980-nm Diode Laser Research Articles

Molecular evidence for the efficacy of PBM therapy in the treatment of Oral lichen planus.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease, in which T-Lymphocytes induce apoptosis of basal keratinocytes, leading to the formation of symptomatic lesions. It is assumed that blocking the cell death program and enhancing cell proliferation would be crucial to the healing process. The aim of the study was to verify the efficacy of Photobiomodulation (PBM) in OLP management, by evaluating the effects of laser irradiation on the processes of apoptosis and cell proliferation. Twenty patients with OLP underwent PBM with 810nm diode laser (0.5W, 30s, 1.2J/cm2), 3 times a week for one month. The size and clinical scores of the lesions and pain level were recorded and compared before and after therapy using Thongprasom sign scoring system and Visual Analogue Scale, respectively. Biopsies were taken before and after therapy and analyzed immunohistochemically for bcl-2 and Ki-67 expression. Tissue sections from 10 healthy volunteers were used as controls for the levels of these markers in normal oral mucosa. PBM significantly reduced patients' pain intesity and improved the clinical signs of the lesions. OLP tissue sections demonstrated lower staining for bcl-2 and Ki-67 compared to healthy controls. After therapy the expression of bcl-2 increased significantly. An enhance in Ki-67 immunoreactivity was revealed predominantly in the atrophic-erosive epithelium. PBM is an effective treatment modality for OLP patients. Erosive forms of the disease responded better to laser irradiation than keratotic subtypes. At the molecular level, PBM is likely to recover the impaired cell cycle mechanisms and keratinocyte proliferation.

Effect of GaInP and GaAsP inserted into waveguide/barrier interface on carrier leakage in InAlGaAs quantum well 808-nm laser diode

Effect of GaInP and GaAsP inserted into waveguide/barrier interface on carrier leakage in InAlGaAs quantum well 808-nm laser diode

Diode Laser-Based Photoacoustic Imaging for the Features of Benign and Malignant Uterine Tumors

Introduction: Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) uses nonionizing radiation for tumor features and thus can be used as an alternative method for medical features without inducing biological effects. The study aimed to characterize a PAI system utilizing a 650-nm diode laser to detect pathological conditions (benign and malignant tumors) in human uterine tissue, including healthy tissue. The benign tumor tissue used is a leiomyoma, which is a benign tumor that occurs in the middle layer of the uterine (myometrium). Meanwhile, the malignant tumor tissue used is a type of endometrial carcinoma, which is a malignant tumor that occurs in the inner layer of the uterine (endometrium). Methods: The human uterine tissue was obtained from the hysterectomy procedure conducted to determine the histopathological diagnosis. The PAI system uses a condenser microphone as the acoustic signal detector and a diode laser as the radiation source. Results: The characterization results of the PAI based on a diode laser with a wavelength of 650 nm and power of 250 mW showed an optimal performance for human uterine tissue in a laser modulation frequency of 16500 Hz and a duty cycle of 50%. Obtained photoacoustic images could differentiate between healthy uterine, leiomyoma, and endometrial carcinoma tissues, as indicated by the intensity level values in each tissue type. Healthy uterine, leiomyoma, and endometrial carcinoma tissues had intensity values of 11.87, 26.84, and 37.26 a.u, respectively. A One-way ANOVA test with Bonferroni post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in the acoustic intensity level between the groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The resulting intensity levels indicate a direct correlation with the nature of uterine tumors. The poorer the differentiation, the higher the resulting intensity.

Depilation Before, During, or After Scalp Flap Expansion for Facial Reconstruction Using a Long-pulse 800-nm Diode Laser.

Following facial reconstruction with a scalp flap, unwanted hair is a common esthetic problem. Reports on the safety, effectiveness, and differences in laser hair removal before, during, and after tissue expansion are lacking. The authors aimed to assess the efficacy of 800-nm diode laser hair removal before, during, and after flap expansion. A total of 366 patients who underwent long-pulse 800-nm diode laser hair removal from the scalp flap were included in this study. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the timing of laser hair removal: nonexpansion, expander, and expanded. Participants received 1 to 8 treatment sessions at intervals of 25 to 30 days. To assess the effectiveness and differences in the treatment of each group, 2 independent observers compared the photographs and measured the reduction in the terminal hair count after treatment. The hair reduction rate was significantly higher with fewer treatment sessions when laser hair removal was performed during tissue expansion compared with after surgery or before surgery. Two cases of blisters were reported in the expanded group, all of which healed after aspiration and dressing changes. No severe adverse events were reported. Hair removal during or after scalp flap expansion is safe and effective when using an 800-nm diode laser. The depilation process during tissue expansion should be extremely accurate and well-designed. Depilation of the scalp before surgery is not recommended because of its low efficiency and long treatment duration.

