20th Century Research Articles

Part II: Beyond Broken Histories: Reframing Professional Identity and the Historical Genesis of Manual Therapy. Interviews across professions

ABSTRACT Background Perspectives on the historical genesis of manual therapy for chiropractic, manual medicine, osteopathy, and physiotherapy are limited. Objective This study sought to identify themes and narratives related to the genesis of manual therapy; the potential of a common root for manual therapy in 19th century Northern Europe; and the potential impact of a current ‘broken history’ for manual therapy. Methods An exploratory phenomenological approach was utilized, based upon structured one-hour interviews of 21 professionals across four professions who had previously completed a survey on the historical genesis of manual therapy. Results Descriptive and hermeneutic themes were developed based upon the lived experience of individuals relating to interview questions and a presented historical narrative. Support for a common genesis in Northern Europe was present within physiotherapists, but for all other professions North America was primary. Multiple themes and quotes of significance were developed from the study, including the importance of history within professional identity. An archetypal analysis was completed to answer specific assumptions related to the historical genesis of manual therapy including points of genesis for manual therapy and scientific necessity within manual therapy. Conclusion The findings of this study provide new perspectives to consider on the value, criticality, and impact of manual therapy, and its history’s for the four professions in practice, education, and regulations.

In remembrance: Joseph Gall

ABSTRACT A 14-year boy is given a microscope by his parents. It is not a toy – but a real microscope. He deploys it to rediscover the biology he had known before, but now in a magnified world. With extraordinary intellectual gifts he then, and manifestly later becomes absorbed by the idea that all this, however mysterious at first glance, might be subject to rational understanding, with painstaking study. Thus, was the genesis of one of the greatest cell biologists of the 20th century, Joseph Grafton Gall, who died 12 September 2024, at 96. He had been professionally active up until only a few years ago. There was no one like him in the modern era of cell biology and there will not be another figure like him anytime soon.

Evidential Analysis: An Alternative to Hypothesis Testing in Normal Linear Models

Statistical hypothesis testing, as formalized by 20th century statisticians and taught in college statistics courses, has been a cornerstone of 100 years of scientific progress. Nevertheless, the methodology is increasingly questioned in many scientific disciplines. We demonstrate in this paper how many of the worrisome aspects of statistical hypothesis testing can be ameliorated with concepts and methods from evidential analysis. The model family we treat is the familiar normal linear model with fixed effects, embracing multiple regression and analysis of variance, a warhorse of everyday science in labs and field stations. Questions about study design, the applicability of the null hypothesis, the effect size, error probabilities, evidence strength, and model misspecification become more naturally housed in an evidential setting. We provide a completely worked example featuring a two-way analysis of variance.

Re-establishment of the Position of the Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in the Baltic States in the Mid-fifties of the 20th Century

The re-establishment of the position of the second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in the Baltic States during Nikita Khrushchev’s rule is at the centre of this article. The predecessors of this important position for control of the republics were the representative of the Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (the Bolsheviks) (AUCP[B] CC) and of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and subsequently the representative of the institution of the (AUCP[B] CC) bureau for the republic. The article examines the reasons and motives behind Moscow’s 1956 decision to re-establish the practice abolished by Lavrentiy Beria in 1953 of appointing functionaries sent by the Kremlin as second secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Republics. Before re-establishing the position of second secretary, Moscow took several tactical steps. First, in 1955, it specified a problem in the Baltic States, the lack of development in agriculture, and then organised campaigns and checks and also sent ‘assistance’ teams to the Baltic States, as a result of which the elite of the republics were finally forced to ask the centre to “strengthen the leadership” by sending a second secretary and other functionaries. In December 1955, the resolution ‘On measures to raise agriculture of the Lithuanian SSR’ was adopted, and under its guise in 1956 the position of the second secretary was re-established.

РАЗВИТИЕ РУССКОГО ЛЕТОПИСАНИЯ

Old Russian literature reveals a complete dissimilarity with the literature of the modern time: it is characterized by other, special genres (Old Russian literature did not know the novel and drama, poetry appears only at the end of the 17th century), and the method of representation of life, belletristic expression of man. The “Tale of Bygone Years” is the basis of all Old Russian chronicle writing. The chronicle story is first of all documentary: with few exceptions, there is nothing fictitious, composed, “literary” in it. It is a direct reflection of reality. It is a story in the literal sense of the word, usually compiled on the fresh traces of the event by an eyewitness, or from the words of an eyewitness.

Ivan Fyodorov’s Psalter with Book of Hours as a Miscellany: Composition and Sources

Purpose. The article studies the features of composition and structure of Ivan Fyodorov’s edition the Psalter with Book of Hours, which is considered as a particular version of the Augmented Psalter miscellany.Results. Authors analyze main components of the edition from the point of view of their correspondence to the manuscript and early printed tradition of the Augmented Psalter of the 15th – 16th centuries and search for their possible sources. The article reveals peculiarities of composition of the texts in the Horologion part and suggests that the miscellany was specially adapted to the needs of parish churches, in which there was no need or possibility to celebrate the daily divine worship prescribed by the Jerusalem Typicon. The article identifies possible sources of the foreword part to the Psalter and concludes that Ivan Fyodorov was guided by the contemporary manuscript tradition of Augmented Psalter, but the selection and composition of the texts are original and do not yet find exact correlations in manuscripts and early printed miscellanies. The article analyses the features of composition of the superscriptions to psalms and their sources that were the commentaries of pseudo-Athanasius of Alexandria and superscriptions probably based on the glosses reflecting the exegesis of Theodoret of Cyrus.Conclusion. The authors conclude that the edition of Psalter with the Book of Hours stands out among its contemporary manuscript and early printed analogues by its original compositions of the foreword part and particular edition of the superscriptions to psalms.

Die Macht der Dissimulation

Abstract This paper reconstructs and discusses a shift in meaning that has taken place in the modern history of the concealment of art, a history that begins in classical rhetoric. It first shows how the ars-est-celare-artem doctrine was taken up in the early modern period by authors such as Accetto, Castiglione and Gracián and translated into a concept of sprezzatura, an art of disguising that has both aesthetic and political implications. The authors in question emphasize the difference between manipulative deception (simulazione) and an ethically acceptable disguise (dissimulazione), a deliberate concealment of one’s own arts, skills and abilities, which on the one hand provides protection in a power-dominated courtly culture, and on the other is linked to the aesthetic ideals of grace and naturalness. The distinction between simulazione and dissimulazione, which was very common in the Baroque period in particular, faded into oblivion in the 18th century. Dissimulation now tended to be fully integrated into the concept of simulation.

The Role Of The Press In Shaping Public Opinion During The Freedom Struggle

The role of the press during the freedom struggle was instrumental in shaping public opinion and galvanizing the masses against colonial oppression. As India sought independence from British rule in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, newspapers, journals, and pamphlets emerged as vital tools for disseminating nationalist ideas and fostering political awareness. The press not only reported on events but also provided a platform for political discourse, allowing voices from diverse communities to contribute to the independence narrative. Great figures such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, and other leaders utilized the press to articulate their visions for a free India, framing the struggle in terms of justice and self-determination. Newspapers like "The Hindu," "The Times of India," and "The Tribune" played crucial roles in informing the public about the injustices of colonial rule, inspiring a collective consciousness among various strata of society. Editorials, articles, and letters to the editor encouraged civic engagement and mobilized support for protests, strikes, and other forms of resistance. The press faced significant challenges, including censorship and repression from colonial authorities, which often sought to suppress dissenting voices. Despite these obstacles, many journalists and editors risked their safety to publish revolutionary ideas and expose the realities of British exploitation. This resilience illustrated the press's commitment to truth and justice, fostering an environment where public sentiment could coalesce around the freedom movement. The emergence of vernacular publications further broadened the reach of nationalist sentiments, ensuring that the message of independence resonated across linguistic and cultural divides. These publications played a crucial role in educating the masses and instilling a sense of pride and identity that transcended regional differences. The press was not merely a bystander but a catalyst in the freedom struggle, shaping public opinion and uniting diverse groups against colonial rule. Its influence extended beyond immediate political outcomes, contributing to the formation of a national consciousness that would endure long after independence was achieved. This study highlights the indispensable role of the press in the socio-political landscape of the freedom struggle, illustrating its enduring legacy in contemporary society.

Characteristics of the Rock Paintings of Paaluu and Ikh Durulj

The region of Central Asia, especially the lands of Mongolia today, is rich with parietal art including rock paintings. Research regarding these rock paintings has been carried out to a certain extent from the second half of the 20th century, mainly from the point of view of archeology. In the study of rock paintings in Mongolia, Altai, Baga Oigor, and Tsagaan Gol rock paintings have been widely studied and exhibited on the international stage by international archaeological research teams, which can be considered to be a major contribution to the study of rock paintings of the western region. Additionally, a considerable number of studies were carried out on the rock paintings of the Gobi region of Mongolia, in Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, and Umnugobi provinces and a certain number of books and publications have been published. At the intersection of the northern end of the Gobi region and the southern edge of the Khangai mountains, Guchin Us [Lit.Tr: Thirty Waters] soum or subprovince of Ovorkhangai Province is located. The rock paintings sites by the name of Paaluu and Ikh Durulj are located 25 kilometers northwest of the Guchin Us soum center (sub-province seat). They are the main targets of our current research.

Vers pompeux – cadavre oratoire. Rhetorische, galante und dramaturgische Ausformungen der dissimulatio artis im frühneuzeitlichen Theater am Beispiel von Corneilles Pompée

Abstract This article understands dissimulatio artis as a link between political rhetoric, early modern courtly behavioural theory and the theatre of the 17th century. Using the example of Pierre Corneille’s Pompée, it is shown that dissimulatio artis found its way into French theatre along two lines of development: On the one hand, dissimulatio artis as the basis of courtly behavioural theory (in Pompée, above all gallantry) becomes a dramatic model of interaction and dialogue; on the other hand, it becomes a category of evaluation in debates on drama theory. To this end, the observations and evaluations of the characters’ politic-rhetorical and gallant dissimulatio artis that take place in the dramatic dialogue are examined at first, which point to the interdependence of early modern savoir-vivre and rhetoric through dissimulatio artis. Finally, Corneille’s poetological writings are used to derive the dissimulation artis as a criterion of drama genesis.

The Titular War of the Moscow State with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Turn of the 16th – 17th Centuries: Communication and Pragmatic Aspect

Purpose. The struggle for the royal title recognition was one of priorities in the foreign policy of the Moscow State in diplomatic relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) at the turn of the 16th – 17th centuries. The purpose of the article is to identify the communication and pragmatic features of the controversy about the title «tsar» betweenthe Russian monarch Boris Godunov and the Lithuanian ambassadors, which was preserved in the documents of the embassy of the GDL’s Chancellor Lew Sapieha to Moscow (1600–1601).Results. The main communication strategy of Boris Godunov in obtaining the recognition of the royal title was ration-al argumentation: succession by the right of inheritance and conquest, recognition by Christian and Muslim rulers, observance of the necessary rituals and diplomatic protocol. However, the key arguments of the Russian monarch were regarded by the Lithuanian side as a manipulative influence attempt, since they did not have sufficient documentary and factual confirmation. In turn, Lithuanian ambassadors also used verbal manipulation: deliberate substitution of the meaning of words, appeal to «God’s justice» and opponent’s emotions.Conclusion. Despite the failure to achieve recognition of the royal title, the analyzed polemics played an important role in the development of Russian diplomatic communication, since: 1) it let clearly formulate the official position of the Russian government and systematize relevant arguments in favor of the royal title, 2) stimulated the search for new communication strategies and tactics to legitimize the royal title in foreign policy relations with the GDL.

Exploring encounters and prodigies of Islamic banks in non-Muslim states: towards enhancing regulatory frameworks of Islamic banking system

Purpose The primary aim of this study is to explore challenges and prospects of Islamic banking system in non-Muslim states to foster regulatory frameworks of the system. Design/methodology/approach Content analysis as an integral part of qualitative research was used. Secondary data through the exploration of cursory literature was taken into consideration. Findings The findings identified three prime challenges, namely, regulatory, operational and institutional, which are impeding the smooth activities and performances of Islamic banks in using innovative Islamic products and services that can favourably compete with products and services of conventional banking system in non-Muslim states. In addition, strengthening the adoption and performance of Islamic banking in non-Muslim states can efficiently and effectively address the identified and multifarious regulatory, operational and institutional challenges to achieve financial inclusion and overall economic growth. Research limitations/implications Challenges encountered and prodigies or potentials of operating Islamic banking system by most of non-Muslim countries remains a pivotal aspect that needs research attention in the recent. Practical implications Nonetheless, the limitation of this study is that the study relies on the use of secondary data. However, it has provided a substantial direction for future studies in empirically exploring the variables of this study. Social implications Indeed, 19th century was a remarkable turning point in the development and expansion of Islamic banking system in the Muslim world. Many predominant Muslim countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, among others have been efficiently and effectively operating Islamic banking system within the framework of Islamic legal provisions. Many non-Muslim countries such as Australia, the UK, USA, etc., have also adopted Islamic banking system. Originality/value It is noted that policy directions of the study among others should address the regulatory frameworks that is Shari’ah-compliant in the operation of Islamic banking system in non-Muslim states. It is therefore suggested that the policymakers, Islamic financial experts and regulators should use the innovation that could bring competitiveness into the operation of Islamic banking system in non-Muslim states.

Maintenance Methods and Strategies for Existing Bridges in China

Abstract. In China, bridges constructed in the past century have deteriorated due to environmental exposure and increasing loads, necessitating attention from researchers on assessment, maintenance, and reinforcement to ensure safety. Appropriate design and construction techniques are key to improving load-bearing capacity and extending service life. This paper summarizes China's bridge challenges, introduces the development of bridges in China since the 20th century and visual inspection methods, and outlines strengthening techniques for bridge superstructures and substructures. Furthermore, the paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions, highlighting the importance of continued efforts to ensure the safety, reliability, and longevity of these vital transportation structures.

Dispersal history and current breeding range of the Mute Swan (<i>Cygnus olor</i>, Anatidae, Aves) in northwestern Russia

Throughout the 20th century and the first decades of the current century, the Mute Swan, Cygnus olor, has been growing in numbers and expanding its range both northward and northeastward. The history of the species’ settlement to the Northwest of Russia and the main stages of its expansion, as well as the peculiarities of its spatial distribution in the region are discussed. The Mute Swan started breeding in northwestern Russia in the mid-1980s. The species settled in two landscapes: on shallow eutrophic lakes and on sea moraine and selga islands. To date, the species’ range covers the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, the west and southwest of the Leningrad Region, the whole Pskov Region, and the westernmost parts of the Novgorod and Tver regions. It is noteworthy noting that at the initial stages of expansion the first breeding pairs appeared throughout most of the above-mentioned territories at once. Subsequently, new nests were recorded mainly within the “occupied zone” delineated by the first newcomers. During more than 30 years of expansion, the range of the species moved eastwards by no more than 88–94 km at different localities, while during the previous 20 years (1960–1980) the Mute Swan’s range in Scandinavia moved up to 998 km. Decreasing rates of range expansion amid a continued development of a warm phase of the climate suggest the presence of some kind of climatic barriers for the species in the region.

Strength- and Moisture-Related Studies of Historical Building Materials: A Case Study from Southern Estonia

Demolition of existing buildings turns building products into waste. The amount of demolition waste is increasing globally. The current case study is an example of fulfilling the EU Waste Framework Directive of reducing demolition waste by reuse of historical materials in their original structures. The aim of this paper is to investigate construction materials from 19th and 20th centuries and their mechanical and physical properties in a case study building from the conservation area of Võru city, South Estonia. Timber structures of the case study building were non-destructively tested on-site using a resistive method. Ceramic brick plinth and basement walls, as well as concrete and granite ceiling, were tested in situ non-destructively (rebound hammer test) for compressive strength estimation. Previously dismantled timber logs, slats and ceramic bricks were tested in the laboratory for compression and bending, respectively. The logs and slats matched the European timber bending strength classes C22 and C40, respectively. The compressive strength of the studied ceramic bricks was comparable to that of newly produced bricks. The non-destructive moisture content of timber structures varied in spring (5–20%) but was steady in the autumn (5–7%) tests. The rebound hammer test overestimated by 1.5…2 times the compressive strength of the studied materials compared to laboratory tests.

Types of Intratextual Glosses in the Charter of Military, Cannon and Other Matters Relating to Military Science

Purpose. The aim of the article is to describe intratextual glosses in the Charter of Military, Cannon and Other Matters Relating to Military Science, the reasons for and ways of introducing them into the text.Results. Three sources of gloss were identified: the author of Kriegsbuch L. Fronsperger, the translators (A. Radishevsky, M. Yuryev and I. Fomin) and the publishers of the text. The glosses in the German text were formed using the conjunctions oder (in the Russian translation it corresponds to the conjunctions syrech and ili), das ist (in the Russian syrech and to yest’) and mainly served to explain the borrowed vocabulary from the Latin, in isolated cases from the Italian and the Greek. The publishers' glosses are a few bracketed inclusions, inside which an explanation is given for some obsolete nominations or variants of words. Approximately 50 glosses entered by translators explain spatial measurements, chemicals and materials, names of persons by occupation or duties, military affairs. Syntactically, they are more often formed using the conjunctions syrech and to yest’, rarely the conjunction ili.Conclusion. Fronsperger’s rare glosses were oriented to the German reader of the second half of the 16th century, who was well acquainted with military and scientific terminology, numerous translators' glosses – to the Russian reader of the early 17th century, who was not familiar with European scientific texts of the New Age, publishers' glosses – to the reader of the second half of the 18th century, who no longer knew some Russian words of the 17th century.

Land Use Legacy Landforms at the UNESCO Heritage Site Tarnowskie Góry, Upper Silesia, Poland—Stratigraphy, Soils and Age

ABSTRACTMetallurgy in Upper Silesia (Poland) has a long tradition of international significance, which was emphasized in 2017 when the historic silver mine in Tarnowskie Góry was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The area consists of various anthropogenic landforms, the stratigraphy of which has hardly been studied so far. In this study, we describe five main morphological units: Unit I (RCH) and Unit II (RCH pit), resulting from charcoal production; Unit III (shaft) and Unit IV (shaft heap), resulting from mining; and Unit V (reference forest soil). The first four units are a variation of a Technosol with inherently different properties from the reference forest soil. Unit I exhibits typical properties of a relict charcoal hearth (RCH), whereas Unit II resembles a pit. Unit III consists of a mostly infilled mining shaft remain (MSR), characterized by relocated subsoil. Unit IV consists of material from the adjacent Unit III that has been dumped directly aside. The studied RCH was used no earlier than during the second half of the 17th century, probably between 1725 and 1813. The studied MSR was used most likely between the 3rd and 5th centuries, which is much older than described so far. Together, the units reflect the characteristic heterogeneity of soils in shaft mining and RCH areas.

The Analysis of the Phenomenon of Pan-Entertainment in the Era of New Media

Abstract: Digital media, such as computers and cellular phones, have undergone a period of accelerated development since the second half of the 19th century, with the general public becoming increasingly immersed in the new media age. In the digital age, there has been a significant increase in the variety, scope and speed of mass communication, facilitated by a wider variety of technologies. The accessibility of information has also increased, especially compared to the era of traditional media. Entertainment as a component of communication has proliferated in many ways and has become a ubiquitous aspect of public life. However, in the context of contemporary society, the prevalence of pan-entertainment has given rise to the phenomenon of pan-entertainment, whereby almost every aspect of life is regarded as forms of entertainment, deserving social attention. This paper discusses the phenomenon of pan-entertainment in the context of the new media era, combining theory and case study. Using the example of comedian Li Haoshi (HOUSE) and his fans, the paper explores the role of media and capital, technological development, and social demand in the emergence of this phenomenon. Finally, the paper argues that while entertainment is positive, the public must be alert to its potential harm to aesthetics, spirituality and values. To this end, the paper suggests measures at the educational, law and platform levels.

The Morisot Sisters: The Pioneer Female Impressionist Painters

This paper explores the profound contributions of Edma Morisot, Berthe Morisot, and Marie Bracquemond—three pioneering female Impressionist painters whose artistic achievements are often overlooked within the male-dominated Impressionist movement of the late 19th century. While Impressionism transformed art by emphasizing light, shadow, and the en plein air technique, it marginalized female artists, relegating their work to the fringes of mainstream recognition. Edma and Berthe Morisot, two sisters trained in classical techniques, defied societal expectations and familial pressures to establish a unique artistic voice, portraying intimate scenes of women’s daily lives. Edma’s career was cut short due to marital constraints, while Berthe’s continued until her death, producing notable works such as The Mother and Sister of the Artist and Summer’s Day, which reflect her skill in color palette and composition. Marie Bracquemond celebrated as one of the “three great ladies of Impressionism,” also defied conventions, presenting works like Afternoon Snack despite her husband’s disapproval. This study illuminates how these women navigated gendered restrictions to contribute to Impressionism, challenging patriarchal norms and enriching the movement’s legacy through their nuanced depictions of women’s experiences and intricate brushwork.

Analysis the Principle and Applications for Locomotive Engine

Abstract. The evolution of locomotives is the cornerstone of modern transport and has had a profound impact on economic growth and social mobility. From the pioneering steam locomotives of the 19th century, which marked the beginning of a transformative journey for rail transport, to today's complex diesel and electric locomotives, each technological advance has shaped the efficiency, speed and environmental impact of rail systems. With this in mind, this study will offer a systematically analysis for the principle as well as applications for such engine. Steam locomotives revolutionized the transportation of goods and passengers, laying the foundation for the future of rail travel. Diesel locomotives further enhance operational flexibility and reliability, while electric locomotives are becoming mainstream due to their energy efficiency and low emissions. This study explores the historical development of locomotives, highlighting key technological milestones and their impact on rail transport. Meanwhile, the current advances in locomotive technology, including the integration of hybrid power systems and alternative energy sources, are studied. As the rail industry faces increasing pressure for sustainability, it is important to understand the evolution and future prospects of locomotives. By analyzing these developments, this paper aims to provide insights into different locomotive principles and how locomotive technology is evolving in an era of increased environmental awareness and technological innovation, shaping the future of rail transportation.