Abbasid Research Articles

Hadith in the Ancient Schools of Law According to Joseph Schacht

In the 3rd century H, the traditions of the Prophet have been collected. In the sixth book (al-Kutub as-Sittah) only the traditions of the Prophet are prioritized. Before Asy-Syāfi‘ī (d. 204 H), in the ancient schools of law, the traditions of the Prophet received little attention. Based on this problem, the author tries to explore further how the hadith in ancient schools of law actually was according to Schacht. From two of Schacht's works: An Introduction to Islamic Law and The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, the author focuses on: 1). The ancient school of law according to Joseph Schacht; and 2). Hadith in ancient schools of law according to Joseph Schacht. The purpose of this discussion is to describe how Schacht's ideas about ancient schools of law and how hadiths are used by ancient schools of law. In this article the author uses a qualitative descriptive approach with documentary methods and historical analysis. The results of the study show that in the history of the development of legal doctrine, ancient schools of law were born from the activities of qādī (Islamic judges) and specialists who were concerned with legal issues. Their distinctive feature is geographical differences: Hijaz (Makkah and Medina), Iraq (Kufah and Basra), Syiria and Egypt. Their response to the popular practice and administrative regulations of the Umayyad dynasty (collapsed 132 H) gave birth to what is known as Islamic law. During the Abbasid dynasty, the ancient school of law changed into a new school of law based on loyalty to a teacher, which in turn formed groups such as the followers of Abū Ḥanīfah (d. 150 H), Mālik (d. 179 H), Sufyān aṡ-Ṡaurī ( d. 161 H), al-Auzā’ī (d. 157 H), and so on. The ancient legal schools had the same attitude towards hadith. They prioritize the traditions of the Companions rather than the traditions of the Prophet. This can be seen from Asy-Syāfi‘ī's polemic against the Medina and Iraqi schools. Other evidence is the distribution of the use of hadiths of the Prophet and traditions other than the Prophet in the book al-Muwaṭṭa’, Ᾱṡār Abū Yusūf and Ᾱṡār ash-Syaibānī.

The role of scientific debates in eliminating sectarian fanaticism and intellectual extremism (The Abbasid era is a model)

The role of scientific debates in eliminating sectarian fanaticism and intellectual extremism (The Abbasid era is a model)

پەيوەنديى ئەييووبييەكان لەگەڵ هێزە مەسيحيەكانى رۆژهەڵات

The Ayyubids were a dominant Kurdish family during the Abbasid era. They took control of the affairs of the Islamic world for a historical period, including the affairs of relations between the Islamic world and the Christian world. Meanwhile, they had relations with the Christian powers of the world and their neighbors, including relations with the Christian kingdoms of Georgia and Armenia. Many of the relations between the Ayyubids and the two kingdoms were often based on confrontation and conflict, although friendly relations prevailed at times, but soon the relations returned to conflict due to the influence of the forces surrounding them. The relations between the Ayyubids and the Byzantines were often cordial because both sides had a common enemy, the Crusaders, and the exchange of gifts and congratulations on each other's victories and religious respect among themselves were the distinguishing features of their relations, but sometimes the Byzantines were forced to take steps against the Ayyubids under Crusaders pressure.

Nizamulmulk II and His Political and Administrative Influences on the Seljuk State and the Abbasid Caliphate

Bu çalışma yaklaşık yarım asır Büyük Selçuklu Devletinin dini, idari ve siyasi işlerine yön veren vezirlerin reisi Nizâmülmülk’ün oğlun II. Nizâmülmülk Ebû Nasr Ahmed’in Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ve Abbâsî Hilafeti üzerindeki idari ve siyasi etkileri üzerine kaleme alınmıştır. Çalışmanın girişinde Nizâmülmülk ailesinin Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ve Abbâsî hilafeti üzerindeki ağırlığına değinilmiş, devamında Nizâmülmülk oğullarının üstünlük mücadelesi anlatılmıştır. Ardı sıra Sultan Muhammed döneminde 500-504/1106-1110 yılları arasında Selçuklu vezaretini deruhte eden II. Nizâmülmülk’ün faaliyetlerine yer verilmiştir. Dört yıl 10 aylık Selçuklu vezirliği döneminde Nizâmülmülk ailesinin gücüne güç katmış, Selçuklu Devletindeki varlığını muhafaza etmiştir. 504/1110 yılında vezaret görevinden azledilen II. Nizâmülmük 12 yıl boyunca zindanda kalmıştır. 516-517/1122-1123 yılları arasında Sultan Sencer’in isteğiyle Abbâsî Halifesi el-Müşterşid Billah’ın vezirliğine yükselerek hilafetin idari, siyasi ve askeri işlerinin Selçuklu sultanlarının denetiminde kalmasını sağlamıştır. 517/1123 yılında vezirlik görevinden azledilen II. Nizâmülmülk, 25 yıl boyunca Bağdat Nizamiye Medresesinde ilimle iştigal etmiştir. Zilhicce 544/Nisan 1150 tarihinde Tus’ta vefat eden II. Nizâmülmülk, kendi evinde defnedilmiştir.