Effect of a 940 nm Diode Laser and MTAD on the Decontamination of Root Canals With Enterococcus faecalis.

Introduction: In recent years, various methods such as lasers and different solutions have been investigated to eliminate microorganisms in the root canal. This investigation was aimed at comparing the bactericidal effect on Enterococcus faecalis between a diode laser with a wavelength of 940 nm and a mixture of a tetracycline isomer, an acid, and a detergent (MTAD). Methods: Forty single-rooted human lower premolar teeth were prepared for inoculation with E. faecalis and incubated for a period of 3 weeks. The 40 samples were randomly divided into 4 groups: the 940 nm diode laser group with irradiation through a 200 µm optical fiber with parameters of (1 W/CW,4 cycles, 20s interval); the MTAD group irrigated with 5 mL for 5 minutes; also, a positive group with 3% NaOCl and a negative group with 0.9% saline solution, both irrigated with 5 mL for 5 minutes. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests were used. Results: The 3% NaOCl positive control group had greater bacterial reduction after treatment (99.99%) compared to the 940nm diode laser (98.96%) and MTAD (99.34%) groups. Statistically, we found a significant difference between all groups regarding the reduction in the colony count (P<0.05). Conclusion: It was found that there was a significant difference in the percentage of reduction for the bacterial colonies between all the groups evaluated, with the greatest antibacterial effectiveness observed with 3% sodium hypochlorite.

Effect of Low-Level Laser Irradiation on the Proliferation of Human Chondrocytes: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction: Chondrocytes are the major cell in hyaline cartilage playing a crucial role in maintaining the mechanical resilience of the tissue. We assessed the effect of an 808nm diode laser on the proliferation of human chondrocytes. Methods: This study was conducted on human chondrocytes in vitro. The cells were divided into 5 cases and one control group. The cells were irradiated by low-level laser 808 nm, with energy levels of 1, 2, 3 J/cm2 (0.2 W, for 5, 10, and 15 seconds), 4 J/cm2 (0.3 W,13 s), and 5 J/cm2 (0.4 W,12 s). The culture was incubated for 24 hours. The MTT assay was performed to determine the cell viability. After 72 hours of incubation, the procedure was reperformed to assess the effect of incubation duration. The cell viability in terms of incubation duration and irradiation parameters were investigated by a two-way ANOVA test. Pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni test. Results: In the 72-hour incubation group, cell viability in the group that received 5 J/cm2 energy was significantly lower than that in the groups receiving 1 J/cm2, 2 J/cm2 and 4 J/cm2 irradiation. The variables of time (P=0.001) and energy level (P=0.024) had significant effects on the cell viability of the samples. In the 24-hour incubation groups, no significant difference in cell viability was observed. Conclusion: The diode 808 nm Low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) at doses of 5 J/cm2 and less did not show a significant increase in the proliferation of chondrocytes (regardless of incubation time). However, the best survival rate of chondrocytes was observed in the group of 4 J/cm2 with 72-hour incubation.

The pyogenic granuloma: localization, incidence, clinical features.

