Α-glucosidase Inhibition Assay Research Articles

Debittering of Emblica (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruit powder: Preparation and biological activity

Emblica, also known as Phyllanthus emblica L., is a drug homologous food that is rich in polyphenols with various biological activities. However, its bitterness and astringency pose a significant challenge to its utilization in food products. In this study, we aimed to identify the optimal conditions for debittering Emblica. Our findings revealed that the best debittering conditions were: temperature = 50 °C, pH = 4, α-l-rhamnosidase concentration 200 U/g, and time = 5 h. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and molecular docking analysis revealed that enzymatic hydrolysis partially removed bitterness compounds. The results of antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity assays confirmed that the Emblica fruit powder still exhibited good biological activity after enzymatic debitterization. Moreover, gastric fluids treatment might contribute to the above enhancing effect of enzymatic hydrolysates of Emblica. This study provided a theoretical basis for promoting the processing and utilization of Emblica fruit powder, as well as understanding its biological activity.

Synthesis, biological activities, and evaluation molecular docking-dynamics studies of new phenylisoxazole quinoxalin-2-amine hybrids as potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors.

New phenylisoxazole quinoxalin-2-amine hybrids 5a-i were successfully synthesised with yields of 53-85% and characterised with various spectroscopy methods. The synthesised hybrids underwent in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays, with acarbose as the positive control. Through the biological study, compound 5h exhibits the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 = 16.4 ± 0.1 μM while compounds 5a-c, 5e and 5h exhibit great potential as α-glucosidase inhibitors, with 5c being the most potent (IC50 = 15.2 ± 0.3 μM). Among the compounds, 5h exhibits potential as a dual inhibitor for both α-amylase (IC50 = 16.4 ± 0.1 μM) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 31.6 ± 0.4 μM) enzymes. Through the molecular docking studies, the inhibition potential of the selected compounds is supported. Compound 5h showed important interactions with α-amylase enzyme active sites and exhibited the highest binding energy of -8.9 ± 0.10 kcal mol-1, while compound 5c exhibited the highest binding energy of -9.0 ± 0.20 kcal mol-1 by forming important interactions with the α-glucosidase enzyme active sites. The molecular dynamics study showed that the selected compounds exhibited relative stability when binding with α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Additionally, compound 5h demonstrated a similar pattern of motion and mechanism of action as the commercially available miglitol.

Insights into the phytochemical profiling, antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials of Lepionurus sylvestris Blume extract in fructose/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

In this study, the antidiabetic activities of Lepionurus sylvestris Blume extract (LSB) in rats was investigated. The in vitro antidiabetic properties of LSB was evaluated using α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibitory assays, while the antioxidant assay was analysed using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Type 2 diabetes was with high-fructose/streptozotocin, and the diabetic animals were treated with LSB for 5weeks. At the end of the experiment, the effects of LSB were evaluated via insulin level, lipid profile and hepatorenal function biomarkers. The level of oxido-inflammatory parameters, histopathology and insulin immunohistochemical staining in the pancreas was evaluated. Diabetic rats manifested significant increases in the blood glucose level, food/water intake, lipid profiles, hepatorenal function biomarkers, as well as a marked decreases in the body weight and serum insulin levels. Histopathological and insulin immunohistochemical examination also revealed decreased pancreatic beta cells and insulin positive cells, respectively. These alterations were associated with significant increases in malondialdehyde, TNF-α and IL-1β, in addition to significant declines in GSH, SOD and CAT activities. LSB significantly reduced blood glucose level, glucose intolerance, serum lipids, restored altered hepatorenal and pancreatic functions in the treated diabetic rats. Further, LSB showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by reducing malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-1β, and increasing antioxidant enzymes activities in the pancreatic tissues. A total of 77 secondary metabolites were tentatively identified in the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of LSB. Overall, these findings provides insight into the potentials of LSB as an antidiabetic agent which may be associated to the plethora bioactive compounds in the plant.

Antioxidant, Antibacterial, α-Amylase, and α-Glucosidase Inhibition, and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Mimosa Rubicaulis Lam.

