ABB Genome Research Articles

POSTHARVEST CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITIES OF SELECTED BANANA (MUSA SPP.) CULTIVARS IN OMAN

ISHS IV International Symposium on Banana: International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa: Harnessing International Partnerships to Increase Research Impact POSTHARVEST CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITIES OF SELECTED BANANA (MUSA SPP.) CULTIVARS IN OMAN

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING EARLY FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING OF THREE MUSA CULTIVARS IN CAMEROON

ISHS IV International Symposium on Banana: International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa: Harnessing International Partnerships to Increase Research Impact PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING EARLY FRUIT DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING OF THREE MUSA CULTIVARS IN CAMEROON

SPREAD OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. MUSACEARUM IN BANANA (MUSA SPP.) PLANTS FOLLOWING INFECTION OF THE MALE INFLORESCENCE

ISHS IV International Symposium on Banana: International Conference on Banana and Plantain in Africa: Harnessing International Partnerships to Increase Research Impact SPREAD OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. MUSACEARUM IN BANANA (MUSA SPP.) PLANTS FOLLOWING INFECTION OF THE MALE INFLORESCENCE

ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF BANANA BACTERIAL WILT DISEASE ON BANANA (MUSA SPP.) PRODUCTIVITY AND LIVELIHOODS OF UGANDAN FARM HOUSEHOLDS

Banana Xanthomonas wilt disease (BXW, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv) was discovered simultaneously in 2001 in Uganda and the DR Congo, and in 2002 in neighboring Rwanda. In Uganda, the disease was first seen in the central region where ABB bananas (Musa spp.) dominate. Subsequently, the disease spread into other regions in Uganda and into Kenya and Tanzania. A collaborative study was carried out in four districts in Central Uganda to establish the factors contributing to the epidemic and to assess the impact of the disease on banana yield. On average, 33% of the total banana mats were infected with BXW between 2001 and 2004. None of the banana cultivars were resistant to the disease. However, East African highland cultivars (AAA-EAHB genome) were significantly less affected than cultivars with AAB and ABB genomes. The results showed that a participatory development communication campaign against the disease had substantial impact on reducing disease incidence. Compared to pre-infection levels, the total banana yield loss due to BXW infection was estimated at 30-52% between 2001 and 2004, hence a reduction in the amount of bananas harvested by farm households. This in turn had negative livelihood impacts. Consumption of own produced bananas, sale of bananas, prices received, and farm and total household incomes were substantially lower between BXW infected farm households than their noninfected counterparts. For affected farm households that have little or no opportunities outside banana production, other interventions, in addition to the educational campaign on controlling the disease, will be required.

Anatomy and morphology character of five Indonesian banana cultivars (Musa spp.) of different ploidy level

Sumardi I, Wulandari M (2011) Anatomy and morphology character of five Indonesian banana cultivars (Musa spp.) of different ploidy level. Biodiversitas 12: 167-175. In Indonesia there are many cultivars of banana, and some of them produce edible fruits. Beside their morphology, the character which necessary as a tool for classification is anatomical character. The aim of this research were to describe the anatomical character and morphology of fives Indonesian banana cultivars based on their level of ploidy. The cultivars were collected from Banana Germplasm Plantation, Yogyakarta District, Indonesia. The samples of roots, rhizome, and leaf were collected from five banana cultivars i.e.: Musa acuminata cv Penjalin, M. balbisiana cv Kluthuk warangan, M. acuminata cv Ambon warangan, M. paradisiaca cv Raja nangka, and M. paradisiaca cv Kluthuk susu. For anatomy observation samples were prepared using paraffin method, stained with 1% safranin in 70% ethanol. To observe the structure of stomata and epidermis surface, slide were prepared using modification of whole mount method. Slides were observed using Olympus BHB microscope completed with Olympus camera BM-10A. Stem and leaf morphology character of diploid level (AA and BB genome) is different with triploid level (AAA, AAB, and ABB genome). Anatomy and morphology character of root and rhizome of banana in diploid level (AA and BB genome) and triploid level (AAA, AAB, and ABB genome) is quite similar. Distribution of stomata is found in leaf and pseudostem. Stomata is found in adaxial and abaxial epidermis layer. The size of guard cells in triploid cultivars was longer than that diploid cultivars. The root composed of epidermis layer, cortex and cylinder vascular of five cultivar’s root show anomalous structure. Rhizome consist of peripheric and centre zone. Anatomically, this was no differences in the rhizome structure among five banana cultivars. The row of vascular bundles acts as demarcation area between peripheric and central zone. In the cultivar with BB genome (diploid) and ABB genome (triploid) the row of vascular bundle was not found. The differences of leaf anatomy were base on: size and number of stomata distribution, number of subsidiary cells, number of hypodermal layers, structure and number of parenchyma palisade, size of airspace in petiole and mesophyll and the vascular bundle structure.Key words: anatomical character, morphology, banana cultivar, ploidy level

