Abd al-Karim Research Articles

Reviews

REVIEWS John O. HUNWICK: Shari- � a in Songhay: The Replies of al-Magh � l � to the Questions of Askia al-H � jj Muhammad, London: Oxford Univer- sity Press for the British Academy, 1985, pp. xv, 165. Bibliography. Maps. Index/Glossary. Arabic text pp. 48. £23.00. Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Karim al-Maghili (d.1506), the subject of this book, was an important figure in the history of Islam in Africa. Born and educated in North Africa, al-Maghili later came to reside in Songhay in the late fifteenth century. This was during the time of the ruler, Askia Muhammad Ture, who became his

The founding of the PLO 1964

The issue of the Palestinian Entity (al-kiyan al-filastini) arose through the initiative of the United Arab Republic (UAR) at the 31st session of the Arab League Council (ALC) on 29 March 1959. The ALC then decided on a high-level Arab Conference to deal with 'the stages of development of the Palestinian problem' and 'the reorganization of the Palestinian people and highlighting its entity as a unified people, and not mere refugees, and whose voice would be heard in the inter-Arab arena (al-majal al-qawmi) and in the international arena through representatives who would be elected by the Palestinian people'.' The aim behind the setting up of the Palestinian Entity was the establishment of independent political institutions which would represent the Palestinians as a people. The Egyptians, from tactical motives, refrained at this stage from talking about self-determination or the establishment of a Palestinian state. The emphasis from the beginning was laid on the issue of representation. It was not by coincidence that the issue of the Palestinian Entity arose precisely through Egyptian initiative in a 'decisive period in Middle Eastern history', when 'Arab nationalism was marching from victory to victory'.) The debates and discussions which were held and the decisions which were taken on this issue in the period 1959-1963 took place against a background of conflicting political developments and processes in the Arab world. On the one hand, this period represented the climax of the realization of the Arab national dream the establishment of the United Arab Republic (UAR) (February 1958); on the other hand, it represented the lowest point of decline: the disintegration of the UAR (September 1961) produced a 'union crisis' which precluded the possibility of realizing this dream for many years. These two historical events aggravated the conflict in the Arab world between the concept of pan-Arab nationalism (qawmiyya) and that of regionalism (iqlimiyya). They created a polarity in Arab nationalism between 'the revolutionary nationalistic' stream led by Nasir and the 'moderate' stream which stood for federal unity (ittihad) on the basis of the preservation of 'independence and sovereignty' of the Arab states then led by Abd al-Karim Qasim. Between these two extremes were Arab states, mainly monarchical, who found themselves in an ambivalent situation: on the one hand, they were involved in a struggle to maintain their independence and develop their own national identity and on the other, they felt obliged to compromise and placate in order to fulfil their desire for coexistence with these two streams. This period witnessed the most serious inter-Arab conflicts that the Arab world had known since the establishment of the Arab League in 1945. It is difficult to describe the Arab world at this period in terms of 'cold war'.3 It

Muhammad Amin al-Ja'bari v. Ahmad Ya'qub 'Abd al-Karim al-'Awiwi

Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Legislative functions of Occupant — Order of occupation authorities extending right of audience in courts of occupied area to advocates of occupying State not normally qualified to practise there — Compatibility with Hague Rules, Article 43 — Whether courts of occupied area competent to review discretion of occupying authority — Right of Israeli advocate to appear in civil court in occupied “West Bank” area — The law of Jordan.

BOOK REVIEWS

Books Reviewed in this article: al‐Masih fi‘l‐Qur'ān wa‘l‐Tawrāt wa‘l‐Injil. By ‘Abd al‐Karim al‐Kha?ib. 1 Cairo: Dār al‐Kutub al‐Ḩadltha, 1966. 584 pp., L. E. 1,000. Islamic History of the Middle East. By Wilson B. Bishai. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Inc., 1968. pp. 399. The Arab Cold War, 1958–1967(Second Edition). By Malcolm Kerr. London: Oxford University Press, 1967. 169 pp. The Origins of Communism in Turkey. By George S. Harris. Stanford, California: Stanford University, The Hoover Institution, 1967. 215 pp. 12 photographs, map, end notes, appendices, bibliography, index. The Middle East: A Social Geography. By Stephen H. Longrigg. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. First published 1963; paperback issued 1967. 288 pp. 4 maps. 69 photographs.

The Kitab al-ansab of Abd Al-Karim Ibn Muhammad Al-Samani reproduced in facsimile from the Manuscript in the British Museum Add. 23, 355

The Kitab al-ansab of Abd Al-Karim Ibn Muhammad Al-Samani reproduced in facsimile from the Manuscript in the British Museum Add. 23, 355