Background: The use of medicinal plants as supplemental or alternative medicine is widespread around the world. For the development of new drugs, studies on these medicinal plants that include pharmacological and toxicological assessments are crucial. Objective: This work aimed to find the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of the traditionally used medicinal plant Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. Methods: The in vitro antidiabetic potential of methanolic extract and its fractions of the roots of M. rubicaulis were performed via enzyme (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) inhibition assays. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were carried out using 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibiting methods. Well diffusion method is applied for antibacterial activity. Results: The crude extract reported the highest inhibition activity against α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 10.29 ± 0.35 μg/mL compared to the standard acarbose’s IC50 value of 5.653 ± 0.29 μg/mL. Similarly, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction disclosed significant inhibition against α-amylase with an IC50 value of 108.7 ± 0.66 μg/mL compared to the standard acarbose’s IC50 value of 6.01 ± 0.14 μg/mL. Likewise, the EA fraction showed the maximum antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 11.89 ± 1.05 μg/mL among the crude extract and its fractions. Conclusion: Mimosa rubicaulis was found to have α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, antiinflammatory, and antibacterial activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of α- glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition activity of this plant. Further studies on this plant are required to isolate potent compounds.

Identification of New Diterpenoids from the Pulp of Coffea arabica and Their α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity.

Six new (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8) and seven known (4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13) diterpenoids have been identified in the pulp of Coffea arabica. The structures of new diterpenoids were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, and ROESY), HRESIMS, IR, DP4+, electronic circular dichroism, and X-ray crystallography analysis. Compound 1 is ent-labdane-type diterpenoid, whereas compounds (2-13) are ent-kaurane diterpenoids. The result of α-glucosidase inhibitory assay demonstrated that compounds (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10) have moderate inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 55.23 ± 0.84, 74.02 ± 0.89, 66.46 ± 1.05, 49.70 ± 1.02, and 76.34 ± 0.46 μM, respectively, compared to the positive control (acarbose, 51.62 ± 0.21 μM). Furthermore, molecular docking analysis has been conducted to investigate the interaction between the compounds and the receptors of α-glucosidase to interpret their mechanism of activity. This study is the first investigation that successfully discovered the presence of diterpenoids within the coffee pulp.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Cytotoxic Activities of Lilium nepalense D. Don

Lilium nepalense, a temperate medicinal plant, is used as a diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, flavoring agent, and heart pain treatment. This research aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the methanol, dichloromethane (DCM), and hexane fractions, and in vivo cytotoxic activities of the crude extracts of the bulb. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antidiabetic activity by α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, and cytotoxic activity in terms of LC50 (median lethality concentration) by Brine shrimp assay. The DCM fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50=134.99±9.75 µg/mL) and highest antidiabetic activity (IC50=182.01±20.50 µg/mL) than other fractions. Similarly, the DCM fraction had the highest total phenolic contents (243.97±33.78 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight) and highest flavonoid contents (7.68±0.85 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram dry weight) than other fractions. Moreover, the crude extract of the bulb was not found to be cytotoxic to the Brine shrimp nauplii (LC50=3.83 mg/mL). It is the first report to date describing the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic properties of L. nepalense. This study concludes that the DCM fraction of the bulb could be used as an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent for therapeutic purposes; however, further identification and characterization of bioactive compounds responsible for the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and cytotoxicity is required for further validation.

Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Polygonum cognatum Meisn. and phytochemical analysis of effective extracts.

Polygonum cognatum Meisn. (Polygonaceae) is used both as food and as a folk medicine to treat diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the extracts, along with isolated compounds, from P. cognatum aerial parts on diabetes. In vitro studies were conducted using an α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, while in vivo antidiabetic studies were carried out on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Effective extracts were subjected to isolation studies, and structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts had the highest effect in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. They also decreased aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and malondialdehyde levels, while increasing glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity in rats. From the active extracts, 11 phenolic compounds were isolated and characterized. Among the isolated compounds, quercetin was found to be the most active according to α-glucosidase inhibitory activity studies. This study provided scientific evidence for the traditional use of P. cognatum as a folk medicine for treating diabetes. The findings suggest that the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts, as well as quercetin, have the potential for development as antidiabetic agents.

Anti-Obesity Effect of Daidzein Derived from Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Extract via PPAR Pathway in MDI-Induced 3T3-L1 Cell Line

Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. is a tropical perennial vine plant native to southern Mexico, Southeast Asia, Central America, and Africa. In this study, we analyzed and identified various polyphenolic compounds and isoflavones present in ethanolic P. erosus root extracts and investigated their potential anti-obesity activity as a natural health food resource. The extraction process involved drying the yam bean, followed by extraction with 70% ethanol, evaporation, and freeze-drying. Fractionation was achieved through layer separation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH), and water. The EtOAc fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the experimental groups, with an IC50 value of 531.77 µg/mL for ABTS radical scavenging. In α-glucosidase and lipase inhibition assays, IC50 values were determined to be 873.07 µg/mL and 915.02 µg/mL, respectively. Using HPLC and LC-MS/MS, we detected isoflavone components in P. erosus root extracts, identifying daidzein, genistein, and rotenone among them. Daidzein was the most abundant isoflavone in P. erosus root extracts. To validate the anti-obesity activity in the EtOAc fraction and daidzein, we used 3T3-L1 preadipocytes treated with MDI (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, insulin) for 8 days. Oil Red O staining experiments demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in lipid content in the EtOAc fraction and daidzein treatment groups. Additionally, we examined the expression pattern of proteins related to the leptin-PPAR-FAS Pathway, revealing a concentration-dependent decrease in obesity-related proteins.

Development of a thin-layer chromatography gel-overlay α-glucosidase inhibition assay

Development of a thin-layer chromatography gel-overlay α-glucosidase inhibition assay

Identification and characterization of major bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) extracts showed multi-biomedical applications

The Andrographis paniculata recognized as most valuable medicinal plant in folk medicine. Hence, this research was designed to evaluate antibacterial potential of petroleum ether (PE) and methanol (ME) extracts of A. paniculata against skin infection causing bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Propionibacterium acnes. Also assessed the antidiabetic (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assay), antioxidant, and photoprotective potential of PE and ME extract analyses. The major bioactive compounds were identified and characterized through UV, FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra analyses. The ME extract contain more number of phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, glycoside, protein, and phytosterol) than PE extract. The antibacterial activity result also revealed that the ME (as dose dependent) extract showed better activity at 250 mg mL−1 as in the following order: P. acnes (6–29 mm) > K. pneumoniae (3–28 mm) > S. aureus (3–27 mm) > P. vulgaris (3–26 mm) > S. pyogenes (2–25 mm) > E. aerogenes (1–23 mm). PE: E. aerogenes (3–20 mm) > P. vulgaris (2–19 mm) > P. acnes (3–18 mm) > K. pneumoniae (3–17 mm) > S. aureus (2–16 mm) > S. pyogenes (0–11 mm). The MIC value of ME extract was found as 100–150 mg mL−1 and it was better than PE extract. Similarly, the ME also possesses dose based α-glucosidase inhibition activity as up to 85% at 250 mg mL−1 concentration. The fluorescence spectra analysis method also stated that the ME extract possess photoprotective bioactive agent. The ME fractions (F01 and F02) obtained from TLC and column chromatogram were identified as 3-O-β-d-glucosyl-14- deoxyandrographiside and 14-deoxyandrographolide respectively through UV, FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra analyses. Such compounds may be responsible for significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria causing skin infections, excellent antidiabetic activity, as well as photoprotective potential.

