Hexadecenoic Acid Research Articles

Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of Sargassum sp. (brown algae) from the Red Sea: ADMET prediction and molecular docking analysis

Brown algae from the Red sea are a rich source of bioactive molecules with high biological activities. The present work was aimed at studying the phytochemical composition of the methanol/water extract from Sargassum sp. collected from Al-Kharrar Lagoon (Red sea, Saudi Arabia). The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities were tested against S. aureus (methicillin resistant/sensitive strains), E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans strains. The obtained results showed that 2-pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-, hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester were the dominant compound in the methanol/water extract from Sargassum spp. extract. In addition, the same crude extract was effective against all tested microorganisms with a diameter of growth inhibition zone ranging from (10.67 ± 0.58 mm) for methicillin sensitive-S. aureus to (44.67 ± 1.15 mm) for S. epidermidis. Minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations ranged from 6.25–12.5 mg/L to 50–>50 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the tested methanol/water extract was able to inhibit the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus spp. strains in a concentration dependent manner, and the highest percentage was recorded at 12.5 mg/mL for S. epidermidis (82.35 ± 0.03 %). These findings have been confirmed by in silico results, specifically the drug-ability, free binding energies and molecular interactions of the extract compounds with some targeted receptors. Potential antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities could be attributed to the Sargassum sp. for which the phytochemical compounds possessed promising drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties.

Mitigation of Powdery Mildew Disease by Integrating Biocontrol Agents and Shikimic Acid with Modulation of Antioxidant Defense System, Anatomical Characterization, and Improvement of Squash Plant Productivity

Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a globally important vegetable, the production of which is severely constrained by powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii. In this study, we examined the effects of Trichoderma asperellum (MW965676), Streptomyces rochei (MN700192), and a mixture of the two foliar sprays with or without shikimic acid seed priming treatment on powdery mildew severity, plant growth, and total yield during the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 growing seasons. We also studied their immune eliciting properties by examining their enzymatic, phenolic, and hormonal functions. The combination of Trichoderma asperellum, Streptomyces rochei, and shikimic acid triggered plant defense responses, which elicited enzyme activities such as peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), phenolic compound accumulation, and increased salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) content. This approach yielded high-quality results in the control of powdery mildew during the two growing seasons under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, relatively large statistical differences in plant growth, total yield, mineral components, and physiological traits were observed. A GC–MS analysis of Trichoderma asperellum (MW965676) showed hemin cation as a major component, while Streptomyces rochei (MN700192) contained 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol and the hexadecenoic acid methyl ester. With respect to the morphological changes induced by powdery mildew and the treatments, plants treated with a mixture of Trichoderma asperellum, Streptomyces rochei and shikimic acid showed an improvement in the thickness of the midvein, increased dimensions of the main midvein bundle, a larger number of xylem rows in the main midvein bundle, greater mean diameters of vessels and of parenchyma cells in the ground tissues, as well as increased thickness of the upper and lower epidermis, lamina, palisade tissue and spongy tissue. This extensive, new study is the first step toward a more profound understanding of the use of Trichoderma asperellum and Streptomyces rochei with shikimic acid-primed seeds as a potential alternative technique for attenuating powdery mildew infection in squash.

Fatty Acid Composition of Comamonas testosteroni under Hexachlorobenzene Loading Conditions

Changes in the lipid composition in bacterial membranes are considered to be the most important adaptation mechanisms to adverse chemical factors. The aim of the study was to compare the hexachlorobenzene effects on the fatty acid composition of total lipids Comamonas testosteroni. Methods. The study was performed with C. testosteroni UCM B-400 and B-401, B-213 strains. Bacteria were grown in the Luria-Bertrani (LB) liquid medium containing 10 and 20 mg/L of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). After cultivation, the biomass was separated by centrifugation and the fatty acid composition of total lipids was determined through analyzing its methyl esters. To assess the cell membrane properties, such parameters as the lipid unsaturation index, the average carbon chain length of fatty acids, and the membrane viscosity index were determined. Results. In the fatty acids spectrum of C. testosteroni B-400 after cultivation in a medium containing 20 mg/L of HCB, the contents of unsaturated hexadecenoic (C16:1) and octadecenoic (C18:1) acids were lower by 10.6 and 5.5%, respectively, and that of saturated hexadecanoic (C16:0) acid was higher by 8.4%, compared to the control. The fatty acid composition of C. testosteroni B-401 was more stable compared to strain B-400. Collection strain C. testosteroni B-213 compared to strains isolated from soil with high HCB load, in the presence of 10 and 20 mg/L of HCB had the highest relative content of saturated hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) up to 38.33—40.7%. Unsaturated octadecenoic acid decreased at the doses 10 and 20 mg/L to 1.5—2% compared to the control. In all strains under the HCB impact, there was an increase in the relative content of C17-cyclopropanoic acid compared to control variants. Conclusions. C. testosteroni UCM B-400, B-401, and B-213 bacteria under cultivation conditions in HCB-containing medium, decreasing the degree of lipid unsaturation and increasing the relative content of C17-cyclopropanoic acid can be considered as the main mechanisms regulating the cytoplasmic membrane fluidity; the displaying of these protective reactions had a strain trait and did not depend on the adaptation in natural isolating places.

Effects of Essential Oil Fumigation on Potato Sprouting at Room-Temperature Storage.

As a global staple, potato plays an important role in meeting human dietary needs and alleviating malnutrition. Potato sprouting during storage is a major issue that threatens food security by increasing food waste and must therefore be controlled. Biopesticides, including essential oils (EOs), have a history of use as potato sprout suppressants, and interest in their use has been renewed in response to stricter regulations on CIPC, the dominant chemical sprout suppressant over the last half-century. We evaluated twenty-one EOs as potential sprout suppressants in cv. Ranger Russet potatoes at room-temperature storage. Treatment with Artemisia herba-alba EO was the most effective at suppressing both sprout length and sprout number over a 90-day storage period. GC-MS-FID analysis of A. herba-alba EO revealed the presence of α-thujone, hexadecenoic acid, β-thujone, camphor, sabinene, and camphene at amounts >1%. Cistus ladanifer, Ocimum basilicum, Ormenis mixta, and Salvia sclarea EOs significantly reduced sprout length for shorter storage periods, whereas Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark) and Laurus nobilis EOs also significantly reduced sprout number. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) EO did not significantly suppress sprouting at room temperature. These results indicate the potential of certain EOs to be used as sprout suppressants for room-temperature potato storage, providing needed alternatives for both organic and conventional potato industries.

Characterisation of bio-oil extracted from microalgae Botryococcus sp. biomass grown in domestic and food processing wastewaters for valuable hydrocarbon production

Microalgae cultivation for biofuels feedstock and value-added chemicals is a sustainable approach to renewable energy generation development. This study aims to establish a detailed hydrocarbon profile for freshwater green microalgae oil extracted from local Botryococcus sp. biomass cultivated using domestic wastewater (DW) and food processing wastewater (FW). The cultivation experiment was conducted using an enclosed photobioreactor in triplicate for 18 days under an outdoor condition. Microalgae bio-oil was extracted by employing the Soxhlet extraction method (EPA 9071B), and the various potential hydrocarbon characterisations were obtained using GC-MS analysis. The extracted microalgae oil content was higher when Botryococcus sp. was cultivated in DW (70.7%) compared to FW (53.1%) as a culture medium. The GC-MS analysis found that Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) -(C14H22O), contributed the highest peak percentage (29.6%) of the total hydrocarbon compounds when utilised DW as a culture medium. Meanwhile, Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (C17H34O2) was found as the major compound revealed from Botryococcus sp. that grew in FW with 41% of peak total hydrocarbon. Both wastewater types show potential for cultivating Botryococcus sp. for hydrocarbon production and may serve as environmentally friendly feedstocks for biofuels and chemical ingredients in many industries.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Volatile components from Coral “BETADINE” (Jatropha multifida Linn) Leaves

Betadine Plants leaves were extracted with methanol and carried out by maceration then evaporated with a rotary evaporator. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the composition of chemical compounds contained in the methanol extract of betadine (Jatropha muitifida Linn) leaves by GC-MS. The results of this analysis can be used as a reference in determining the antimicrobial activity of betadine leaves. The results of GC-MS on betadine leaf extract samples detected 27 peaks of compounds, the 3 most dominant compounds were at retention times of 18,072, 19,950 and 20,058, namely 9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-; 7-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-; Methyl hexadec-9-enoate; 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)-; and Phytol.

Evaluation of dietary metabolizable energy concentrations on meat quality and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in yellow-feathered chickens.

This study evaluated the effects of different dietary metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations on the meat quality, carcass traits, volatile flavourand lipid metabolism-related gene expression levels in yellow-feathered chickens. In total, 600 Huxu female chickens aged 90 days were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments, each with 10 replicates of 10 birds. During the finisher phase, the birds were fed diets containing 2880 (low), 2940, 3000, 3060, 3120and 3180 (high) kcal ME/kg. The results showed that the average daily gain of chickens increased as the dietary ME concentration increased, while the feed to gain improved (p < 0.05), and the intramuscular fat content of breast muscle increased (p < 0.05). The energy concentration had no effect on the breast muscle pH (45 min and 24 h), colour parameter (L*)or percentage of drip loss (p > 0.05), but the shear force values decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The diameter and area of the breast muscle fiber decreased and the muscle fibre density increased as the dietary ME concentration increased (p < 0.05). The highest ME concentration (3180 kcal) increased the percentages of aldehydes (hexanal, heptanal, 2,4-nonadienal, octanal, nonanaland 2-decenal), alcohols (2-nonen-1-ol, trans-2-undecen-1-ol, 7-hexadecenal, 2-hexyl-1-decanoaland n-nonadecanol-1,3,7,11-trimethyl-1-dodecanol), alkanes (2,6-dimethyl-heptadecane)and carboxylic acids (9-hexadecenoic acid), but reduced the percentages of octadecanal, octadecane, heneicosaneand tetradecanal (p < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA gene expression levels of fatty acid-binding protein 3 and apolipoprotein B were significantly upregulated in the liver, whereas that of cholesteryl ester transfer protein was significantly downregulated. In conclusion, increasing the ME diet to 3180 kcal/kg significantly improved the quality and flavour of the meat from yellow-feathered broilers. our finding may help poultry producers to improve the taste of meat by regulating genes related to lipid metabolism, thereby achieving the flavour and taste characteristics preferred by consumers.

Detection of phytoconstituents present in Azadirachta indica L. seeds extract by GC-MS analysis

Azadirachta indica L., commonly known as "Neem," belongs to the Meliaceae family. Traditionally, "Neem" has been used to cure diabetes, leprosy, and respiratory disorders. Azadirachta indica L. seed n-hexane extract was tested using GC-MS to determine the Phyto-components present. The analysis of A. indica L. seeds revealed the existence of Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.32%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (23.77%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)- (0.07%), Methyl stearate (0.21%), Agaricic acid (0.06%), (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester (0.10%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (0.48%), 6-Octadecenoic acid, (Z)- (64.25%), 9-Octadecenamide (0.06%), Oleic Acid (0.16%), Heneicosane (0.04%), Tetratetracontane (0.16%), Pentacosane (0.09%), Squalene (1.17%), Tetracontane (0.36%), γ-Tocopherol (0.16%), 2-[2-(6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-en-2-yl) ethyl]-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene (0.44%), γ-Sitosterol (0.25%), Kryptogenin dioxime (1.53%.), 9-Hexadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenyl ester, (Z,Z)- (1.34%.), and Lupa-13(18),20(30)-dien-3-yl acetate (0.17%). The findings of this study provide a foundation for employing A. indica L. seeds as a herbal option for a variety of ailments. GC-MS analysis was used to determine the quality of these substances. In the pharmaceutical industry, GC-MS reports will be useful for identifying a wide range of phyto-bioconstituents in various plant extracts, polyherbal extracts, and the standardization of specific plant materials.

Phytoconstituents and Antimycobacterial Activities of Root Extracts and Fractions from Vernonia glabra, (Steetz) Vatke

Vernonia glabra is used by Malawian traditional healers to treat a myriad of ailments including shingles, diabetes, dysentery, diarrhoea, cough, wounds, gonorrhoea, and gastrointestinal problems. This study evaluated phytoconstituents and the in vitro antimycobacterial activities of the crude extracts and fractions from roots of Vernonia glabra. Agar disk diffusion and modified broth microdilution assays were used to determine the antimycobacterial activities of dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) crude extracts and fractions from the roots. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were used to characterise the major compounds in the crude extracts and fractions. The EtOAc fraction exhibited the highest antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The EtOAc fraction achieved a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4.88 μg/mL and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 38.37 μg/mL, whereas gentamycin, a standard drug, achieved MIC and IC50 values of 3.13 μg/mL and 3.88 μg/mL, respectively. GC-MS and FTIR analyses of the EtOAc fractions revealed the presence of hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (0.39%), diisooctyl phthalate (24.56%), oxalic acid, allyl undecyl ester (4.66%), bis(2-ethylhexylphthalate) (5.41%), octacosane (51.12%), tetradecane (12.63%), phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (0.07%), and 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde (6.47%). The identified compounds are reported in the literature to possess antimicrobial and anticancer activities. It was evident from the comparison of the hill slope (HS) values of the dose-response curves of the fraction (−1.005) and its crude extract (−1.322) that repeated fractionation improved the activity. Therefore, this study showed that the roots of Vernonia glabra present a potential source of new leads for antimycobacterial drugs.

The effect of ethyl acetate mediated silver nanoparticles from Urtica diocia on hemostasis; in-vitro and in-vivo study

Bleeding may easily result in death during surgery or military operations. The need for safer and more effective hemostatic materials has received wide attention. Most recent topical hemostatic agents were demonstrated to be ineffective at reducing bone bleeding. Searching among biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) has provided promising results. This study reports an ethyl acetate-mediated silver nanoparticle (AgNP) effect using Urtica diocia (UD) leaves for bone hemostasis. The active components of UD-AgNPs were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‒MS). MTT assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of UD-AgNPs. Hemorrhagic circular defects (3 mm) were created on rat femur bone (n = 40). Group I: defect left unfilled (negative control), and the remaining defects were filled with UD-AgNPs, bone wax or Surgicel in groups II, III and IV, respectively. The bleeding times and amounts were calculated for each group. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelets (PLT), white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs) and hemoglobin (Hgb) were measured at baseline and one and four weeks postoperatively. GC‒MS identified the active components involved in bleeding control, bone regeneration and antibacterial activities, such as phytol, neophytadiene, carboxylic acid and hexadecenoic acid. MTT assays showed cell viabilities greater than 75% for all UD-AgNP concentrations against normal cells. UD-AgNPs demonstrated immediate hemostasis (7.7 s), similar to bone wax (7.3 s), with a similar amount of blood loss (0.05 gm). UD-AgNPs increased PLT (1347.5 × 103/μL) and reduced aPTT (12.6 s) and maintained normal WBCs compared to bone wax (19.2 × 103/μL) at the first week. These observations suggested that UD-AgNPs are an effective hemostatic agent with good biocompatibility.

Augmentation of the Photoreactivation Gene in Fremyella diplosiphon Confers UV-B Tolerance.

In spite of the enormous potential of cyanobacteria as a renewable energy source, elevated UV exposure is a major impediment to their commercial viability and productivity. Fremyella diplosiphon is a widely explored cyanobacterium with great biofuel capacity due to its high lipid content. To enhance UV stress tolerance in this species, we overexpressed the photoreactivation gene (phr A) that encodes for photolyase DNA repair enzyme in the wild type F. diplosiphon (B481-WT) by genetic transformation. Our efforts resulted in a transformant (B481-ViAnSa) with a 3808-fold increase in the phr A mRNA transcript level and enhanced growth under UV-B stress. Additionally, DNA strand breaks in the transformant were significantly lower after 12 and 16 h of UV radiation, with significantly higher dsDNA recovery in B481-ViAnSa (98.1%) compared to that in B481-WT (81.5%) at 48 h post irradiation. Photosystem II recovery time in the transformant was significantly reduced (48 h) compared to that in the wild type (72 h). Evaluation of high-value fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) revealed methyl palmitate, the methyl ester of hexadecenoic acid (C16:0), to be the most dominant component, accounting for 53.43% of the identified FAMEs in the transformant. Results of the study offer a promising approach to enhance UV tolerance in cyanobacteria, thus paving the way to large-scale open or closed pond cultivation for commercial biofuel production.

Organic Compound Composition in Sachet and Bottled Water Portable Produced in Southwest Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

Organic pollutants are pollutants that are organic in nature, basically containing carbon covalently bonded with other elements. They are known to be toxic or carcinogenic in nature. Their presence in water in large quantity causes considerable and widespread concern. Ten water samples -sachets and bottles, were bought from different potable water producing plants in Ado-Ekiti environs. By using a separatory funnel with liquid-liquid extraction system of 50mL:50mL n-Hexane: Dichloromethane, organic contaminants were extracted from the water samples. These samples were analyzed using ultra violet-visible spectrophotometry, which determined that the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of the organic compounds present in all the water samples was 222 nm. These organic compounds were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The composite water sample obtained from the sachet water revealed sixteen (16) organic compounds, while ten (10) were found in the bottled water composite sample. The common organic compounds found in both the sachet and bottled waters are Neophytadiene, Hexadecanoic acid, Eicosadiene, Cyclotrisiloxane, and Tetrasiloxane. Other organic compounds found only in the composite bottled water samples are: Dodecanoic acid, Octadecadienoic acid, Octadecenoic, Methyl stearate, Benzisothiazol-3-amine, and Arsenous acid. The presence of Arsenous acid is quite worrisome, especially when found in bottled water that most elites in the society drinks. In the composite sachet water sample, other organic compounds found include Copaene, Cubebene, Caryophyllene, Humulene, Naphthalene, Caryophyllene oxide, Tetradecyne, Caffeine, Methyl Hexadecenoic acid, Hexadec-9-enoate, p-Camhorene, Octadecatrienenoic acid, Supraene, and HexamethylCyclotrisiloxane. In general, most of these organic compounds have plant origin but their presence in potable water is undesirable and therefore regarded as contaminants and harmful. The water producing plants need to incorporate effective organic purification systems to remove these organic compounds, which are harmful contaminants from the drinking waters.

Antioxidant, Anti-Proliferative Activity and Chemical Fingerprinting of Centaurea calcitrapa against Breast Cancer Cells and Molecular Docking of Caspase-3.

Centaurea calcitrapa has been intensively utilized in ethnomedicinal practices as a natural therapeutic recipe to cure various ailments. The current study aimed to chemically characterize ethanolic extract of C. calcitrapa (EECC) aerial parts (leaves and shoots) by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses (GC-MS) and investigate its antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activities, elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism by use of flow cytometry-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and conducting in silico assessment of binding inhibitory activities of EECC major compounds docked to caspase-3. CG-MS profiling of EECC identified a total of 26 major flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds. DPPH and ABTS assays revealed that EECC exhibits potent antioxidant activity comparable to standard reducing agents. Results of the proliferation assay revealed that EECC exhibit potent, dose-dependent cytotoxic activities against triple-positive (MCF-7) and triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell models, with IC50 values of 1.3 × 102 and 8.7 × 101 µg/mL, respectively. The observed cytotoxic effect was specific to studied cancer cells since EECC exhibited minimal (~<10%) cytotoxicity against MCF-12, a normal breast cell line. FACS analysis employing annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double labeling demonstrated that the observed anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 was mediated via apoptotic as well as necrotic signaling transduction processes. The increase in fluorescence intensity associated with DCFH oxidation to DCF, as reported by FACS, indicated that apoptosis is caused by generation of ROS. The use of caspase-3-specific fluorogenic substrate revealed a dose-dependent elevation in caspase-3 substrate-cleavage activity, which further supports EECC-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The major EECC compounds were examined for their inhibitory activity against caspase-3 receptor (1HD2) using molecular docking. Three compounds exhibited the highest glide score energy of −5.156, −4.691 and −4.551 kcal/mol, respectively. Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy established strong binding in caspase-3 receptor of hydrogenic type, with residue ARG 207 and of PI-PI stacking type with residue HIS 121. By contract, hexadecenoic acid showed 3 H-bond with the following residues: ASN 615, ASN 616a and THR 646. Taken together, the current findings reveal that EECC exhibits significant and specific cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells mediated by the generation of ROS and culminating into necrosis and apoptosis. Further investigations of the phytoconstituents-rich C. calcitrapa are therefore warranted against breast as well as other human cancer cell models.

Separation of triacylglycerols containing positional isomers of hexadecenoic acids by enantiomeric liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing positional isomers of hypogeic (Hy), palmitoleic (Po), and palmitvaccenic (Pv) acids from three microorganisms (top-fermenting brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, green alga Coccomyxa elongata, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis) were analyzed. Dozens of regioisomers and enantiomers of TAGs containing one, two or three hexadecenoic acids have been identified by means of reversed phase chromatography/mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS). The regioisomers of TAGs containing two palmitic acids and any hexadecenoic acid were separated. Analysis of regioisomers of TAGs having one Pv residue showed that asymmetric molecular species such as PvPP or PPPv were dominant in Rhizophagus. TAGs were also analyzed on a chiral phase column and nine molecular species of TAGs containing two palmitic and any of three hexadecenoic acids were separated and identified. In the case of TAGs containing one palmitic and two hexadecenoic acids, the separation was successful only if the hexadecenoic acids were identical. Separation of TAGs containing three hexadecenoic acids was successful only if all three hexadecenoic acids were identical. Regardless of the type of TAG, it was found that TAGs in the AM fungus and containing palmitvaccenic acid bound at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone were dominant, suggesting similarity in the biosynthesis of the different TAGs. The covalent adduct chemical ionization method was used for identification of TAGs as adduct with (1-methyleneimino)-1-ethenyl ion, which reacted with double bond of the unsaturated fatty acid. Tandem MS thus makes it possible to identify TAGs containing various hexadecenoic acids.

Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Low-Energy Assisted Nanohydrogel of Azadirachta indica Oil.

Plant-based bioactive compounds have been utilized to cure diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and as a substitute to reduce the side effects of chemically synthesized drugs. Therefore, in the present study, Azadirachta indica oil nanohydrogel was prepared to be utilized as an alternate source of the antimicrobial compound. The total phenolic compound in Azadirachta indica oil was quantified by chromatography analysis and revealed gallic acid (0.0076 ppm), caffeic acid (0.077 ppm), and syringic acid (0.0129 ppm). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of Azadirachta indica oil revealed the presence of bioactive components, namely hexadecenoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, ç-linolenic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid (Z)-methyl ester, methyl-8-methyl-nonanoate, eicosanoic acid, methyl ester, and 8-octadecane3-ethyl-5-(2 ethylbutyl). The nanohydrogel showed droplet size of 104.1 nm and −19.3 mV zeta potential. The nanohydrogel showed potential antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans with minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fungicidal concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 3.125 (µg/mL). The nanohydrogel showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher (8.40 log CFU/mL) value for Gram-negative bacteria E. coli compared to Gram-positive S. aureus (8.34 log CFU/mL), and in the case of pathogenic fungal strain C. albicans, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in log CFU/mL value (7.79–6.94). The nanohydrogel showed 50.23–82.57% inhibition in comparison to standard diclofenac sodium (59.47–92.32%). In conclusion, Azadirachta indica oil nanohydrogel possesses great potential for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities and therefore can be used as an effective agent.

Roles of Palmitoleic Acid and Its Positional Isomers, Hypogeic and Sapienic Acids, in Inflammation, Metabolic Diseases and Cancer.

In the last few years, the monounsaturated hexadecenoic fatty acids are being increasingly considered as biomarkers of health with key functions in physiology and pathophysiology. Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) and sapienic acid (16:1n-10) are synthesized from palmitic acid by the action of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and fatty acid desaturase 2, respectively. A third positional isomer, hypogeic acid (16:1n-9) is produced from the partial β-oxidation of oleic acid. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the effects of palmitoleic acid and, where available, sapienic acid and hypogeic acid, on metabolic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. The results have shown diverse effects among studies in cell lines, animal models and humans. Palmitoleic acid was described as a lipokine able to regulate different metabolic processes such as an increase in insulin sensitivity in muscle, β cell proliferation, prevention of endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipogenic activity in white adipocytes. Numerous beneficial effects have been attributed to palmitoleic acid, both in mouse models and in cell lines. However, its role in humans is not fully understood, and is sometimes controversial. Regarding sapienic acid and hypogeic acid, studies on their biological effects are still scarce, but accumulating evidence suggests that they also play important roles in metabolic regulation. The multiplicity of effects reported for palmitoleic acid and the compartmentalized manner in which they often occur, may suggest the overlapping actions of multiple isomers being present at the same or neighboring locations.

Metabolomic profiling relates tianeptine effectiveness with hippocampal GABA, myo-inositol, cholesterol, and fatty acid metabolism restoration in socially isolated rats.

Discovering biomarkers of major depressive disorder (MDD) can give a deeper understanding of this mood disorder and improve the ability to screen for, diagnose, and treat MDD. In this study, metabolomics was used in unraveling metabolite fluctuations of MDD and drug outcome by creating specific metabolomic fingerprints. We report metabolomic patterns of change of the hippocampus of adult male Wistar rats following chronic social isolation (CSIS) (6weeks), an animal model of depression, and/or chronic tianeptine (Tian) treatment (10mgkg-1 per day) (lasting 3weeks of 6-week CSIS), monitored by using comprehensive GC × GC-MS. The comparative metabolomic analysis highlighted the role of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), iso-allocholate, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism alterations following the CSIS, which was corroborated with moderate to strong negative Pearson's correlation of GABA, docosahexaenoic, 9-hexadecenoic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic, and arachidonic acids with immobility behavior in the forced swim test. The antidepressant effect of Tian restored GABA levels, which was absent in Tian resilient rats. Tian decreased myo-inositol and increased TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, and cholesterol and its metabolite. As key molecules of divergence between Tian effectiveness and resilience, metabolomics revealed myo-inositol, GABA, cholesterol, and its metabolite. A significant moderate positive correlation between myo-inositol and immobility was revealed. Tian probably acted by upregulating NMDAR's and α2 adrenergic receptors (AR) or norepinephrine transporter in both control and stressed animals. Metabolomics revealed several dysregulations underlying CSIS-induced depressive-like behavior and responsiveness to Tian, predominantly converging into NMDAR-mediated glutamate and myo-inositol signalization and GABA inhibitory pathways.

Transcriptomic Profile Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Response to Acmella paniculata Flower Extracts.

Background Acmella paniculata has been used as a traditional medicine to treat oral health diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis. Streptococcus mutans is a common bacterium that initiates dental caries at an early stage. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the mode of action of A. paniculata (extracts) against S. mutans growth. Methods Time-kill assay has been done to investigate the rate of kill and effectiveness of Acmella paniculata (AP) extracts against S. mutans growth. Phytochemical analysis was done to identify major compounds in AP extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) have been done to observe the morphological changes of treated bacteria. Transcriptomic profile analysis has been done using Next Gene Sequencing. Results AP flower n-hexane (APFH) and AP flower dichloromethane (APFD) extracts acted as bactericidal agents after killing >3 log10 cfu/mL of S. mutans after 24 hours. Oleic and hexadecenoic acids were found to be the major compounds in APFD and APFH extracts, respectively. Photomicrographs from SEM and TEM of treated S. mutans show that the bacterial cell wall has been lysed and the cytoplasm content was decreased. Pathway analysis revealed that the APFD extract significantly affected biosynthesis peptidoglycan, gene expression, RNA processing, and macromolecule metabolism processes in S. mutans. Conclusion Data analysis revealed that multiple mechanisms of action were involved in antibacterial activity of A. paniculata extracts toward S. mutans.

Lacticaseibacillus paracasei as a Modulator of Fatty Acid Compositions and Vitamin D3 in Cream.

Butter is an important source of essential fatty acids, lipid-soluble vitamins, and antioxidants in the diet. However, this study showed that the presence of the Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain has a great influence on the fatty acid profile as well as provitamin D3 and vitamin D3 content in the cream—the raw material from which the butter is obtained. The addition of this lactic acid bacteria enriches the cream in 9-hexadecenoic acid, oleic acid, octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid, which exhibit antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. Moreover, a higher level of monounsaturated fatty acids can extend the shelf life of butter in the future. In the present work, we observed that the presence of lactic acid bacteria contributed to an increase in the level of provitamin D after 6 h of incubation and an increase in the levels of vitamin D3 after 24 and 48 h. Fatty acid profiles and the content of vitamins were largely dependent on the presence of light and mixing, which are probably associated with the status of lipid peroxidation.

LIPIDS AND SOME BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF GLYCINE HISPIDA MAXIM SEED’S OIL GROWING IN GEORGIA

The aim of the presented work is study of lipids and some biological active substances of Glycine hispida Maxim L. seed’s oil, collected in the west Georgia. Cold pressing extraction were implemented. According to the standard procedures in seed’s oils samples are analyzed fatty acids: tetradecanoic acid 0.06%, hexadecenoic acid 13,09%, hexadecenoic acid 0,07%, heptadecanoic acid 0,09%, octadecanoic acid 4,1%, 9- octadecenoic acid 26,12%, 9,12 octadecadienoic acid 52,48%, eicosanoic acid 0,32%, eicosadienoic acid 0,41%.According to obtained results, it was established, that the chromatographic profile of growing in Georgia Glycine hispida Maxim L. is rich with very important biological active components and fatty acid composition which are very necessary in medical production and high-quality cosmetics.