ACCEPTANCE OF THE ISLAM BY TURKS AND THE FIRST TRANSLATIONS OF THE QUR’AN IN TURKIC

After Turks had accepted Islam as the official state religion, the Qur’an was translated into Turkic as a whole. The emergence of the Islamic religion in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to the VI-VII centuries. The adoption of Islam as the official state religion among the Turks corresponds to circa three centuries after the birth of Islam. Suppose some Turkic tribes and small communities are exempted. In that case, Idil (Volga), the first independent Muslim Turkic state accepting Islam as the official state religion, is the state of Volga (Idyll) Bulgaria. Thus, Volga (Idyll) Bulgarian Khanate, the first independent Turkic-Islamic state, was completely far from Islamic countries, Bulgarian territory joined the Islamic geography with the acceptance of this religion, and the Bulgarian nation also accepted the spiritual authority of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Qarakhanid Khanate, the Ghaznavid dynasty, and the Seljuq dynasty emerged as the Turkic-Islamic state in later periods. With the acceptance of Islam as the state religion, the translation of the Qur’an into Turkic accelerated. As the patron of the religion was a state institution in this way, translation activities gained an official quality. The first translations of the Qur’an into Turkic were made using the word-for-word translation technique, which is often referred to as interlinear translation. Turkic equivalents were given to each Arabic word mentioned in the Qur’an. This method called interlinear translation is the translation technique seen in the first early Qur’an translations. Bilingualism was taken as the basis in the translations of the Qur’an, which are supposed to be made in the region of Transoxiana. In other words, both Turkic and Persian equivalents were given to Arabic words in the Qur’an translations made in this region. In the 10th century, Persian and Turkic were common languages of culture in the regions of Samarkand and Bukhara. Today, Persian domination is discussed in this geography.

Moral Foundations of Power and State in Teachings of Ibn al-Azraq

The article deals with the main ideas of the political philosophy of Abu Abdallah Ibn al-Azraq al-Garnati (1427-1491), a well-known Muslim statesman, supreme judge of Granada, lawyer, diplomat, supporter of Arab Muslim peripatetism, a student of the outstanding thinker of the Muslim Middle Ages Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406). In the history of the political philosophy of the Muslim East, a number of major transformations in the development of the Arab Caliphate from the Medina state of the prophet to the Sultanate in the Abbasid period should be noted, which were reflected in the development of the theory of the Arab-Muslim state (caliphate). The main problem of the theory of the caliphate was connected with the question of the relationship between power and authority in the context of the moral foundations of the state. The creative heritage of Ibn al-Azraq is mainly known for his work in the genre of adab ("mirrors of princes") “Miracles on the way, or the Nature of dominion”. The treatise became a classic of the political philosophy of the Muslim Middle Ages, in which, under the influence of Aristotelian ideas, a special place was given to the moral foundations of power and the state, that is, ethics was considered as a political science. In the form of instructive parables, the rulers and heirs to the throne were explained the basics of state administration as part of their studies and education. His doctrine of the virtues can be viewed as ethical rationalism with a belief in the moral perfection of people in power and subjects of the state. Since morals are largely acquired and a person can control them, the task of purifying his own morals and curing them is entrusted to him. In addition, accordingly, it is possible and necessary to cultivate virtues in rulers, since the well-being of the state and the ummah depends on their morals. The moral foundations of power determine the strength of political authority.

Attacks on Iraqi Hajj Caravans during the Abbasid Period

Hac yollarının güvenliği meselesi İslâmiyet öncesine kadar giden ve bölge insanını yakından ilgilendiren konulardan biridir. Çöllerde, hayatlarını yağma ve soygunla sürdüren Araplar, hac kervanlarını bir geçim aracı olarak görür ve fırsat bulduklarında bu kervanları yağmalardı. Bu yüzden Araplar on iki aydan dördünü haram ay olarak ilan etmek suretiyle bu problemin üstesinden gelmeye çalışmışlardır. İslâm’ın bölgede güç kazanmasıyla beraber Araplar’ın büyük çoğunluğu İslâm’ı tercih etmiştir. Müslüman olmadan önce çöllerde, geçimlerini baskın ve soygunlarla yürüten Bedevî Araplar’ın büyük bir kısmı İslâm ordusuna dâhil edilmiştir. Bu uygulama onların fetihlerle meşgul olmasını sağlamıştır. Böylece Müslümanlar uzun yıllar güvenli bir şekilde hac yolculuğuna çıkabilmiştir. Ancak Abbâsîler’in ilk asrından sonra siyasî istikrarın bozulmasıyla birlikte hac yollarının güvenliği yeniden önem kazanmıştır. Özellikle, Horasan ve Irak tarafından yola çıkan kafileler uzun ve meşakkatli bir yolculuğu göze almak zorundaydı. Buna bir de yağmacı grupların saldırıları eklenince bu yol iyice tehlikeli bir hâl almıştır. Abbâsîler dönemindeki otorite boşluğundan faydalanarak hac kafilelerine saldıran gruplar arasında çeşitli kabilelere mensup bedevî Araplar bulunmaktadır. Dinî, siyasî ve ekonomik sebeplerle ortaya çıkan Karmatîler de hac kafilelerini hedef alan diğer bir gruptur. Bu saldırıların çoğu ciddi oranda mal ve can kaybı ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Abbâsîler döneminde Irak hac kafilelerine düzenlenen saldırılar ele alınmıştır. Bu saldırıların arkasında yatan sebepler ve bunlara karşı alınan tedbirler de çalışmamız kapsamında değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Siyasî ve ekonomik istikrarın kaybolduğu dönemlerde, hac kafilelerine yönelik saldırıların artış gösterdiği görülmüş; bu süreçte, bazı bedevî kabileler ve isyancı grupların hac kafilelerini bir geçim kaynağı olarak gördüğü tespit edilmiştir.

KONDISI SOSIAL-POLITIK DINASTI BANI ABBASIYAH DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

The Abbasid dynasty had given a very high contribution to Islamic civilization in the history of Islam which was marked by the development of Islamic educational institutions and science. This development cannot be separated from the socio-political conditions that occurred at that time. Some of the factors that determine the development of Islamic education and science are the geographical conditions of the Abbasid dynasty located in Baghdad, far from Mecca and Medina which led to the emergence of ijtihad-ijtihad by ulama’ Ahl-Ra'yi; pluralism of people characterized by the presence of non-Arab or militant groups who are very militant; and the ideological feud of kalam, fiqh, and Sufism. In this case, there is a power relationship between government and science. The role of government is very important in determining the direction and form of Islamic education. A very rational style of religious understanding helped shape the development of Islamic education and science. This can be seen from the adoption of the mu'tazilah ideology as the official state ideology in Islamic theology, and the predominance of the ulama 'ahl-Ra'yi in fiqh.

Early Islamic glass (7th- 10th centuries AD) in Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar: A microcosm of a globalised industry in the early 'Abbasid period.

Eighty-two glass vessels, recovered from the excavations at the ancient Swahili settlement and port of Unguja Ukuu in Zanzibar, Eastern Africa, were analysed using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that all of the glass samples are soda-lime-silica glass. Fifteen glass vessels belong to the natron glass type and are characterised by low MgO and K2O (<1.50%), suggesting they were made from natron, a mineral flux that was widely used during the Roman period and Late Antiquity. Sixty-seven glass vessels belong to the plant ash glass type, characterised by high magnesia and potash levels (>1.50%), suggesting plant ash was the main alkali flux. Based on the major, minor and trace elements, three different compositional groups were identified for the natron glass and three were identified for the plant ash glass: (1) UU Natron Type 1, (2) UU Natron Type 2, (3) UU Natron Type 3, (4) UU Plant ash Type 1, (5) UU Plant ash Type 2 and (6) UU Plan ash Type 3. Comparison with contemporary Middle Eastern glass groups shows that UU Natron Types 1, 2 and 3 correspond to Egypt II high Na2O, Levantine I and Levantine II respectively, while UU Plant ash Type 1 matches closely with Samarra Group 2. UU Plant ash Types 2 and 3 have unique chemical fingerprints that do not match any of the contemporary plant ash glass groups, but their chemical compositions show some affinity with the old Sassanian plant ash glass, suggesting a possible Mesopotamian provenance. Combined with existing research on early Islamic glass, the authors reveal a complex trading network in the globalisation of Islamic glass, particularly involving glass corresponding to modern Iraq and Syria, in the 7th- 9th centuries AD.