Profiling of secondary metabolite and evaluation of anti-diabetic potency of Crotalaria quinquefolia (L): In-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico approaches

Traditional medicinal plants have played a promising role in the human health system. In folklore medicine, Crotalaria quinquefolia L. is used to treat fever, pain, eczema, impetigo, lung infections, scabies. The present investigation was executed to identify secondary metabolites responsible for anti-diabetic potential of C. quinquefolia L. leaf extract along with their possible mechanistic pathways. The anti-hyperglycemic activity was assessed by in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays and an in vivo oral glucose tolerance test and diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin in mice, followed by an integrative computational analysis. A total of 23 compounds were identified through GCMS and HPLC. The extract showed potent in-vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase suppressive activity with IC50 values of 12.8 ± 0.1 µg/mL and 36.3 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively. In an in vivo oral glucose tolerance test, the extract (400 mg/kg body weight) prompted blood glucose levels to plummet by 18.9 % after 30 min, compared to the normal control and streptozotocin induced diabetes test, maximum glucose reduction was observed 11.67 % by dose of 200 mg/kg compared to the control; glibenclamide and extract (400 mg/kg) reduced blood glucose levels by 1.3 % and 16.7 %, respectively, compared to diabetic control at the end of the trial. Additionally, among the identified compounds, myricetin, quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol revealed good binding affinity as well as stability with the studied anti-diabetic proteins in docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Furthermore, QSAR analysis and network pharmacology studies of the identified compounds divulged enhanced insulin secretion stimulation, insulin receptor kinase activity, PPARγ expression; enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase, α-amylase) and protection of the pancreas -mediated antidiabetic effects. Besides, they proved strong inhibitory potential against the studied antidiabetic proteins in other computational analysis. Based on the present findings, it can be affirmed that C. quinquefolia extract possesses anti-diabetic activity.

Antidiabetic Activity, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Properties of Compounds Isolated from Bioactive Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Ficus lutea Leaf Extract

Diabetes contributes to the rising global death rate. Despite scientific advancements in understanding and managing diabetes, no single therapeutic agent has been identified to effectively treat and prevent its progression. Consequently, the exploration for new antidiabetic therapeutics continues. This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic bioactive ethyl acetate fraction of F. lutea at the molecular level to understand the molecular interactions and ligand-protein binding. To do this, the fraction underwent column chromatography fractionation to yield five compounds: lupeol, stigmasterol, α-amyrin acetate, epicatechin, and epiafzelechin. These compounds were evaluated in vitro through α-glucosidase inhibition and glucose utilization assays in C2C12 muscle and H-4-11-E liver cells using standard methods. In silico analysis was conducted using molecular docking and ADMET studies. Epicatechin exhibited the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 5.72 ± 2.7 µg/mL), while epiafzelechin stimulated superior glucose utilization in C2C12 muscle cells (33.35 ± 1.8%) and H-4-11-E liver cells (46.7 ± 1.2%) at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. The binding energies of the isolated compounds for glycogen phosphorylase (1NOI) and α-amylase (1OSE) were stronger (<−8.1) than those of the positive controls. Overall, all tested compounds exhibited characteristics indicative of their potential as antidiabetic agents; however, toxicity profiling predicted epiafzelechin and epicatechin as better alternatives. The ethyl acetate fraction and its compounds, particularly epiafzelechin, showed promise as antidiabetic agents. However, further comprehensive studies are necessary to validate these findings.

Nutritional Composition, Mineral Profiling, In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Selected Indian Guava Cultivars Leaf Extract.

Psidium guajava L. is a small evergreen tree known for its magnificent medicinal and nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile and in vitro pharmacological potentialities of the different leaf extracts of four cultivars of Psidium guajava namely Surka chitti, Allahabad safeda, Karela, and Lucknow-49. The standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were followed to carry out the nutritional analysis and all of the cultivars recorded the presence of elements at a nominal range. The highest presence of phenols (125.77 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (92.38 mg QE/g) in the methanolic leaf extract of the Karela cultivar was recorded. A wide range of minerals such as sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and boron were recorded with a higher percentage in the Karela cultivar of Psidium guajava. In the enzyme inhibitory assays, Allahabad safeda showed potential inhibition with an IC50 of 113.31 ± 1.07, 98.2 ± 0.66 and 95.73 ± 0.39 μg/mL in α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibition assays, respectively. The strong antioxidant effect was established by Lucknow-49 (IC50 of 74.43 ± 1.86 μg/mL) and Allahabad safeda (IC50 of 78.93 ± 0.46 μg/mL) for ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts of the Allahabad safeda cultivar showed better inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC of 14.84 and 28.69 µg/mL, respectively. A decent mean zone of inhibition was recorded in methanolic leaf extract that ranged from 21-25 mm in diameter against the tested bacterial strains (Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, and P. aeruginosa). This is the first scientific report on the comparative and comprehensive analysis of indigenous guava cultivars to evidently shortlist the elite cultivars with enriched dietary nutrition and biological activities.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Anti-Diabetic Activities of Scorzonera phaeopappa Boiss

