Abalone Haliotis Asinina Research Articles

Changes in the quality of abalone (Haliotis asinina Linnaeus) packaged under atmospheric air, vacuum and modified atmosphere

AbstractChanges in the quality of abalone (Haliotis asinina Linnaeus) meat packaged under modified atmosphere (MA) of 40% CO2/30% O2/30% N2, vacuum and atmospheric air in polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)/nylon/oriented polypropylene (OPP) pouches, and stored at 2 ± 1°C were investigated. Biochemical indices, such as pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), and trimethylamine (TMA) and sensory evaluation, as well as total plate counts of packaged abalone meat were determined periodically. TMA was not affected by the packaging conditions, and remained low during storage periods. A decrease in pH of the MA packaged abalones during the storage reflected the apparent absorption of CO2. The content of TVB‐N slowly increased in the MA packaged abalone, whereas those stored in atmospheric air markedly increased during the storage. The sensory quality of MA packaged abalones was shown to be acceptable up to 15 days, while atmospheric and vacuum‐packaged abalones were not acceptable after 3 days of storage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

INDUCTION SPAWNING FOR THE TROPICAL ABALONE (Haliotis asinina) IN THE LABORATORY

The main purpose of this study was to test and understand the effectivity of previous successful treatment to induce spawning in temperate abalone, including the use of hydrogen peroxide, vigorous aeration, desiccation, thermal shock, and UV-irradiated seawater, to induce spawning in the tropical abalone (Haliotis asinina) from southern Lombok waters, NTB. Approximately 90% of mature animals conditioned in the laboratory could be spawned successfully. Wild freshly mature broodstock collected in the morning during spring low tide failed to spawn under any treatment tried, while in wild freshly mature broodstock collected in the afternoon during spring low tide, approximately 45% of the males and 37% of the females, spawned successfully under all treatments. Mature animals ready to spawn were usually found creeping up the tanks close to the water surface, and were very active but relaxed, and the foot was soft and flabby. In the laboratory, H. asinina from southern Lombok waters released gametes at night between 11:00 pm and 01:00 am. The conditioned broodstock had average batch fecundity ranged from 50,000 to 435,000 eggs and the freshly caught wild broodstock ranged from 50,000 to 105,000 eggs. Approximately 75% of spawned eggs were found to be ripe and the remaining 25% were unripe. In general, no artificial spawning induction is required to spawn tropical abalone (H. asinina) in laboratory (hatchery).

Heritability estimates for growth in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina using microsatellites to assign parentage

The tropical abalone Haliotis asinina is a wild-caught and cultured species throughout the Indo-Pacific as well as being an emerging model species for the study of haliotids. H. asinina has the fastest recorded natural growth rate of any abalone and reaches sexual maturity within one year. As such, it is a suitable abalone species for selective breeding for commercially important traits such as rapid growth. Estimating the amount of variation in size that is attributable to heritable genetic differences can assist the development of such a selective breeding program. Here we estimated heritability for growth-related traits at 12 months of age by creating a single cohort of 84 families in a full-factorial mating design consisting of 14 sires and 6 dams. Of 500 progeny sampled, 465 were successfully assigned to their parents based on shared alleles at 5 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Using an animal model, heritability estimates were 0.48 ± 0.15 for shell length, 0.38 ± 0.13 for shell width and 0.36 ± 0.13 for weight. Genetic correlations were > 0.98 between shell parameters and weight, indicating that breeding for weight gains could be successfully achieved by selecting for shell length.

Digenean trematodes infecting the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina have species-specific cercarial emergence patterns that follow daily or semilunar spawning cycles

Approximately 1–2% of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina inhabiting Heron Island Reef are infected with opecoelid digeneans. These largely inhabit the haemocoel surrounding the cerebral ganglia and digestive gland–gonad complex, and infected abalone typically have significantly reduced or ablated gonads. Observations of infected abalone reveal two distinct cercarial emergence patterns, one which correlates tightly with the abalone’s highly regular and synchronous fortnightly spawning cycle, and the other which occurs in a circadian pattern. The former appears to be a novel emergence strategy not previously observed in digeneans. While the cercariae in all abalone are morphologically indistinguishable, comparison of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS 2) region of the ribosomal DNA reveals a 5.7% difference between cercariae displaying different emergence patterns, indicating these are two distinct species that probably belong to the same genus. The ITS 2 sequences of the species with the daily emergence pattern are identical to that of an undescribed adult opecoelid from the gut of the barramundi cod, Cromileptes altivelis. Combined molecular, morphological and emergence data suggest that while these opecoelid cercariae use the same first intermediate host and are closely related species—members of the genus Allopodocotyle—they fill different ecological niches that are likely to include different definitive hosts.