A pyogenic granuloma (PG) represents a swiftly proliferating benign vascular tumor situated in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, commonly observed as a reactive lesion in the orofacial area. This research intended to scrutinize the clinicopathological characteristics of pyogenic granulomas in the oral and maxillofacial region. Seventy two participants, comprising 24 men (33%) and 48 women (67%), underwent surgical ablation of pyogenic granuloma in oral and maxillofacial regions utilizing 940nm and 980nm diode lasers. Standard tissue processing procedures were applied to all specimens, with subsequent slicing of paraffin-embedded blocks at a 5µm thickness for H & E staining. A microscopic examination via light microscopy was conducted on all slides to confirm the diagnosis. All cases underwent pyogenic granuloma surgical laser ablation, with 53 individuals (74%) aged 30 years or younger, 19 (26%) aged 30 years or more, 52 (72%) have duration less than six months,, and 20 (28%) have a six months or more. Pyogenic granuloma emerges as a prevalent reactive lesion in the oral and maxillofacial domain. The diode laser demonstrates utility in oral and facial soft tissue surgery owing to its facile application, enhanced coagulation, avoidance of suturing, reduced swelling and pain, and its capacity for esthetically favorable outcomes, encompassing superior de-epithelialization, absence of bleeding, and improved repair. The roles of surgeons and pathologists are pivotal in diagnosing and treating pyogenic granuloma in oral and maxillofacial regions.

808nm diode laser in the treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: a retrospective study.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease characterized by painful lesions such as nodules, abscesses, and sinus tracts, primarily affecting intertriginous areas. Traditional treatments range from antibiotics and hormonal therapies to biologics and surgical options. Recently, lasers and light-based treatments has gained attention as a non-systemic treatment for HS, targeting hair follicles to potentially alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. This study evaluated the efficacy of 808nm Diode laser therapy in managing HS by retrospectively reviewing data from 16 patients (13 men, 3 women) aged 23-61 who underwent between two and four sessions. Patients had not received systemic treatment in the three months preceding or during the therapy. Key outcome measures included the Modified Hidradenitis Suppurativa Score (MHSS), Hidradenitis Suppurativa Physician's Global Assessment (HS-PGA), Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results indicated a significant reduction in MHSS from a median of 20.0 before treatment to 9.0 at six months (p = 0.001). The HS-PGA score also significantly decreased from a median of 3.0 to 2.0 (p = 0.012). Of the 10 patients evaluated for HiSCR, 8 showed a positive response. DLQI scores improved from a median of 4.5 to 1.0 (p = 0.002). The treatment was well-tolerated, with only mild pain reported and no severe adverse effects. In conclusion, 808nm Diode laser therapy appears to be an effective modality for reducing disease severity and enhancing quality of life in HS patients, likely due to its anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest that Diode laser therapy could be a valuable addition to current HS management strategies, with further research needed to explore its long-term efficacy.

The Biofilm Removal and Bactericidal Effect of an 810-nm High-Power Laser on an Orthodontic Bracket Surface: An In Vitro Study.

Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the biofilm removal and bactericidal effect of laser treatment alone and laser combined with ultrasonic scaling on orthodontic brackets. It also assessed whether the use of a laser can improve the efficiency of biofilm removal and bactericidal effect compared with traditional ultrasonic instrumentation. Background Data: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) can lead to white spots and dental caries. Orthodontic brackets make teeth cleaning more difficult, and biofilms or bacteria on the surface of brackets worsen the oral environment, which may cause some oral diseases. Laser can be used for biofilm removal and killing bacteria on the surface of an object through thermal, photochemical, and pressure effects, which is widely used in the treatment of oral diseases. Methods: A total of 600 mandibular incisor brackets were collected for this study. Among these, 320 unused brackets were used for the S. mutans crystal violet assay (n = 160) and for S. mutans live/dead bacterial staining (n = 160). Another 280 brackets, obtained from patients who had undergone therapy for over two years, were used for the mature multispecies biofilms removal assay (n = 120) and multispecies bacterial live/dead bacterial staining (n = 160). Ultrasonic scaling, laser, and laser combined with ultrasonic scaling were applied to the labial surface of brackets covered by S. mutans biofilm or mature multispecies biofilms. Specifically, we used the following three methods: ultrasonic scaling for 10 sec without laser; 810-nm laser (Doctor Smile, Italy, LA5D0 001.1) with 0.3-mm spot size at total 21.2 kJ/cm2 for 10 sec; and 810-nm laser at total 10.6 kJ/cm2 for 5 sec, followed by ultrasonic scaling for 5 sec. The 810-nm diode laser removed biofilms with a power of 1.5 W and a power density of 2.12 kW/cm2. The S. mutans biofilm was examined using crystal violet assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for mature multispecies biofilms to evaluate the effect of the three methods on biofilm removal. Live/dead bacterial staining was used to examine the bactericidal effect on remaining biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: For S. mutans biofilm, the optical density (OD) value and live/dead bacterial ratio in the laser and the laser combined with ultrasonic scaling groups were significantly lower than those in the ultrasonic scaling group (p < 0.05); moreover, the OD value and the live/dead bacterial ratio in laser treatment combined with ultrasonic scaling and laser treatment alone showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). For mature multispecies biofilms, the percentage of biofilm coverage after treatment was higher in the laser group than in the ultrasonic scaling group (p < 0.05) and lower in the laser combined with ultrasonic scaling group than in the ultrasonic scaling group (p < 0.05), and live/dead bacterial staining showed that laser treatment alone killed the most bacteria, followed by laser treatment combined with ultrasonic scaling, while ultrasonic scaling alone seldom killed bacteria. Conclusions: Laser treatment alone has a better bactericidal effect and can also remove more S. mutans biofilm than ultrasonic scaling alone, but it fails to remove more mature multispecies biofilms. Laser treatment combined with ultrasonic scaling can remove more S. mutans biofilm and mature multispecies biofilms than ultrasonic scaling alone and also has a better bactericidal effect than ultrasonic scaling alone on a bracket surface.

Evaluating the efficacy of cavity disinfection using methylene blue dye with 660-nm diode laser on primary molars: An in vivo study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methylene blue dye with 660-nm diode laser in cavity disinfection and to compare the total bacterial count in dentinal samples preexcavation, postexcavation, and postdisinfection. The study design was experimental in vivo. Fifteen children aged 5-12 years with 15 primary molars requiring atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) were selected. Dentinal samples were collected from the carious tooth with a sterile spoon excavator three times, i.e., before caries excavation (preexcavation), after hand excavation of caries (postexcavation), and after doing laser photodynamic therapy with methylene blue dye and 660-nm diode laser (postdisinfection) and sent for microbiological analysis. The samples were transported in reduced transport fluid. The total bacterial count was carried out by an experienced microbiologist immediately after reporting. A significant number of bacteria was present after hand excavation of caries using ART. The bacterial count significantly reduced postlaser disinfection. The total viable bacterial count was reduced to 87.17% with hand excavation of caries, whereas it was reduced to 98.59% postlaser disinfection using methylene blue dye with 660-nm diode laser. It was seen that ART cannot eliminate all the microorganisms. Methylene blue dye with a 660-nm diode laser was able to reduce the total bacterial count and can be effectively used as an antimicrobial cavity disinfectant.

Comparative efficacy of pharmaceutical (Ibuprofen) and non-pharmaceutical (photobiomodulation, and chewing gum) interventions for pain reduction after elastomeric separator placement in orthodontic patients: a randomized clinical trial.

This study compared the efficacy of pharmaceutical (ibuprofen) and non-pharmaceutical (photobiomodulation and chewing gum) interventions for pain reduction after elastomeric separator placement in orthodontic patients. This 3-arm, parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 orthodontic patients. The level of anxiety and pain threshold of patients were measured at baseline using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and an algometer, respectively. The patients were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 30; equal number of males and females). In the laser group, 940nm diode laser (Epic X, Biolase, USA, 12.35J/cm2 energy density and 300 mW power in continuous-wave mode., The cross-sectional area of the laser handpiece tip was 1.7 cm2.) was irradiated to the buccal and lingual surfaces for 35s each, prior to placement of separators. In the gum group, the patients were asked to chew a piece of sugar-free gum immediately after the placement of separators and repeat every 8h for 5min for one week in case of pain. In the ibuprofen group, patients received 400mg ibuprofen (Hakim Pharmaceuticals, Tehran, Iran) after the placement of separators and were asked to take one tablet every 8h for one week in case of pain. The pain score was recorded using the Modified McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). The normality of data distribution was analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. ANOVA was applied to compare age, and the Chi-square and Monte Carlo Chi-square tests were used to compare gender and patient responses to the questions among the groups. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the pain score at different time points and among the three groups. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) at 0.05 level of significance. Data analysis in this study had an intention to treat approach. Although the pain score was slightly lower in ibuprofen and gum groups, the difference among the three groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). 'Repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant effect of method of pain reduction on pain score (F = 1.520, P = 0.225). Time had a significant effect on pain score (F = 20.310, P < 0.001). The interaction effect of time and pain reduction method on pain score was not significant (F = 0.737, P = 0.651). patients experienced a lower level of pain in the ibuprofen and chewing gum groups, the difference in pain score was not significant among the three groups (P = 0.225). patients experienced a higher level of pain at 12 and 24 hours after the placement of separators in all groups. Considering the comparably equal analgesic efficacy of this modalities, non-pharmaceutical interventions can be used for pain reduction of elastomeric separator. The study protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20210927052611N1). Date of registration 2022/03/14.

The impact of 980nm diode laser irradiation on the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the umbilical cord's

Various cell types can have their growth accelerated by using low-intensity laser radiation. The study is intended to look at the impacts of laser radiation at low energy intensity on the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) generated from umbilical cords to proliferate as well as survive in low-nutrient conditions. The study applied two different energy densities, 2.5 j/cm2 and 5 j/cm2, using a 980 nm diode laser radiation. This allowed for the observation of the effects of these specific elements on the behavior of the cells in a controlled environment at various concentrations of fetal bovine (7.5 %, 10 %, 12.5 %, and 15 %). The cells were grown in a medium lacking in nutrients and were enriched with varying quantities of serum from fetal bovines. The MTT test was used to evaluate the mitochondrial activity of the cell. Following 72 hours, it was shown that cells treated with 2.5 j/cm2 and 10 % fetal bovine serum had significantly higher MTT test activity than cells treated with 5 j/cm2.The results of this study show that even in the presence of dietary deficiencies, low-intensity laser radiation therapy can stimulate the growth of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from umbilical cords.

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of diode laser and bifluorid 10 on dentinal tubule occlusion- A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study

The present study aimed to evaluate the use of Bifluorid 10 and 810-nm diode laser alone on the exposed dentinal tubules by occluding the tubules, which is one of the treatment measures including gels, adhesives, toothpastes and mouthwashes used to treat dentinal hypersensitivity. The study involved 20 periodontally compromised extracted teeth which were sectioned, and dentin samples were prepared. The samples were divided into two groups by using simple randomization technique by tossing a coin; Group A: was treated with Bifluorid 10 alone and Group B: was treated with Laser alone. The treated dentin samples were gold sputtered and were then examined under Scanning electron microscope at a fixed magnification of X5000 and the photomicrographs of the area were obtained. It was seen that the specimens in Group A showed better dentinal tubule occlusion as compared to Group B. Lesser tubule occlusion was seen in Group B. After the evaluation of samples treated with Bifluorid 10 and Laser, it was concluded that Bifluorid 10 had shown better tubule occlusion than Laser.

The Comparison of 940nm and 810nm Diode Laser Effects on the Repair of Inferior Alveolar Sensory Nerve Injury: A Clinical Trial.

Healing of the inferior alveolar nerve injury during dental procedures is one of the biggest concerns of dentists. There are still debates on different treatment modalities. This study aimed to compare the effect of 940nm and 810nm diode lasers on the repair of the inferior alveolar sensory nerve. In this single-blinded randomized clinical trial, 39 patients with inferior alveolar nerve injury were divided into three groups: 1. 810nm laser irradiated, 2. 940nm laser irradiated, and 3. No laser irradiation (control group). All patients were treated in 12 sessions (3 days per week) and evaluated using a complete clinical neurosensory test (CNT), including brushstroke, 2-point discrimination, pinprick nociception, and thermal discrimination before and after treatment. The mean dysesthesia of the patient treated with 810nm diode laser was significantly lower than the control group in all sessions (the 1st (p= 0.003), 3rd (p= 0.008), 7th (p= 0.006), and 12th sessions (p= 0.005)). The 810nm laser resulted in more satisfaction in patients than the control group in almost all sessions (1st (p< 0.001), 7th (p= 0.028), and 12th (p= 0.006)). More patient satisfaction was seen in the 1st and 3rd sessions in the 810nm laser than in the 980nm laser (p< 0.001 and p= 0.003, respectively). 810nm diode laser can be better than 940nm in repairing inferior alveolar sensory nerve damage.