Wild edible plants have attracted increasing interest from researchers because of their richness in biologically active phytochemicals. These are found to be a potential remedy for oxidative-stress-mediated diseases such as diabetes mellitus. In this study, total phenol, total terpene, and total flavonoid content as well as antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Scorzonera phaeopappa Boiss from Lebanon were determined. Using dichloromethane, dichloromethane ammonia, methanol, acetone, and ethanol, extracts were prepared from the edible leaves. The antioxidant activity and the antidiabetic activity were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, Fe2+-chelating and α-amylase/α-glucosidase inhibitory assays, respectively. Dichloromethane ammonia was found to have the highest extraction capacity on phenols (2.73 mg GAE /100 mg extract) and terpenes (232.42 mg LE/100 mg extract). Methanol was found to have the highest extraction capacity on total flavonoids (63.05 mg QE/100 mg extract). The methanol extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 0.07 mg/mL) and the highest chelating activity as compared to other extracts (0.08 mg/mL, chelating activity 50%). The acetone extract was two times more active than acarbose against α-amylase enzyme and was the most active against α-glucosidase (6.3 mg/mL). Significant positive correlations were observed between total phenol content and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay and total terpene content and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay.

Characterization and Evaluation of the In Vitro Antioxidant, α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Camellia longii Orel and Luu. (Theaceae) Flower Essential Oil and Extracts From Vietnam

Objective/Background: Camellia longii Orel and Luu was discovered for the first time in Cat Tien National Park of Lam Dong Province, Southern Vietnam, was determined as a new species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the phytochemical and bioactivity of this species. Methods: The chemical profile of essential oil (EO) prepared from C. longii flowers was determined by GC/MS analysis and comparison of the recorded retention indices and the corresponding literature values. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in different flower extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods with a spectrophotometer, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by various bioassays, including DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts was evaluated using p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside solution as a substrate and acarbose as the positive control. Results: Fifty-seven compounds were identified from the EO of C. longii flowers. Among these, the main components were α-eudesmol (16.1%), followed by ( E)-nerolidol (13.0%), β-eudesmol (8.9%), τ-cadinol (6.5%), and γ-eudesmol (5.8%). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found high in ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and ethanol extracts (206.8-378.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/g crude extract and 298.5-390.3 mg rutin equivalents/g crude extract, respectively). These extracts were shown to possess potent antioxidant activities in the examined bioassays. As for the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, the ethyl acetate, butanol, and ethanol extracts were shown to be more potent than acarbose with IC50 values of 2.16 ± 0.04, 1.95 ± 0.05, and 1.53 ± 0.04 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The findings first provide the phytochemical profiles of Camellia longii Orel and Luu and its bioactivities, indicating moderate potentials in antioxidant activity and strong α-glucosidase inhibition.

Phytochemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Study on Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Chromolaena odorata.

The medicinal plant Chromolaena odorata is traditionally used by people living in different communities of Nepal and the globe against diabetes, soft tissue wounds, skin infections, diarrhea, malaria, and several other infectious diseases. The present study focuses on the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses and antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and toxicity of the plant for assessing its pharmacological potential. The extracts of flowers, leaves, and stems were prepared using methanol and distilled water as the extracting solvents. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated by using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were assessed using the DPPH assay and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. A brine shrimp assay was performed to study the toxicity, and the antibacterial activity test was performed by the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, quinones, terpenoids, and coumarins as secondary metabolites. The methanol extract of leaves and flowers displayed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content with 182.26 ± 1.99 mg GAE/g, 128.57 ± 7.62 mg QE/g and 172.65 ± 0.48 mg GAE/g, 121.74 ± 7.06 mg QE/g, respectively. The crude extracts showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 32.81 ± 5.26 µg/mL and 41.00 ± 1.10 µg/mL, respectively. The methanol extract of the leaves was found to be effective against bacterial strains such as K. pneumoniae (ZOI = 9.67 ± 0.32 mm), B. subtilis (ZOI = 15.00 ± 0 mm), and E. coli (7.3 ± 0.32 mm). The methanol extract of the flowers showed the most α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 227.63 ± 11.38 µg/mL), followed by the methanol extract of leaves (IC50 249.50 ± 0.97 µg/mL). The aqueous extract of the flowers showed the toxic effect with LC50 107.31 ± 49.04 µg/mL against the brine shrimp nauplii. In conclusion, C. odorata was found to be a rich source of plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics and flavonoids with potential effects against bacterial infection, diabetes, and oxidative stress in humans. The toxicity study showed that the aqueous extract of flowers possesses pharmacological activities. This study supports the traditional use of the plant against infectious diseases and diabetes and provides some scientific validation.

Antioxidant, Diabetic and Inflammatory Activities of Alpinia calcarata Roscoe Extract.

Alpinia calcarata (AC) Roscoe of Zingiberaceae popularly known as lesser galangal has a widespread occurrence in China, India, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Essential oil (Eoil) was obtained from leaves/rhizomes of AC via hydro-distillation process. To identify chemical ingredients in oil from leaves/rhizomes of AC through GC/MS technique for volatile components and their anti-oxidant, inflammatory/diabetic activities. The 38 and 65 components were found to make up 99.9 and 99.6 %, respectively in total of Eoil composition of AC leaves/rhizomes. Key chemical constituents were eucalyptol (28.7 % in leaves; 25.4 % in rhizomes), camphor (12.8 % in leaves; 4.2 % in rhizomes), and carotol (9.8 % in leaves; 5.6 % in rhizomes) found in oil of AC leaves/rhizomes. Colorimetric assay showed anti-oxidant activities in leaves and rhizomes are IC50=71.01±0.71 μg/mL and IC50=73.83±0.49 μg/mL, respectively in the Eoils. Eoils had high anti-oxidant capabilities in IC50-values of AC-L-Eoil=43.09±0.82&AC-Rh-Eoil=68.11±0.87 in reducing power in μg/mL was found. Albumin test of rhizome oil had IC50-values of 15.19±0.25 μg/mL. Concentrations range of 7.81 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL in the Eoils of AC leaves and rhizome, respectively by α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Our findings demonstrated that leaf oil was slightly more promising results than rhizome oil of AC extract, which was ultimately showed medicinal potential of secondary metabolites with anti-oxidant, diabetic/inflammatory activities. Further, Eoils of AC have a wide range of pharmacological potential and promising anti-diabetic effects.

Essential Oils of Alpinia vietnamica Rhizomes and Leaves: Chemical Composition, Cytotoxicity, α-Glucosidase Inhibition, and Molecular Docking Approach

Objective: Alpinia is a big genus of flowering plants in the family Zingiberaceae. The plants of this genus are generally aromatic due to their essential oils. The current study aims to identify chemical compositions in the rhizome and leaf oils of Alpinia vietnamica H.Đ. Trần, Luu & Škorničk. Methods: Essential oils of A vietnamica rhizomes and leaves obtained by hydrodistillation were investigated by the gas chromatography–flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry (GC–FID/MS) analysis. A vietnamica essential oils have been subjected to cytotoxic and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. The protein interactions of the major compounds were viewed by molecular docking study. Results: In general, monoterpene hydrocarbons (60.4%-62.5%) and their oxygenated derivatives (18.1%-29.0%) were the main chemical classes of the rhizome and leaf oils. In the meantime, 1,8-cineole (25.7%-29.0%), β-pinene (12.8%-21.3%), geraniol (9.0%-15.2%), and α-pinene (6.1%-7.5%) can be seen as the main compounds. A vietnamica essential oils showed cytotoxicity toward four cancer cell lines KB, Hep-G2, Lu-1, and MCF-7 with IC50 values of 82.39 to 254.1 µg/mL. Significantly, the leaf oil (IC50 115.18 µg/mL) was better than the standard compound acarbose (IC50 156.68 µg/mL) in the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The results of molecular docking simulation suggested that 1,8-cineole, geraniol, α-pinene, and β-pinene could generate a similar inhibition (binding affinities) with acarbose, and the hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions played contributory roles in the binding to α-glucosidase enzyme. Conclusion: Further phytochemical investigations on this species, especially chromatographic separations to isolate bioactive metabolites, are needed. As well, pharmacological experiments are welcome since the current study is the first result.

Study of Pharmacological Profile of Chloroform Leaf Extract of Ludwigia perennis - A Wetland Plant

Aim: The main objective of this study was to find out various therapeutic properties of chloroform leaf extract of the wetland plant Ludwigia perennis.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, Sree Narayana Guru College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, Scigen Research and Innovation in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu; and the Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences in Osudu, Pondicherry between April 2023 and August 2023.
 Methodology: Chloroform leaf extract of Ludwigia perennis was employed for evaluating the antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-nutritional, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties, respectively.
 Results: The DPPH assay found that the IC50 for the leaf extract was 48.78µg/mL, while the IC50 for the standard was 49.74µg/mL. The IC50 for the phosphomolybdenum test was 32.31µg/mL for the leaf extract and 33.73µg/mL for the standard. The IC50 values for the hydroxyl radical scavenging experiment were 55.6µg/mL for the standard and 47.54µg/mL for the leaf extract. The IC50 of the standard in the α-amylase inhibitory assay is 394.48µg/mL, and the extract's IC50 is 330.38µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of the standard in the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was 394.06µg/mL, and the extract's IC50 was 335.45µg/mL, respectively. Antinutrient content such as alkaloids was 21.4%, oxalate was 6.6%, phytate was 4.18%, and saponin was 30%, respectively. The IC50 of HeLa cells treated with leaf extract was 180µg/mL. After 4hours of treatment with chloroform leaf extract, the inhibition was 51.75% when 50mg/kg was used and 58.74% when 250mg/kg was used. Here, the inhibitory percentage of indomethacin is 59.45%. This means that the leaf extract has anti-inflammatory activity. Chloroform leaf extracts produced significant antipyretic effects in 250 and 500mg/kg doses.
 Conclusion: Therefore, the chloroform leaf extract of Ludwigia perennis has shown to have anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-nutrient, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activities. These evidences suggest the plant is a potential source for developing new drugs.

Diyarbakır/Türkiye’nin Altı Farklı Bölgesinden Toplanan Matricaria chamomilla L. Örneklerinin Kamazulen İçeriği ve Hipoglisemik Potansiyeli

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is one of the oldest and most widely known medicinal plants belonging to Asteraceae family. An artifact named chamazulene forms from the sesquiterpene structured lactones such as matricin during the hydro-distillation of flowering tops of chamomile. These compounds are associated with the anti-inflammatory potential of chamomile along with flavonoids, other sesquiterpenoids, and essential oil of the plant. However, not all M. chamomilla specimens grown in different regions or species known and used as chamomile contains sesquiterpene lactone components. Thus, chamazulene content of chamomile has become a pharmaceutical interest. A traditional and well-established indication of the plant is diabetes. Protective and beneficial effects of chamomile on diabetic complications and glycemic control have been proposed by several studies. However, the mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated. Flowering tops of chamomile samples were collected from six different localities of Diyarbakır/Türkiye. Essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydro-distillation. Petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), methanol (Me), and infusion (INF) extracts were prepared. Qualitative analysis of the EOs resulted in no chamazulene content. Bismil district might be eligible for medicinal chamomile culture with its high essential oil yield. In-vitro hypoglycemic potentials of the extracts and EOs were evaluated by α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. All EOs and EA extracts (except M4-Bismil samples) showed the highest inhibitory activities comparable to that of standard acarbose. α-Glucosidase inhibition might be a significant mechanism of action contributing to the antidiabetic effects of chamomile.