Correlating gene expression with larval competence, and the effect of age and parentage on metamorphosis in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina

The non-geniculate crustose coralline alga (CCA) Mastophora pacifica can induce the metamorphosis of competent Haliotis asinina (Vetigastropoda) larvae. The ability to respond to this natural cue varies considerably with larval age, with a higher proportion of older larvae (e.g. 90 h) able to metamorphose in response to M. pacifica than younger larvae (e.g. 66 h). Here we document the variation in time to acquisition of competence within a larval age class. For example, after 18 h of exposure to M. pacifica, approximately 15 and 36% of 84 and 90-h-old H. asinina larvae had initiated metamorphosis, respectively. This age-dependent response to M. pacifica is also observed when different aged larvae are exposed to CCA for varying periods. A higher proportion of older larvae require shorter periods of exposure to CCA than younger larvae in order to initiate metamorphosis. In this experiment, as in the previous, a small proportion of young larvae were able to respond to brief periods of CCA exposure, suggesting that they had developed the same state of competency as the majority of their older counterparts. Comparisons of the proportions of larvae undergoing metamorphosis between families reveals that parentage also has a significant (P<0.05) affect on whether an individual will initiate metamorphosis at a given age. These familial differences are more pronounced when younger, largely pre-competent larvae (i.e. 66 h old) are exposed to M. pacifica, with proportions of larvae undergoing metamorphosis differing by as much as 10 fold between families. As these data suggest that variation in the rate of development of the competent state has a genetic basis, and as a first step towards identifying the molecular basis to this variation, we have identified numerous genes that are differentially expressed later in larval development using a differential display approach. Spatial expression analysis of these genes suggests that they may be directly involved in the acquisition of competence, or may play a functional role in the postlarva following metamorphosis.

Genetic Heterogeneity of the Tropical Abalone (Haliotis asinina) Revealed by RAPD and Microsatellite Analyses

Genetic heterogeneity of the tropical abalone, Haliotis asinina was examined using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite analyses. One hundred and thirteen polymorphic RAPD fragments were generated. The percentage of polymorphic bands of H. asinina across overall primers was 85.20%. The average genetic distance of natural samples within the Gulf of Thailand (HACAME and HASAME) was 0.0219. Larger distance was observed when those samples were compared with HATRAW from the Andaman Sea (0.2309 and 0.2314). Geographic heterogeneity and F(ST) analyses revealed population differentiation between H. asinina from the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea (p < 0.0001). Three microsatellite loci (CUHas1, CUHas4 and CUHas5) indicated relatively high genetic diversity in H. asinina (total number of alleles = 26, 5, 23 and observed heterozygosity = 0.84, 0.42 and 0.33, respectively). Significant population differentiation was also found between samples from different coastal regions (p < 0.0001). Therefore, the gene pool of natural H. asinina in coastal Thai waters can be genetically divided to 2 different populations; the Gulf of Thailand (A) and the Andaman Sea (B).

Isolation of protoplasts from tissue fragments of Philippine cultivars of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta)

Protoplasts were isolated from tissue fragments (<1 mm2) of three Philippine cultivars of Kappaphycus alvarezii: the giant cultivar, cultivar L and Bohol wild type, by enzymatic dissolution of cell walls. Yields of viable protoplasts from young and old thalli (apical, middle, basal segments) were compared at various temperatures, duration of treatment and pH using eight combinations of commercial enzymes (abalone acetone powder and cellulase), and prepared extracts from fresh viscera of abalone (Haliotis asinina) and a terrestrial garden snail. Isolated protoplasts were grown in various culture media, temperatures, photoperiods and irradiance values to determine the conditions that favor germination and growth. Protoplast yields in tissues treated with commercial enzymes and the garden snail extract were lower than those obtained in tissues treated with fresh abalone extracts. Generally, the number of viable protoplasts increased with duration of enzyme treatment at 25 °C with a maximum yield of 8.2 × 103 g−1 tissue at 48 h. Yields were consistently higher in all cultivars at pH 6.1. The yields were also high from the middle segments of the giant cultivar (3.7 × 103 g−1 tissue) and Bohol wild type (4.5 × 103 g−1 tissue) treated with fresh abalone extract, and from basal segments of cultivar L and tissues treated with garden snail extract. The germination rate of protoplasts was highest (39.8%) at 25 °C and 20 μmol photon m−2 s−1, using a 12:12 light dark photoperiod. The filament was 3.7 mm long by Day 5. These findings are relevant to developing cultures from protoplasts for genetic or strain improvement of K. alvarezii cultivars.

Population Structure of Tropical Abalone (Haliotis asinina) in Coastal Waters of Thailand Determined Using Microsatellite Markers

Three partial genomic libraries were constructed from genomic DNA of the tropical abalone (Haliotis asinina) that was digested with AluI, vortexed/sonicated, and digested with mixed enzyme (AluI, HincII, and RsaI). The libraries yielded 0.02%, 0.42%, and 1.46% positive microsatellite-containing clones, respectively. Eleven clones each of perfect, imperfect, and compound microsatellites were isolated. Ten primer pairs (CUHas1-CUHas10) were analyzed to evaluate their polymorphic level. The numbers of alleles per locus, observed heterozygosity (H0), and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 3 to 26 alleles, and varied between 0.27 and 0.85 and between 0.24 and 0.93, respectively. Three microsatellite loci (CUHas2, CUHas3, and CUHas8) were further used for examination of genetic diversity and differentiation of natural H. asinina in coastal waters of Thailand. Genetic variabilities in terms of the effective number of alleles (n(e)), H0, and He were higher in 2 samples from the Gulf of Thailand (n(e)=9.37, 7.66; H0=0.62, 0.78; and He=0.87, 0.86) than those of one sample (n(e)=6.04; H0=0.58; and He=0.62) derived from the Andaman Sea. Assessment of genetic heterogeneity, including allele frequency comparison and pairwise F(ST) analysis, indicated interpopulational differentiation, between natural H. asinina from the Gulf of Thailand and that from the Andaman Sea (P<0.0001).

Shell marking by artificial feeding of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina Linne juveniles for sea ranching and stock enhancement

A method of marking abalone (Haliotis asinina Linne) for sea ranching and stock enhancement purposes was developed. Three-month-old abalone juveniles (11.8-mm shell length, 0.28 g) were fed arti¢cial diets for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. The width of the bluish-green shell band produced by abalone juveniles was 1.7, 2.6, and 4.2 mm after 1, 2, or 3 weeks of feeding respectively. The growth and survival of juveniles fed arti¢cial diets did not diier from that of juveniles fed the seaweed Gracilariopsis bailinae (control). Feeding the diet-fed juveniles with the seaweed thereafter produced the natural brownish shell, thus forming a sandwiched bluish-green band. An experimental release in outdoor tanks with natural growth of seaweeds and diatoms, and in a marine reserve showed that the shell band remained clear and distinct, indicating the usefulness of this shell marking method in sea ranching and stock enhancement of abalone.

Evaluation of mucus, Navicula, and mixed diatoms as larval settlement inducers for the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina

Abstract Different biological films reportedly effective in larval settlement of other abalone species were tested on the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina to determine the most effective settlement inducers for the species. Larval attachment was significantly higher on mucus, Navicula , Navicula +mucus, and mixed diatoms+mucus than on mixed diatoms and the blank control. Metamorphosis was significantly higher on Navicula , Navicula +mucus. These results indicate the important contribution of mucus in larval settlement and the effectiveness of Navicula as a single species over mixed diatoms in larval settlement of the tropical abalone H. asinina .

Pattern, synchrony and predictability of spawning of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina from Heron Reef, Australia

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 213:193-202 (2001) - doi:10.3354/meps213193 Pattern, synchrony and predictability of spawning of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina from Heron Reef, Australia Regina T. Counihan1,2, David C. McNamara1, Duncan C. Souter1,2, Edward J. Jebreen1, Nigel P. Preston2, Craig R. Johnson1, Bernard M. Degnan1,* 1Department of Zoology and Entomology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia 2Division of Marine Research, CSIRO, Cleveland, Queensland 4163, Australia *Corresponding author. E-mail: bdegnan@zoology.uq.edu.au ABSTRACT: The spawning biology of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina on Heron Reef, Australia, was investigated to identify putative environmental and endogenous factors controlling spawning. Spawnings by H. asinina were highly regular and, in comparison to most other haliotids and marine invertebrates, frequent and extremely synchronous. These events appeared to be regulated by more than 1 environmental cue. The spawning season of H. asinina extends from October to April and is associated with an increase in water temperature. During the spawning season, recently captured abalone, housed in flow-through aquaria, released gametes for 2 nights every 2 wk during the new and full moons. However, the exact date of spawning did not correlate precisely with the lunar cycle. Occasionally the spawning events between 2 populations of H. asinina on Heron Reef that were 1.5 km apart differed by 1 d, suggesting that differential tidal regimes might influence the date of spawning. The population that was exposed to slightly longer spring low tides occasionally spawned 1 d earlier. In the aquaria, the onset of male spawnings was earlier than the onset of female spawnings by an average of 31 min. The time of spawning of either sex was highly correlated with the evening high tide; males spawned an average of 19 min prior to the high tide, and females spawned 11 min after the high tide. Spawnings were highly synchronous amongst individuals, with 90% commencing spawning within 89 min of the first individual that spawned. A greater percentage of individuals spawned when in the presence of the opposite sex and the frequency of male ejaculation was greater when in the presence of females. Synchronous spawning patterns persisted for 6 wk in H. asinina maintained in aquaria; after this period, spawnings continued but were irregular and asynchronous. We propose that low tide exposure and time of high tide indirectly regulate the date and time of spawning respectively, and that these tidal elements influence the spawning biology of H. asinina by maintaining endogenous rhythms that persist in non-tidal environments for at least 6 wk. KEY WORDS: Abalone · Mollusc · Spawning · Synchronous · Tidal cycle · Lunar cycle · Endogenous Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 213. Online publication date: April 04, 2001 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2001 Inter-Research.

Expression of POU, Sox, and Pax genes in the brain ganglia of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina.

In gastropod mollusks, neuroendocrine cells in the anterior ganglia have been shown to regulate growth and reproduction. As a first step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of these physiological processes in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina, we have identified sets of POU, Sox, and Pax transcription factor genes that are expressed in these ganglia. Using highly degenerate oligonucleotide primers designed to anneal to conserved codons in each of these gene families, we have amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction 2 POU genes (HasPOU-III and HasPOU-IV), 2 Sox genes (HasSox-B and HasSox-C), and two Pax genes (HasPax-258 and HasPax-6). Analyses with gene-specific primers indicated that the 6 genes are expressed in the cerebral and pleuropedal ganglia of both reproductively active and spent adults, in a number of sensory structures, and in a subset of other adult tissues.

Density dependent growth of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina in cage culture

The effects of different stocking densities on the growth, feed conversion ratio and survival of two size groups of the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina were determined. Three culture trials were conducted in net cages installed in a sheltered cove, Guimaras Province, Philippines. Trials 1 and 2 were conducted using 15–20 mm abalone juveniles for 150 days, while trial 3 was conducted using 35–40 mm abalone for 180 days. The animals were fed sufficient amounts of the red alga, Gracilariopsis bailinae (= G. heteroclada), throughout the experiment. There was an inverse relationship between growth (length and weight) and stocking density. Feed conversion ratio was not influenced by density, but was observed to be higher for larger animals. Survival was not significantly affected by density. Net cages are appropriate for culture of H. asinina. This study showed that H. asinina can reach commercial size of about 60 mm in one year. It also showed that growth of H. asinina can be sustained on a single-species diet. An economic analysis will be important in choosing the best stocking density for commercial production.

Growth of the ass's ear abalone (Haliotis asinina Linné) on Heron Reef, tropical eastern Australia

Growth of ass's ear abalone (Haliotis asinina) was measured in situ (mark-recapture of adults) and in aquaria (juveniles) on Heron Reef, Queensland. A growth curve (y = 4.27L2.03 e-u, where y is the growth rate, L is the shell length, and u = 0.27L0.88) fitted to these data indicated a sigmoidal age-length relationship. It is estimated that H. asinina may grow from 2 mm to 35.6 mm in shell length in six months and 55.0 mm in one year. These growth estimates are consistent with temporal shifts in the size-frequency distributions of juveniles in the field. Peak growth rates, estimated at over 120 mm year-1 in young abalone (approximately 3-4 months of age), are the highest recorded for any abalone species.

Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from abalone (Haliotis asinina) as a potential candidate of probiotic

Abstract. Sarkono, Faturrahman, Sofyan Y. 2010. Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from abalone (Haliotis asinina) as a potential candidate of probiotic. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 38-42. The purpose of this study was to isolate, select and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from abalone as a potential candidate probiotic in abalone cultivation system. Selective isolation of LAB performed using de Man Rogosa Sharpe medium. LAB isolate that potential as probiotics were screened. Selection was based on its ability to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria, bacterial resistance to acidic conditions and bacterial resistance to bile salts (bile). Further characterization and identification conducted to determine the species. The results showed that two of the ten isolates potential to be developed as probiotic bacteria that have the ability to inhibit several pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus dan Staphylococcus aureus, able to grow at acidic condition and bile tolerance during the incubation for 24 hours. Based on the API test kit, both isolate identified as members of the species Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei.