A Proliferation-inducing Ligand Research Articles

Association of cerebrospinal inflammatory profile with radiological features in newly diagnosed treatment-naïve patients with multiple sclerosis

ObjectiveMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Without reliable diagnostic biomarkers, the clinical and radiological heterogeneity of MS makes diagnosis difficult. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a major diagnostic tool for MS, the association of MRI findings with the inflammatory profile in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been insufficiently investigated. Therefore, we focused on CSF profile of MS patients and examined its association with MRI findings.MethodsConcentrations of 26 cytokines and chemokines were determined in CSF of 28 treatment-naïve MS patients and 12 disease-control patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).ResultsHigh levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL), and CD40 ligand were correlated with the absence of at least one of the following three MRI findings in MS: an ovoid lesion, three or more periventricular lesions, and a nodular and/or ring-shaped contrast-enhancing lesion. The multivariate analysis revealed that elevated IL-17A was an independent predictor of absence of ovoid lesion and periventricular lesions less than three. MS patients were classified into a group with all three MRI findings (MS-full) and a group with less than three (MS-partial). The discriminant analysis model distinguished three groups: MS-full, MS-partial, and NMOSD, with 98% accuracy.ConclusionThe CSF inflammatory profile was associated with radiological findings of treatment-naïve MS. This result indicates the possible utility of combined CSF and MRI profiling in identifying different MS phenotypes related to the heterogeneity of underlying immune processes.

B cell-activating factor is involved in thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis

Liver cirrhosis (LC) involves B cells that produce anti-glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antibodies, found in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The role of autoimmunity in the pathology of thrombocytopenia in LC was investigated using 25 LC patients with thrombocytopenia, 18 ITP patients, and 30 healthy controls. Anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-producing B cells were quantified using enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Platelet-associated and plasma anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody, plasma B cell-activating factor (BAFF), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. B cell subset fractions and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were quantified using flow cytometry.The number of anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-producing B cells was significantly higher in LC patients than in ITP patients and healthy controls (both p < 0.001). Platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies were significantly higher in LC patients than in ITP patients and healthy controls (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively). BAFF levels were significantly higher in LC patients than in ITP patients and healthy controls (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), and APRIL levels were significantly higher in LC patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.001). Anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody-producing B cells and platelet-associated anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibodies were positively correlated with BAFF levels in LC patients. LC patients had more naïve B cells and plasmablasts than healthy controls (p = 0.005, p = 0.03, respectively); plasmablasts were positively correlated with BAFF levels. LC patients had similar Tregs levels as ITP patients and healthy controls. Therefore, excessive BAFF production in LC patients with thrombocytopenia is likely associated with autoimmune B cell response, inducing anti-GPIIb/IIIa antibody production.

APRIL Drives a Coordinated but Diverse Response as a Foundation for Plasma Cell Longevity.

Ab-secreting cells survive in niche microenvironments, but cellular responses driven by particular niche signals are incompletely defined. The TNF superfamily member a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) can support the maturation of transitory plasmablasts into long-lived plasma cells. In this study, we explore the biological programs established by APRIL in human plasmablasts. Under conditions allowing the maturation of ex vivo- or in vitro-generated plasmablasts, we find that APRIL drives activation of ERK, p38, and JNK, accompanied by a classical NF-κB response and activation of the AKT/FOXO1 pathway. Time-course gene expression data resolve coordinated transcriptional responses propagated via immediate early genes and NF-κB targets and converging onto modules of genes enriched for MYC targets and metabolism/cell growth-related pathways. This response is shared between APRIL and an alternate TNF superfamily member CD40L but is not a feature of alternative niche signals delivered by IFN-α or SDF1. However, APRIL and CD40L responses also diverge. CD40L drives expression of genes related to the activated B cell state whereas APRIL does not. Thus, APRIL establishes a broad foundation for plasma cell longevity with features of cellular refueling while being uncoupled from support of the B cell state.

A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand and B-Cell Activating Factor Are Upregulated in Patients with Essential Thrombocythemia.

A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) are cytokines belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family which play an essential role in B-cell maturation, differentiation, and survival. Recent evidence indicates their importance in hematological disorders; however, their function in essential thrombocytosis (ET) pathogenesis remains elusive. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the role of APRIL and BAFF in megakaryocytopoiesis in ET patients. We observed elevated levels of APRIL and BAFF in the plasma of ET patients compared with healthy controls, while no differences were found among patients with different JAK2(V617F) statuses. In addition, APRIL levels were positively associated with the number of platelets and WBC count. In the bone marrow, APRIL but not BAFF levels were higher in ET patients with the JAK2(V617F) mutation; however, JAK2(V617F)-negative patients showed slightly reduced levels of BAFF. In ET patients, we showed that the differentiation of CD34+ progenitor cells towards megakaryocytes induces the expression of both APRIL and BAFF. More importantly, APRIL neutralization significantly reduced platelet production. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that blocking APRIL signaling, which acts as an autocrine growth factor for terminal megakaryocytopoiesis, inhibits platelet production in ET patients, regardless of the status of JAK2(V617F) mutation.

Elevated serum level of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) after rituximab therapy in pemphigus vulgaris patients suggests a possible therapeutic efficacy of B-cell depletion therapies combined with anti-BAFF agents.

Rituximab is widely used for treatment of pemphigus patients. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) play key roles in B cell survival, maturation, and differentiation. Here, the effect of rituximab on BAFF and APRIL in patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV) was studied. Fifty PV cases and 56 healthy individuals were recruited. Patients received rituximab for a period of 6 months. The levels of BAFF and APRIL were measured in the serum samples. The frequency of CD19+ B cells was measured by flow cytometry. The level of BAFF was significantly higher in the patients at the baseline level than controls (P = 0.0005). The level of BAFF was significantly higher at the 3rd month follow-up compared to the baseline (P = 0.033). There was a significant increase in the BAFF level at the 6th month follow-up compared to baseline (P = 0.0134). There was no significant difference in the CD19+ B cells/total lymphocytes ratio in the PV patients between the 3rd and 6th month follow-ups. Elevated BAFF in the sera could be associated with PV immunopathogenesis. Inhibition of BAFF after rituximab therapy might interfere with repopulation of B cells and confer a therapeutic approach in PV.

Considerations for Novel COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine Development.

Mucosal surfaces are the first contact sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce specific IgG responses but provide limited mucosal immunity. Cytokine B-cell activation factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play key immunological functions during B cell development and antibody production. Furthermore, homeostatic chemokines, such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19), and CCL21, can induce B- and T-cell responses to infection and promote the formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALT), where specific local immune responses and memory cells are generated. We reviewed the role of BAFF, APRIL, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21 in the activation of local B-cell responses and antibody production, and the formation of iBALT in the lung following viral respiratory infections. We speculate that mucosal vaccines may offer more efficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection than systematic vaccines and hypothesize that a novel SARS-CoV-2 mRNA mucosal vaccine using BAFF/APRIL or CXCL13 as immunostimulants combined with the spike protein-encoding mRNA may enhance the efficiency of the local immune response and prevent the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 replication and the rapid viral clearance from the airways.

APRIL and BAFF play a key role in differentiating vitreoretinal lymphoma from uveitis

BackgroundEarly diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) is critical for the successful treatment of this rare intraocular malignancy. However, fast and reliable diagnosis of VRL in patients presenting with intermediate or posterior non-infectious uveitis remains a challenge. A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) are vital factors in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and systemic autoimmune diseases. However, their utility as biomarkers for the diagnosis of VRL and uveitis remains unclear. MethodsIn this retrospective study, we analyzed APRIL and BAFF levels in the aqueous humor (AH) of 43 eyes of 40 patients, including 23 eyes of 20 patients with VRL, eight eyes of eight patients with uveitis, and 12 eyes of 12 patients with other ocular diseases (OODs). Additionally, we measured their levels after induction of chemotherapy in five eyes of five patients with VRL. ResultsAH levels of APRIL reliably distinguished VRL from uveitis, with a specificity of 78.3% and sensitivity of 75%. BAFF also showed similar potential. Serial AH analysis of patients with VRL during chemotherapy demonstrated a corresponding decline in AH levels of APRIL and BAFF. ConclusionThis study extends the spectrum of valuable diagnostic biomarkers for VRL and uveitis. In patients with uveitis, the assessment of AH APRIL may help accelerate the diagnosis of VRL. Moreover, our results underline the important role of APRIL and BAFF in therapeutic monitoring of VRL.

Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Peri-Implant Soft and Hard Tissues in Patients with Peri-Implantitis.

Currently, researchers are focused on the study of cytokines as predictive biomarkers of peri-implantitis (PI) in order to obtain an early diagnosis and prognosis, and for treatment of the disease. The aim of the study was to characterize the peri-implant soft and hard tissues in patients with a peri-implantitis diagnosis. A descriptive observational study was conducted. Fifteen soft tissue (ST) samples and six peri-implant bone tissue (BT) samples were obtained from 13 patients who were diagnosed with peri-implantitis. All the samples were processed and embedded in paraffin for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. A descriptive and quantitative analysis of mast cells and osteocytes, A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), osteonectin (ON), and ∝-smooth muscle actin (∝-SMA) was performed. We observed the presence of mast cells in peri-implant soft tissue in all samples (mean 9.21 number of mast cells) and osteocytes in peri-implant hard tissue in all samples (mean 37.17 number of osteocytes). The expression of APRIL-ST was 32.17% ± 6.39%, and that of APRIL-BT was 7.09% ± 5.94%. The BAFF-ST expression was 17.26 ± 12.90%, and the BAFF-BT was 12.16% ± 6.30%. The mean percentage of ON was 7.93% ± 3.79%, and ∝-SMA was 1.78% ± 3.79%. It was concluded that the expression of APRIL and BAFF suggests their involvement in the bone resorption observed in peri-implantitis. The lower expression of osteonectin in the peri-implant bone tissue can also be associated with a deficiency in the regulation of bone remodeling and the consequent peri-implant bone loss.

Serum Cytokine Levels of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients in the Presence of Concomitant Cardiovascular Diseases.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). SLE patients suffer from CVD 3.5 times more often than healthy people. Cytokine-mediated inflammation is actively involved in the development of cardiovascular pathology. Here, we analyzed serum levels of nine cytokines of steroids-treated SLE patients depending on the presence of concomitant CVD. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), B-cell activating factor (BAFF), and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) were analyzed using multiplex immunoassay. In the total group of SLE patients (n=29), the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 were higher, and the APRIL level decreased compared to healthy donors (n=39, p<0.05). The same changes were observed in the group of patients without CVD (n=15); the levels of IL-6 and IL- 10 were found to be increased, and the level of APRIL was lower than in healthy individuals (p<0.05). In the group of SLE patients with CVD (n=14), the concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL- 10, and TNFα were found to be increased (p<0.05). Interestingly, the levels of TNFα and BAFF in SLE patients with CVD were higher than in patients without cardiovascular pathology. Thus, TNFα and BAFF levels were significantly altered in SLE with concomitant CVD compared to SLE without CVD. These findings suggest that cytokine profiles in SLE with concomitant CVD and SLE without CVD are different, which should be considered in further research with large samples.

B-cell activating factor and A proliferation-inducing ligand in relation to intima-media thickness as biomarkers of premature atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the correlation of the serum B-cell activating factor (BAFF), A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and interleukin (IL)-21 with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) to evaluate their efficacy as non-invasive biomarkers for the risk of premature development of atherosclerosis. MethodsELISA test was used to quantify serum BAFF, APRIL and IL-21 in 40 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 20 healthy controls (HCs). The obtained results were correlated with disease duration, anti-double stranded DNA, complement proteins levels, lipid profile, cIMT and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). ResultsSerum BAFF, APRIL and IL-21 were significantly increased in SLE compared to HCs. Positive correlation was recorded between BAFF (r = 0.51) and APRIL (r = 0.52) with the cIMT. IL-21 correlated positively with SLEDAI (r = 0.33) and negatively with BAFF (r = -0.37) and APRIL (r = -0.44). According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, we found that low-density lipoprotein, serum BAFF and APRIL values were independent factors for cIMT in SLE. To discriminate premature atherosclerosis in patients with SLE, BAFF ≥455 pg/ml yielded 88.9% sensitivity with 100% specificity while APRIL ≥600 pg/ml yielded 95% sensitivity with 100% specificity. IL-21 ≥240 pg/ml yielded 66.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity. ConclusionsCirculating BAFF and APRIL in patients with SLE were correlated to disease activity and cIMT, suggesting that they could be used as a peripheral blood biomarker for the occurrence of premature atherosclerosis in SLE.

MO212: Updated Interim Results of A Phase 1/2 Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Activity of BION-1301 in Patients With IGA Nephropathy

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading cause of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide with limited treatment options, especially for high-risk patients [1]. BION-1301 is a novel humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a soluble factor that has been shown to be elevated in patients with IgAN and is correlated with poorer outcomes, including increased proteinuria and decreased eGFR [2, 3]. APRIL promotes IgA class switching, the survival of IgA-secreting plasma cells and the excess production of a galactose-deficient variant form of IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), which is an initiating step in IgAN pathogenesis. This leads to the generation of anti-Gd-IgA1 autoantibodies, considered to be the first ‘hit’ in the multi-hit pathogenesis of IgAN, and the formation of nephritogenic immune complexes that deposit in the kidney, resulting in inflammation and damage [2–4]. Blocking APRIL with BION-1301 is a novel approach to address the underlying pathogenesis of IgAN by reducing circulating levels of Gd-IgA1 and preventing the formation of pathogenic immune complexes. In a Phase 1/2 study of BION-1301 in healthy volunteers (HV), BION-1301 was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events (SAEs), demonstrated a pharmacokinetic (PK) half-life &amp;gt; 30 days and durable dose-dependent reductions in free APRIL (fAPRIL), Gd-IgA1, IgA and IgM, with a lesser effect on IgG [5]. Here we present updated interim results from Part 3 of the study that characterize the safety, PK/PD profile and preliminary efficacy of BION-1301 initially administered intravenously (IV), then subcutaneously (SC), in patients with IgAN. METHOD Parts 1 and 2 of the Phase 1/2 study (NCT03945318) assessing single and multiple ascending doses of BION-1301 in HV are complete. Part 3 is an ongoing, open-label, multicohort design in patients with IgAN treated with BION-1301 for up to 1 year. Key eligibility criteria for Part 3 include: (i) biopsy-verified diagnosis of IgAN within the past 10 years, (ii) baseline urine protein excretion ≥ 0.5 g/24 h or UPCR ≥ 0.5 g/g and (iii) stable/optimized dose of ACE-I/ARB (or intolerant). Cohort 1 receives 450 mg of BION-1301 administered IV every 2 weeks. After at least 24 weeks of IV dosing, patients’ transition to 600 mg of BION-1301 administered SC every 2 weeks. Cohort 2 receives 600 mg of BION-1301 SC every 2 weeks. To evaluate PK/PD effects of BION-1301, serum levels of BION-1301, fAPRIL, anti-drug antibodies (ADA), neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and Gd-IgA1 were quantitated using ELISA-based immunoassays. RESULTS Updated data from Cohort 1 will be reported. BION-1301 was well-tolerated in patients with IgAN receiving a 450 mg IV dose every 2 weeks for at least 24 weeks, with no SAEs or early terminations due to AEs. Durable reductions in serum levels of fAPRIL and immunoglobulins were observed in patients with IgAN. Clinically meaningful reductions in proteinuria were seen as early as 12 weeks and were associated with the reduction in Gd-IgA1 levels. CONCLUSION BION-1301 offers disease-modifying potential by directly targeting the initiating mechanisms underlying the multi-hit immune pathogenesis of IgAN, which is not addressed with currently available treatments. Promising early mechanistic biomarker and clinical activity responses support the therapeutic potential of BION-1301 in IgAN.

MO207: A Phase 1/2, Multicenter Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of BION-1301 in Healthy Volunteers and Adults with IGA Nephropathy

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading cause of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide with limited treatment options, especially for high-risk patients [1]. BION-1301 is a novel humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a soluble factor that has been shown to be elevated in patients with IgAN and is correlated with poorer outcomes, including increased proteinuria and decreased eGFR [2, 3]. APRIL promotes IgA class switching, the survival of IgA-secreting plasma cells and the excess production of a galactose-deficient variant form of IgA1 (Gd-IgA1), which is an initiating step in the multi-hit pathogenesis of IgAN. This leads to the generation of anti-Gd-IgA1 autoantibodies and the formation of nephritogenic immune complexes that deposit in the kidney, resulting in inflammation and damage [2–4]. Blocking APRIL with BION-1301 is a novel approach to address the underlying pathogenesis of IgAN by reducing circulating levels of Gd-IgA1 and preventing the formation of pathogenic immune complexes. The primary objective of this Phase 1/2 study is to assess the safety and tolerability of BION-1301 in healthy volunteers (HV) and patients with IgAN, and secondarily to assess the PK, PD, immunogenicity and preliminary clinical activity. METHOD The Phase 1/2 study (NCT03945318) is comprised of three parts. Parts 1 and 2 were blinded, placebo-controlled single and multiple ascending dose designs in HV and have been completed. Part 3 is a multicenter (USA, UK, South Korea), multicohort, open-label study in up to 40 patients with IgAN. Patients in Cohort 1 receive 450 mg of BION-1301 administered IV every 2 weeks for up to 1 year. After completing at least 24 weeks of IV dosing, patients in Cohort 1 transitioned from receiving 450 mg of BION-1301 IV to receiving 600 mg of BION-1301 SC every 2 weeks. Patients in Cohort 2 receive 600 mg of BION-1301 SC every 2 weeks for up to 1 year. Additional cohorts may be added to explore other doses and dosing schedules. Key eligibility criteria for Part 3 include: (1) biopsy-verified diagnosis of IgAN within 10 years, (2) baseline urine protein excretion ≥ 0.5 g/24 h or UPCR ≥ 0.5 g/g and (3) stable/optimized dose of ACE-I/ARB (or intolerant). RESULTS Final HV data from Parts 1 and 2 have been presented at earlier conferences [5]. Part 3 is on-going and updated interim data from patients with IgAN in Cohort 1 who received BION-1301 IV as well as patients who transitioned to SC dosing are planned to be presented at the 59th ERA Congress. CONCLUSION The current design of the Phase 1/2 study incorporating SC dosing provides for an improved patient experience and will enable the generation of extended safety, PK, PD, immunogenicity and preliminary efficacy data for the potential use of BION-1301 in patients with IgAN.

The relationship between serum A proliferation-inducing ligand and B-cell activating factor levels with disease activity and organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.

We aim to investigate the association between serum B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) levels with disease activity and clinical findings in SLE patients. Seventy-nine patients with SLE and 27 healthy controls were included into the study. Serum BAFF and APRIL levels were measured by using ELISA. In 19 patients with active disease at the time of the assessment, BAFF/APRIL levels were reassessed after 6months of follow-up and disease activity was evaluated by using SLEDAI-2K. The relationship between renal histopathology index scores and lupus nephritis (LN) classes with serum BAFF/APRIL levels was examined in 16 patients who had recent renal involvement and underwent biopsy during the study. Although both BAFF/APRIL levels were higher in patients with SLE compared to the control group (p < 0.001), no correlation was found between BAFF/APRIL levels and SLEDAI scores. Serum BAFF levels were higher in patients with renal disease activity (p = 0.01), and there was a significant correlation between APRIL levels and proteinuria (r = 0.42, p = 0.02). A weak inverse correlation was observed between BAFF and C3 levels (r = 0.25, p = 0.02). No correlation was found between BAFF/APRIL levels and renal SLEDAI scores, renal histopathology, activity, and chronicity index scores. In the active disease group after treatment, there was no significant change in serum BAFF levels, but a significant increase in serum APRIL levels was observed. These results suggest that both cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE and that serum BAFF can be valuable as a biomarker in SLE especially in patients with renal activity.

Increased vitreous levels of B cell activation factor (BAFF) and soluble interleukin-6 receptor in patients with macular edema due to uveitis related to Behçet's disease and sarcoidosis.

Uveitis accounts for 10-15% of all cases of blindness in the developed world. Uveitic macular edema (UME) is a primary cause of permanent visual impairment in patients with uveitis. Because proinflammatory mediators elicit inflammation and lead to UME, we determined the profiles of proinflammatory mediators associated with complications, such as ME, in the vitreous humor of patients with panuveitis related to Behçet's disease (BD) and sarcoidosis. In this retrospective study, we enrolled 21 patients with uveitis, including 6 with BD and 15 with sarcoidosis, and 15 patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) at the Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University Hospital, between January 2008 and April 2016. Vitreous concentrations of 32 proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines and soluble receptors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 families, were assessed using a bead-based multiplex assay and their association with clinical data was examined. The levels of proinflammatory mediators, including a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF), soluble cluster of differentiation 30 (sCD30), soluble TNF receptor-1 (sTNFR1), sTNFR2, TNF-α, IL-6, and soluble IL-6 receptor-α (sIL-6Rα), were significantly higher in patients with uveitis. With regard to clinical parameters in patients with uveitis, vitreous levels of BAFF and sIL-6Rα were prominently elevated in patients with UME compared to in those without UME (P < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that elevated vitreous levels of BAFF and sIL-6Rα are associated with the pathogenesis of UME in patients with panuveitis related to BD and sarcoidosis.

Placental CD4+ T cells from preeclamptic patients cause autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type I receptor and hypertension in a pregnant rat model of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with activated CD4+ T cells and autoantibodies to angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-AA). We have previously shown that CD4+ T cells isolated from women with PE cause hypertension, increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), endothelin-1, and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) when injected into pregnant nude-athymic rats compared to CD4+ T cells from normal pregnant (NP) women. However, the role of PE CD4+ T cells to cause AT1-AA as a mechanism of hypertension is not known. Aim: Our goal was to determine if PE CD4+ T cells stimulate AT1-AA in pregnant nude-athymic rats. CD4+ T cells were isolated from human NP and PE placentasand injected into nude-athymic rats on gestational day (GD) 12. In order to examine the role of the PE CD4+ T cells to stimulate B cell secretion of AT1-AA, a subset of the rats receiving PE CD4+ T cells were treated with rituximab on GD 14 or anti-CD40 ligand (anti-CD40L) on GD 12. On GD 19, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and tissues were obtained MAP [114 ± 1 mmHg (n = 9)] and AT1-AA [19.8 ± 0.9 beats per minute (bpm, n = 4)] were increased in NP nude + PE CD4+ T cells compared to NP nude + NP CD4+ T cells [98 ± 2 mmHg (n = 7, P < 0.05) and 1.3 ± 0.9 bpm (n = 5, P < 0.05)]. Rituximab (103 ± 2 mmHg, n = 3, P < 0.05) and anti-CD40L (102 ± 1 mmHg, n = 3, P < 0.05) lowered MAP compared to NP nude + PE CD4+ T cells. Circulating a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and placental angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) activity was increased in response to PE CD4+ T cells. These results show that placental CD4+ T cells play an important role in the pathophysiology of PE, by activating B cells secreting AT1-AA to cause hypertension during pregnancy.

POS-109 INTERIM RESULTS OF PHASE 1 AND 2 TRIALS TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, PHARMACOKINETICS, PHARMACODYNAMICS, AND CLINICAL ACTIVITY OF BION-1301 IN PATIENTS WITH IgA NEPHROPATHY

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an autoimmune disease with no approved treatments. A critical step in IgAN pathogenesis is the production of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) leading to the generation of anti-Gd-IgA1 autoantibodies and the formation of immune complexes that result in kidney inflammation and damage. A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), a soluble factor that regulates B cell differentiation, proliferation and survival of plasma cells, and IgA class-switching is elevated in patients with IgAN. IgAN patients with high plasma APRIL levels are reported as having higher levels of Gd-IgA1 and proteinuria and lower estimated glomerular filtration rates compared to those with lower plasma APRIL levels. BION-1301 is a novel humanized blocking antibody targeting APRIL that has been evaluated in a Phase 1 study of healthy volunteers (HV). In that study, BION-1301 was well-tolerated with no serious adverse events (SAEs), a pharmacokinetic (PK) half life >30 days and demonstrated dose-dependent pharmacodynamic (PD) effects characterized by durable reductions in serum levels of free April (fAPRIL), IgA and Gd-IgA1, IgM, and to a lesser extent IgG. Here we present interim results from Part 3 of the Phase 1 and the Phase 2 Open-Label Extension (OLE) trials that characterize the safety, PK and PD profile, and preliminary efficacy of BION-1301 in patients with IgAN. The Phase 1 study (NCT03945318) comprises 3 parts. Parts 1 and 2 assessed single- and multiple ascending doses of BION-1301 in HV from 10mg to 1350mg and 50mg to 450mg once every 2 weeks for one month, respectively. Part 3 is an ongoing, open-label, two cohort design in approximately 20 IgAN patients with BION-1301 at 450mg once every 2 weeks for a total of 12 weeks. Key eligibility criteria for Part 3 include: (1) biopsy-verified diagnosis of IgAN within the past 10 years,(2) urine protein ≥0.5 g/24h or baseline UPCR ≥0.5 g/g, and (3) stable/optimized dose of ACE-I/ARB (or intolerant). Patients completing Part 3 are eligible to enroll in the Phase 2 OLE study (NCT04684745) to receive BION-1301 for an additional 2 years. To evaluate PK and PD effects of BION-1301, serum levels of BION-1301, fAPRIL, antidrug antibodies (ADA), neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and Gd-IgA1 were quantitated using ELISA-based immunoassays. Serum levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM were measured by immunoturbidimetry. UPCR was assessed from 24-hour urine collections. BION-1301 has been well tolerated in IgAN patients receiving a 450mg IV dose every two weeks for 12+ weeks with no SAEs or treatment related AE’s. Consistent with PD responses reported in HVs, durable reductions in serum levels of fAPRIL and immunoglobulins were observed in IgAN patients. Clinically meaningful reductions in proteinuria were seen as early as 12 weeks and were associated with the reduction in Gd-IgA1 levels. Additional data from patients receiving long-term treatment will be updated. This abstract was also submitted for the 58thERA-EDTA Congress. BION-1301 offers disease modifying potential by directly targeting the underlying multi-hit immune pathogenesis of IgAN, which is not addressed with the current standard of care treatment. Promising early biomarker and clinical activity responses support the continued development of BION-1301 in IgAN.

POS-108 A PHASE 1/2, MULTICENTER TRIAL TO INVESTIGATE THE SAFETY, TOLERABILITY, PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF BION-1301 IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND ADULTS WITH IgA NEPHROPATHY

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis globally, with up to 45% of IgAN patients at risk of progressing to ESKD. There are currently no approved treatments specifically for IgA nephropathy. The initiating step in IgAN pathogenesis is the excess production of galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) resulting in formation of pathogenic immune complexes that cause kidney inflammation and damage. A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), a TNF-superfamily cytokine, is elevated in IgAN patients and correlated with higher levels of Gd-IgA1 and proteinuria, and lower eGFR.

Novel insights into the biomarkers and therapies for primary central nervous system lymphoma

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and highly aggressive extranodal type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. After the introduction and widespread use of high-dose-methotrexate (HD-MTX)-based polychemotherapy, treatment responses of PCNSL have been improved. However, long-term prognosis for patients who have failed first-line therapy and relapsed remains poor. Less invasive diagnostic markers, including the circulating tumor DNAs (ctDNAs), microRNAs, metabolomic markers, and other novel biomarkers, such as a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), have shown potential to distinguish PCNSL at an early stage, and some of them are related with prognosis to a certain extent. Recent insights into novel therapies, including Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have revealed encouraging efficacy in treatment response, whereas the duration of response and long-term survival of patients with relapsed or refractory PCNSL (r/r PCNSL) need further improvement. In addition, the diagnostic efficiency of novel markers and the antitumor efficacy of novel therapies are needed to be assessed further in larger clinical trials. This review provides an overview of recent research on novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies for PCNSL.

Telitacicept, a novel humanized, recombinant TACI-Fc fusion protein, for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease, in which aberrant immune cells and proinflammatory mediators act as key players in the pathogenesis of the disease. Telitacicept (RC-18) is a novel, recombinant fusion protein, consisting of transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) (TACI-Fc). It was designed to inhibit the activity of two target cytokines, the B-cell lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS, also known as the B-cell activation factor [BAFF]) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), both of which are involved in B cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. In Chinese patients with moderate to severe SLE, subcutaneous telitacicept (80, 160 and 240 mg) in combination with standard therapy was associated with clinical benefit and appeared to be well tolerated. On March 9, 2021, the Chinese National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) granted telitacicept conditional marketing approval for the treatment of adult patients with active, autoantibody-positive SLE. Additionally, on April 15, 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted fast track designation to telitacicept for the treatment of SLE. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the preclinical and clinical activity of telitacicept in SLE.

Differential Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein 1 on Human Bronchial and Alveolar Lung Mucosa Models: Implications for Pathogenicity.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mediates attachment of the virus to the host cell receptor and fusion between the virus and the cell membrane. The S1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein (S1 protein) contains the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding domain. The SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern contain mutations in the S1 subunit. The spike protein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies generated following infection, and constitutes the viral component of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: Therefore, in this work we assessed the effect of exposure (24 h) to 10 nM SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 protein on physiologically relevant human bronchial (bro) and alveolar (alv) lung mucosa models cultured at air–liquid interface (ALI) (n = 6 per exposure condition). Corresponding sham exposed samples served as a control. The bro-ALI model was developed using primary bronchial epithelial cells and the alv-ALI model using representative type II pneumocytes (NCI-H441). Results: Exposure to S1 protein induced the surface expression of ACE2, toll like receptor (TLR) 2, and TLR4 in both bro-ALI and alv-ALI models. Transcript expression analysis identified 117 (bro-ALI) and 97 (alv-ALI) differentially regulated genes (p ≤ 0.01). Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of canonical pathways such as interferon (IFN) signaling, influenza, coronavirus, and anti-viral response in the bro-ALI. Secreted levels of interleukin (IL) 4 and IL12 were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, whereas IL6 decreased in the bro-ALI. In the case of alv-ALI, enriched terms involving p53, APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) tight junction, integrin kinase, and IL1 signaling were identified. These terms are associated with lung fibrosis. Further, significantly (p < 0.05) increased levels of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL1ꞵ, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were detected in alv-ALI, whereas IL12 was decreased. Altered levels of these cytokines are also associated with lung fibrotic response. Conclusions: In conclusion, we observed a typical anti-viral response in the bronchial model and a pro-fibrotic response in the alveolar model. The bro-ALI and alv-ALI models may serve as an easy and robust platform for assessing the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern at different lung regions.