maximin efficient notions. Specifically, we show that given any arbitrary individually rational and ex-ante maximin efficient allocation, there is a direct revelation mechanism that yields the efficient allocation as its unique maximin equilibrium outcome. Thus, an incentive compatible, individually rational and efficient outcome can be reached by means of noncooperative behavior under ambiguity.