Pengaruh Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Mind Map Terhadap Daya Ingat Siswa Pada Materi Ski Kelas VIII di MTSN 3 Pasaman

Abstract. The background of this research is the students' low memory for class VIII SKI material at MTsN 3 Pasaman, which the researchers can see from the low UTS scores and the way students learn during the SKI learning process. In learning the teacher still uses the lecture method so that students tend to feel bored and not focus on following the learning process. One effort that is thought to be able to overcome this is by applying mind maps to the SKI subject for class VIII students at MTsN 3 Pasaman. The purpose of this study was to find out whether there was an effect of applying mind maps to students' memory in class VIII SKI material at MTsN 3 Pasaman. This research is a quasi-experimental quantitative research with a true experimental research design. The population in this study were all students of class VIII at MTsN 3 Pasaman. Sampling was done randomly or Random Sampling. The sample in this study amounted to 68 students. Students of class VIII 3 as the experimental class and students of class VIII 6 as the control class. The instrument used by the researcher was the results of the students' SKI posttest in the form of multiple choice of 25 questions with the material on the Intellectual Glory of Muslim and Ulama Sciences during the Abbasid Daulah period. The results showed that the proportion of mastery of the experimental class students was higher than the proportion of mastery of the control class students. In the experimental class, the number of students who completed there were 27 people with a proportion of 79% and those who did not complete were 7 people with a proportion of 21% of the number of students in the experimental class, namely 34 students. Whereas in the control class, 1 person completed with a proportion of 3% and students did not complete 33 students with a proportion of 97% of 34 students. so that there is a 35.5% effect of applying the mind map on students' memory in grade VIII SKI material at MTsN 3 Pasaman. From the results of the hypothesis test tcount = 8.762 and ttable 1.6909. Because tcount &gt; ttable means that H0 is rejected at the significant level α = 0.05. From these results it can be written reject H0 and accept H1, meaning that there is an influence of the application of the mind map media on students' memory on the intellectual triumph of Muslim scientists and scholars during the Abbasid dynasty in class VIII MTsN 3 Pasaman.

An Outline of a Plagiarism Controversy from the Abbasid Era: Al-Sarī l-Raffāʾ vs. the Khālidī Brothers

Abstract One of the bitterest plagiarism controversies recorded in the medieval Arabic sources concerned the poet al-Sarī l-Raffāʾ and the two poets known as the Khālidī brothers. Based on the surviving evidence, this article examines closely the dispute between both parties in Iraq and Syria of the fourth/tenth century and the various ways in which it engaged others, including very prominent figures of the Abbasid era. Attention is paid to the development of the dispute and to the steps taken by each side to prevail over the other. The present article shows how the victory of the Khālidī brothers was structurally facilitated by the absence of formal legal mechanisms and procedures to address plagiarism allegations in the Abbasid period.

The Culture and Customs of Saqaliba in Ibn Faḍlān's Siāhat-Nāme (Travel Narrative) (921 AD-309 H)

All the journeys and tours aimed at gaining knowledge about other peoples and lands seem to have achieved the set goals. Those who have tried to have a successful trip, have never ignored the upshot of their trip, but have benefited from the results and experiences and presented them to others in the form of a travelogue. One can argue that the product of the account of these travelogues seems to be most of the concepts related to unity and human relations and the necessity to understand other societies.This research aims to investigate one of the travelogues written in the Abbasid era (656-1258), in the 10th century, namely, Ibn Faḍlan’s travelogue, which is the product of a journey to the lands of the Persians, Turks, Saqaliba, and Khazars. To this end, in the first section, using the analytical method, the course of and reasons for his journey as well as its effects will be discussed. Then, based on the analytical and comparative method, the second section deals with the Saqaliba and their role in the region, as well as relevant texts focusing on the culture and tradition of the Saqaliba and their classification.According to the findings of this research, it was Ibn Faḍlan who for the first time, provided information about Saqaliba and their relations with Bulgaria and the Slavic race. More importantly, as a political envoy, apart from his special mission, which was to promote Islam and announce the Caliph's support for Saqaliba against the Khazars, he gives an account of the culture and customs in Europe and non-Muslim countries to the Muslims and the Caliph. This report is actually the first account of European non-Muslim customs given to the caliphate system.

Medical Inventions in the Abbasid Caliphate and their Development in the Present Era

Aim: This research aimed at collecting information relating to the attention of the rulers in the Abbasid Caliphate on medical inventions and the innovative forms of the achievements in medicine in the current era. &#x0D; Methods: The doctrinal research methodology and descriptive, explanatory, analytical, and comparative research approaches were used in this study. It is worth mentioning that this research study is entirely based on library sources.&#x0D; Results: The study found that medical inventions such as construction and development of hospitals, the production and use of surgical wound sutures, the appointment of medical professionals and scholars from the various parts of the globe, first time eye, nose, and tonsillectomy surgeries happened during Abbasid Caliphate. Also, the training of some famous medical professionals and doctors like Abu Bakr al-Razi, Abul Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Nafis, Ibn Sina, Ibn al-Haytham, and Mahzab al-Din al-Baghdadi were the developments and inventions during the era of Abbasid Caliphate.&#x0D; Conclusion: Special attention was paid to the profession of medicine in the Abbasid Caliphate and many inventions and developments in the field of medicine took place.&#x0D; Recommendation: The study recommended Ministry of Public Health to organize scientific and research seminars on the personalities and achievements of famous Muslim doctors of the Abbasid Caliphate. This will assist medical doctors and other professionals of the modern era to get more reliable information about the developments, progress, and inventions of the Abbasid Caliphate era and use and take advantage of the inventions, experiences, and instructions in their professional careers.

Climate change fostered rise and fall of the Tibetan Empire during 600–800 AD

During the 7–9th century, the Tibetan Empire constituted a superpower between the Tang Empire and Abbasid Caliphate: one that played significant roles in geopolitics in Asia during the Early Medieval Period. The factors which led to the rise and rapid decline of this powerful Empire, the only united historical regime on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), remain unclear. Sub-annual scale precipitation and decadal-scale temperature records of the central TP are presented, indicating that the height of this Empire coincided with a two-century long interval of uncharacteristically warm and humid climate. The ameliorated climate enabled the expansion of arable land and increased agricultural production. The close relationship between the precipitation records and historical events implied that the Empire implemented flexible strategies to tackle the effects of climate changes. This has implications for agricultural production in alpine regions including the TP, in the context of current global warming.

Resepsi Mu’tazilah pada Dinasti Abbasiyah

This study aims to see how the Muktazilah school played a major role during the Ummayah and Abbasid dynasties by using qualitative methods through a literature research approach, this article aims to look at the political development of the Abbasid Caliphate which was full of ups and downs. It started when the rebels (Mu'tazilah and Shi'a) jointly overthrew the Umayyad caliphate and ended with the fall of Baghdad in the hands of the Mongols. But behind his political struggle, the Mu'tazilah were able to build a strong foundation to spread his teachings, especially to place influential people in the palace. During the caliphate of al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tashim, and al-Watsiq, the Mu'tazilis gained a strategic position in the Abbasid government, and because of that, controlled state policy. This article tries to reveal how the Mu'tazilites rose in influence in the internal policies of the state to the top, (especially during the mihnah period), and how their glory faded away. This fact led the writer to conclude that Wasil bin 'Atha's (founder of Mu'tazilah) strategy brought the Mu'tazilah to the peak of their political influence. Meanwhile, the controversy surrounding the mihnah itself played a role in the antipathy of the Abbasid people.&#x0D;

SEJARAH KRONOLOGI BAHASA ARAB: SEMITIK

The chronology of the development of Arabic can be traced back to the early Semitic languages spoken in the Mesopotamia and Levant regions around 3000 BC. The language underwent a significant transformation along with migration and interaction between ethnic groups in the Arabian Peninsula and beyond. Important stages in the history of the Arabic language include the period of the Old Arabic language, documented in ancient inscriptions and inscriptions, to the development of Classical Arabic in the 6th century AD which became the language of the Quran. The role of Islam and the expansion of the Arab Caliphate extended the use of this language to a wider area, thus becoming the lingua franca in science, literature, and government in the Islamic world. Standard Modern Arabic, as it is used today, is the result of an evolution of Classical Arabic with adaptations and simplifications for contemporary communication. The chronology of the development of Arabic as part of the Semitic language family shows how this language is not only a means of communication, but also a symbol of identity and cultural heritage that continues to evolve and adapt to socio-political dynamics With the advent of Islam in the 7th century AD, Classical Arabic, which is the language of the Quran, became the linguistic and cultural standard that united the Arab region. The spread of Islam and the expansion of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate led to Arabic becoming the lingua franca in a wide area, from Spain to Central Asia, replacing local languages in the context of government, science, and commerce. During this period, the Arabic language also experienced rapid development in the fields of literature, philosophy, science, and law, known as the Islamic Golden Age.