Pain Perception and Anesthesia Requirements in Diode Laser vs. Traditional Methods for Second Stage Implant Exposure

Using a 940nm diode laser or traditional methods, second-stage implant exposure involves removing soft tissue above the dental implant to expose the implant fixture and complete the implant procedure. This study included twenty-three patients (43.5% of whom were males, and the female percentage was 56.5%), aged between 18 and 70 years, who had at least two implants (3-6 months after implant insertion). Implant exposure was performed in case 1, using the traditional methods of puncture, flap, or incision, and in case 2, using a 940 nm diode laser. The study took place in Baghdad, Iraq. The results showed that the average pain in the laser group was 1.48, which was less than the average pain in the traditional group, which was 3.70. The pain scores that patients immediately reported for the laser cases were between 0 and 3, while the pain scores for the conventional cases were higher, ranging from 2 to 6. This was statistically significant in favour of the laser cases. All patients using the traditional method required infiltration anaesthesia, while 20 patients were satisfied with topical anaesthesia in the diode laser cases; this was statistically significant, favouring the laser method. This study revealed that the 940 nm diode laser is more efficient than the conventional method regarding the patient's perception of pain and the need for infiltration anaesthesia.

The Effect of Cold Plasma and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Oral Fibroblast Proliferation

Background: Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving multiple phases and cellular mechanisms that restore damaged tissue. The oral cavity presents unique challenges for wound healing due to the presence of microorganisms and the impact of various diseases and treatments. Recent advancements, including low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and cold plasma, offer promising approaches to enhance wound healing by promoting cell proliferation and reducing inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold plasma and low-level 980nm laser on the growth of oral fibroblasts and compare their respective impacts on wound healing. Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts were divided into nine study groups, including a control group. Two groups were exposed to low-level 980nm diode laser irradiation for 15 and 30 seconds, while six groups received cold plasma irradiation with helium gas at flow rates of 1.85, 2.78 and 5.56 cm3/s for the same durations. Fibroblast proliferation was evaluated on days 1, 3, and 5 after treatment using the MTT assay. Results: The results showed that on the 5th day after irradiation, 30 seconds of 980 nm laser irradiation significantly increased fibroblast proliferation compared to the other groups. In contrast, 15 seconds of plasma irradiation at a flow rate of 1.85 cm3/s had the least effect on promoting fibroblast proliferation. On the 1st day after radiation, plasma irradiation at flow rates of 2.78 and 5.56 cm3/s exhibited a greater impact on fibroblast proliferation compared to the other five test groups. Conclusion: The 980nm diode laser demonstrated a greater capacity to enhance the proliferation of oral fibroblasts compared to cold plasma using helium gas.

Indocyanine green based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment in periodontal maintenance patients: a clinico-microbiological study.

Background: Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of periodontitis is being increasingly gaining attention but at present, very limited data are available on the clinical and microbiological outcomes obtained following Indocyanine Green as the photosensitizer in Maintenance patients. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of Indocyanine(ICG)-green based photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in patients enrolled in maintenance therapy. Methodology: Using a split mouth study design, 24 participants enrolled in the maintenance therapy, having diagnosed as Periodontitis, were randomly subjected to scaling and root planing(SRP). The test group additionally received ICG-based (Aurogreen ®, Aurolabs, Madurai, India,1mg/ml) aPDT with an 810nm diode laser. Clinical assessment of Plaque index, modified Sulcus bleeding index, Probing pocket depth, Clinical loss of attachment and microbiological analysis of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and F.nucleatum were performed at baseline and 3 months after treatment. Results: It was observed that although there was no significant difference between the test and control group at baseline and 3 months, there was a statistically significant reduction in the mean values in both the groups at 3 months. Microbiological analysis showed substantial reduction in detection frequency of the bacteria assessed at 3 months in both the groups. Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, ICG-based aPDT did not show additional advantage over SRP alone at 3 months, though it could be a promising treatment modality in maintenance patients in terms of patient comfort and the treatment time taken. More randomised clinical trials should be employed to understand the exact mode of action of ICG based aPDT and its role in treatment of periodontal disease.

The impact of energy-based devices on sebum in acne vulgaris: A systematic review.