Protein and hematological evaluations of infant formulated from cooking banana fruits (Musa spp, ABB genome) and fermented bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc) seeds

Protein-energy malnutrition is regarded as one of the public health problems in developing countries as a result of poor feeding practices due to poverty. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating nutritional quality of a potential weaning food formulated from locally available food materials. The cooking banana fruit (CB) and bambara groundnut seeds (BG) were purchased from local market in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The CB and BG were processed into flours, mixed in ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 and subjected into proximate, sensory and biochemical analyses using standard procedures. Nutrend (a commercial formula) and ogi (corn gruel, a traditional weaning food) were used as control. The nutritient composition (g/100 g) of the food samples were ranged as follows: moisture 2.94-6.94, protein 7.02-16.0, ash 1.76-2.99, fat 0.76-8.45, fibre 1.52-3.75, carbohydrate 63.84-88.43 and energy 1569.8-1665.7 kcal. The biological value (BV), net protein retention (NPR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of the experimental food samples were significantly (p<0.05) lower than nutrend, but higher than ogi. The haematological variables of rats fed with formulated food samples, commercial formula (nutrend) and traditional weaning food (ogi) were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. However, the values obtained for red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), pack cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were higher in the experimental food samples than the commercial food. The growth rate of animals fed with experimental food samples were lower than those fed with the nutrend, but higher than those fed with ogi. In conclusion, the nutritional quality of CB and fermented BG mix of 60:40 ratio was better than ogi; and comparable to the nutrend. This implies that it can be used to replace low quality traditional weaning food and the expensive commercial weaning formula.

Molecular phylogeny of banana cultivars from Thailand based on HAT-RAPD markers

Musa acuminata Colla (AA genomes) and Musa balbisiana Colla (BB genomes) are the wild progenitors of the cultivated banana, they are highly variable in Thailand. The genetic system is relatively unknown and complicated due to interspecific hybridization, heterozygosity and polyploidy, which are common in most clones. These factors make identification of closely related banana cultivars difficult, especially when sterile. The high annealing temperature-random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to estimate the genetic relationship between 22 selected banana cultivars, utilizing 14 random primers. Phylogenetic relationship was determined by unweighted pair group method with arithmetical averages cluster analysis. The dendrogram constructed from the similarity data showed that all the 22 cultivars analysed were closely related with a narrow genetic base. There were sufficient RAPD polymorphisms that were collectively useful in distinguishing the cultivars. The dendrogram grouped all the AA, BB, AAA, AAB and ABB genomes into a major cluster. Several subgroups are recognized within the major clade. As expected, Ensete glauca Roxb. (Musaceae) and Strelitzia reginae Banks (Strelitziaceae) were clearly differentiated from the analysed edible bananas. Our study showed that RAPD markers are sufficiently abundant to classify and readily dissect genetic differences between the closely related Musa germplasm and provide a basis for the selection of parents for improvement of this germplasm.

Ploidy and Genome Segregation in Musa Breeding Populations Assessed by Flow Cytometry and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers

The majority of edible bananas (Musa L.) are triploid (2n = 3x = 33) cultivars known as dessert, plantain, or cooking bananas with predominant AAA, AAB, and ABB genomes, justifying the aim of breeding programs to develop improved hybrids of the different utilization classes in the triploid background. This usually involves crossing 3x landraces to 2x accessions that are donors of resistance genes, selecting 4x and 2x primary hybrids from the 3x-2x progenies, and crossing 4x-2x hybrids to produce secondary 3x hybrids. Ploidy and genome segregation routinely occurs during this process and constitutes a major hindrance for selection because this is not easily detectable at the morphological level. This study was carried out to assess the potential of early screening for discriminating ploidy and genome classes in 4x (AAAB)-2x (AA) breeding populations, based on flow cytometry and genome-specific RAPD analysis. Results indicate that progenies of 4x-2x crosses produced predominantly 3x progenies (94.1%). RAPD analysis identified seven genomic classes, dominated by AAA and AAB configurations segregating 1:1 (χ2 = 0.21, P = 0.05). Plant size and bunch weight increased with ploidy level, justifying ploidy-based grouping of progenies for homogenous field evaluation. Similarly, genome-based grouping within ploidy classes is recommended to allow proper evaluation of progenies according to targeted postharvest utilization. Thus, ploidy analysis by flow cytometry and genome determination by RAPD open prospects for enhancing breeding efficiency in the development of triploid bananas or plantains.

Genome classification of banana cultivars from South India using IRAP markers

The banana cultivars are originated from the intra- and inter-specific hybridization of two wild diploid species, Musa acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla, contributing the A and B genomes, respectively. They are classified into genomic groups by scoring morphological features. Molecular markers provide a quick and reliable system of genome characterization and manipulation in breeding lines. In the present study a PCR based molecular marker specific for B genomes is been reported. The IRAP primer, designed based on the LTR sequence of banana Ty3-gypsy-like retroelement (Musa acuminata Monkey retrotransposon, AF 143332), was used to identify the B genome in the banana cultivars. Further a primer pair designed from B specific bands of Musa balbisiana `Pisang Gala' was used to classify AAB and ABB cultivars in the collection. Among the 36 cultivars tested with this primer, the B specific band was absent in the AA and AAA cultivars (except in one AAA and AAB cultivar) but present in all other AB, AAB and ABB cultivars. Among the triploid AAB/ABB, the PCR products with B specific primers showed restriction pattern polymorphism with AluI. In ABB genomes the band intensity was high whereas low intensity band observed in AAB genomes. Four cultivars reported to have the ABB genome showed a pattern similar to AAB, and one cultivar reported to have AAA genome showed a pattern similar to ABB genome, suggesting missampling or misidentification. The primers used in this study are useful to identify the presence of B genome in banana cultivars, and band intensity may be a preliminary indicator of ploidy level of the B genome but needs further studies with competitive PCR for clarification.

Responses of Vietnamese Musa genotypes to Meloidogyne spp. under field conditions

AbstractEight Vietnamese Musa genotypes, belonging to the AA, AAA, ABB and BB genome groups, as well as FHIA-01 (AAAB), FHIA-02 (AAAA) and Yangambi Km 5 (AAA) were evaluated for their host-plant response to Meloidogyne spp. under field conditions. FHIA-01, Ngu Thoc (AA), Tay (ABB) and Com Lua (AAA) were found to be less susceptible to Meloidogyne spp. FHIA-01, Ben Tre (AAA) and Bom (AAA) were less sensitive to knot-forming activity of Meloidogyne spp. The population dynamics of the nematodes were also assessed. The number of juveniles recovered from the roots was strongly influenced by the weather. During the cool dry season, the numbers dropped drastically. The number of egg-laying females in the roots was much less influenced by environmental conditions. Their numbers did not increase during the cooler and dry season. No effects of the nematodes on plant growth were found. The number of nematodes in the roots was related to the physiological stage of the plants, with most nematodes present during flowering.

Micro-cross sections of banana and plantains ( Musa spp.): morphogenesis and regeneration of callus and shoot buds

Micro-cross sections of the banana cultivar ‘Williams’ (AAA genome) and two plantain cultivars ‘Horn’ plantain (AAB genome) and ‘Cachaco’ (ABB genome) were studied for adventitious shoot and callus formation. Micro-cross sections were derived from the lower to the upper leaf segments from plants of all the three genotypes. An average of 15 shoot buds could be obtained from micro-cross sections derived from each comb on a shoot-inducing multiplication medium. The shoot buds could be successfully regenerated to plantlets. Embryogenic callus could also be induced when micro-cross sections were placed on a callus-induction medium, and an average of 5–6 plantlets could be regenerated from each micro-cross section. The frequency of regenerable callus and shoot-bud formation was correlated with the position, developmental stage and genotype of the explant. The application of micro-cross sections of banana and plantains for regeneration of plants might be a useful alternative to cell suspensions and protoplast culture in banana and plantain transformation and toxin selection studies.

The use of RAPD for identifying and classifying Musa germplasm.

Using the technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), we have identified 116 amplification products in Musa germplasm using nine primers. This has enabled us to identify RAPD markers that are specific to each of nine genotypes of Musa representing AA, AAA, AAB, ABB, and BB genomes. The pattern of variation observed following the application of multivariate analyses to the RAPDs banding data is very similar to the pattern of variation defined using morphological characters and used to assign Musa material into the different genome classes.

Outbreak of cucumber mosaic virus on musa sp. in Tamil Nadu, India

Cucumber Mosaic Virus, or Infectious Chlorosis, was found in alarming proportions in all the districts of Tamil Nadu on the ‘Robusta’ (Dwarf Cavendish) and ‘Poovan’ (Mysore) cultivais. The disease was transmitted only through suckers from the diseased gardens. Among the genotypes screened, the clones with ABB genomes showed complete field resistance.