An Evaluation on The Decree of Futuvvet (1207) Published by The Abbasid Caliph Nasser-Lidinillah

An Evaluation on The Decree of Futuvvet (1207) Published by The Abbasid Caliph Nasser-Lidinillah

The Central Asian Elements in the Accounts of Sallam’s Journey (9th – 16th Centuries)

This article examines the story of the itinerary of Abbasid Caliph al-Wathiq’s envoy accomplishing the mission to visit the defensive fortifications established by Alexander Macedonian on the border with peoples “Yajuj and Majuj”. Its topicality consists in the necessity to understand adequately the history of intercultural interactions among the residents of the Eurasia Steppe. This article aims to confirm that the accounts on the traveler’s experience reflex geographical objects of Central Asia and certain custom of the local ethnic groups. Variations of the descriptions on Sallam’s journey in Arabic geographical literature from 9th to 16th centuries, from one hand, and fragments from both Arabic geographic tradition and Chinese historical and geographical works which facilitate the interpretation of the narration of the landscape, settlements and the antique custom within the peoples of Central Asia, from the other hand, are studied. Comparative and chronological approaches are applied to date the episodes of the travel, while historical-ethnological method is employed to identify realistic components in the mythological extract from Sallam’s journey. It is concluded that the story of the travel had reflected the effect of wind erosion on the Central Asian desert as well as history of conquest of the transport artery between Pamir and the Heartland of China by the Tibetans, and moreover, the typical ritual gestures which sometimes permitted the Sogidans to get rid of a complicated political dilemma.

Garosi, Eugenio: Projecting a New Empire. Formats, Social Meaning, and Mediality of Imperial Arabic in the Umayyad and Early Abbasid Periods. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2022. XXI, 443 S. 8° = Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East 42. Hardbd. € 113,95. ISBN: 978-3-11-074072-1.

Article Garosi, Eugenio: Projecting a New Empire. Formats, Social Meaning, and Mediality of Imperial Arabic in the Umayyad and Early Abbasid Periods. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2022. XXI, 443 S. 8° = Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East 42. Hardbd. € 113,95. ISBN: 978-3-11-074072-1. was published on December 1, 2022 in the journal Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (volume 117, issue 4-5).

The Basis of Clarifying the Charges Against Ibn Abbas (may God be pleased with him): An Objective Study

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This Research aims to respond to the Orientalists who were accused By Ibn Abbas, May God Be Pleased with him, Including the accusations placed In the Interpretation and the Adoption Of the Israelites and to clarify these charges and how to respond to them.it is better to present a short view about him first. He is Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd al-Manaf who was born in Mecca when he was among His People. Then after that we explained the Placement in language and Idiomatically, in the Language it is Against the Nominative. His Status Puts Him Down, And He Puts It In A Fabricated Position. As For The Terminology, It Is a Transverse Form Of Something Because Of Two Ratios, But According To The People Of hadith It Is A Fabricated Hadith, And We Also Explained Why The Orientalists chose Ibn Abbas In Accusing Him Of These Accusations, Which Is that he was living In the House Of Prophet hood. This Earns him a Place and received acceptance. From his Descendants were the Abbasid Caliphs who were they have Sovereignty and leadership in the Islamic State. Then the researcher explained after that the Narrations that Ibn Abbas was accused of, and among these narrations that were Attributed to him was in The Almighty’s Saying (God who Created Seven Heavens and the Earth Are Like Them) and how the Scholars responded to this accusation, Then the researcher also reached to injustice the Interpreters of him, Because taking from him would gain the Recipient light And knowledge. So they tried to harm him and undermine his value. The researcher explained that the Orientalists overstepped Him by accusing him of taking from the Israelites and how they attributed to him the book of Al-Isra and Al-Miraj. This Book is not found in any Printed Musnad Ibn Abbas, May God Be Pleased With Him.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;