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a widespread inflammatory skin condition associated with increased sebum production, abnormal keratinization, bacterial overgrowth, and inflammation. Overactive sebaceous glands (SGs) produce excess sebum, promote Cutibacterium acnes growth, and affect acne development. Energy-based treatments (EBDs), including light therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) devices, have emerged as effective treatment options. As the use of EBDs becomes more widespread, it is imperative to understand their effects on skin parameters, such as sebum, in AV. Searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The studies included were randomized and nonrandomized trials on facial AV that used EBDs and featured objective casual sebum level (CSL) measurements via Sebumeter. Data synthesis involved percentage reductions in CSL at follow-ups compared to baseline. Twenty-three studies were analyzed. PDT and RF consistently reduced CSL by 30%-40% and 30%-35%, respectively. Laser therapy showed lesser reductions, whereas light therapy varied significantly and studies had a high risk of bias. All EBD therapies were more effective than no treatment and PDT was superior to light monotherapy. Laser therapy combined with fractional microneedling radiofrequency (FMR) or as a standalone was more effective than laser alone. Noninvasive sebum measurement provides valuable insights into AV treatment efficacy. PDT, lasers, especially the 1450-nm diode laser, and FMR are promising for reducing sebum. Standardization of measurement techniques and further research are vital for enhancing treatment personalization, reducing side effects, and improving AV management.

Anti-biofilm activity of 445nm and 970nm diode laser on mixed species colonies of- aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and porphyromonas gingivalis cultured on titanium discs -an in vitro study.

To assess and compare the anti-microbial efficacy of 445nm and 970nm diode laser on mixed species biofilm of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [A.a] and Porphyromonas gingivalis [P.g] cultured on machined pure titanium discs. A total of 65 machined pure titanium discs with no surface modifications with a 10-mm diameter and a 2-mm height were sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15min and incubated with the commercially available bacterial strains ATCC(American Type Culture Collection- P.g 33277 and A.a 29522)mixture of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(A.a) and Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.g).After a 2-week incubation period with the mixture of bacteria to develop a mixed species biofilm, the discs were divided into three groups: (1) no treatment (control), (2) 445nm laser (test), (3) 970nm laser (test). For each laser wavelength (445 and 970nm), the discs were exposed to 1.0W and 2.0W in continuous wave mode for the times points of 15, 30, and 60s. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by qPCR. A significant reduction in the levels of both species of bacteria was observed between control and the laser intervention groups. A higher efficacy for the 445nm diode laser against Porphyromonas gingivalis and a similar efficacy against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was observed as compared to the 970nm group. 445nm wavelength represents a potential and effective laser wavelength which can be used for the management of peri-implant infection. The present study findings also need to be further validated through clinical interventional trials.

The Endo-lift Laser (Intralesional 1470 nm Diode Laser) for Dermatological Aesthetic Conditions: A Systematic Review.

The prominence of minimally invasive aesthetic approaches has become increasingly pivotal. The endo-lift laser method is an intralesional 1470nm diode laser connected to a fiber that serves both therapeutic and aesthetic properties. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the endo-lift laser method for dermatological aesthetic applications. PubMed, Ovid-Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to November 5th, 2023. A citation search was also performed. The National Institute of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. Out of 339 articles, twenty-three relevant studies were included in the current review. Applying the endo-lift laser method for rejuvenation, including face and neck lifting, enhancing skin laxity, and disappearing wrinkles, folds, and lines, demonstrated favorable efficacy and safety profile. Moreover, most studies have shown that the endo-lift laser method is promising in eliminating the adipose tissue in the jowl, abdomen, thighs, and arms. The endo-lift laser technique was also efficacious in nose remodeling and blepharoplastic procedures, including treating eyelid and eyebrow ptosis, eye bag, eyebrow position, and eyelid laxity. Patients who suffer from several diseases, such as hidradenitis suppurativa, progressive lipodystrophy, acne vulgaris, scars, and keloids, benefit from procedural treatment with the endo-lift laser technique. Across all studies, the adverse events were mild and self-limiting. Investigating the endo-lift laser method in all aesthetic and therapeutic indications resulted in high patient satisfaction rates. The endo-lift laser technique has therapeutic effects and is recommended for various dermatological aesthetic indications. Further clinical studies with control groups and larger sample sizes are needed to acquire more reliable evidence. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .