5th Row Research Articles

Generating binomial coefficients in a row of Pascal's triangle from extensions of powers of eleven

Sir Isaac Newton noticed that the values of the first five rows of Pascal's triangle are each formed by a power of 11, and claimed that subsequent rows can also be generated by a power of 11. Literally, the claim is not true for the 5th row and onward. His genius mind might have suggested a deep relation between binomial coefficients and a power of some integer that resembles the number 11 in some form. In this study, we propose and prove a general formula to generate the values in any row of Pascal's triangle from the digits of (10⋯0︸Θ zeros1)n. It can be shown that the numbers in the cells in nth row of Pascal's triangle may be achieved from Θ+1 partitions of the digits of the number (10⋯0︸Θ zeros1)n, where Θ is a non-negative integer. That is, we may generate the number in the cells in a row of Pascal's triangle from a power of 11, 101, 1001, or 10001 and so on. We briefly discuss how to determine the number of zeros Θ in relation to n, and then empirically show that the partition really gives us binomial coefficients for several values of n. We provide a formula for Θ and prove that the (n+1)th row of Pascal's triangle is simply Θ+1 partitions of the digits of (10⋯0︸Θ zeros1)n from the right.

Correlations and numerical analysis of thermal-hydraulic performance of staggered mixed tube bundle composed of circular and drop-shaped tubes

Flow and heat transfer across six-row staggered mixed tube bundles composing of circular and drop-shaped tubes have been investigated numerically. The Reynolds number Re was within the range of 1.78 × 103–18.72 × 103. Six cases of the mixed tube bundle were discussed. The streamlines, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, temperature, and static pressure contours for the studied cases were predicted using Ansys Fluent software package. The results of the mixed tube bundles were compared with those of the circular and drop-shaped ones. The best thermal performance was obtained for case IV (circular tubes in the 1st, 3rd, 5th rows, and drop-shaped tubes in the 2nd, 4th, 6th rows). However, it was found that case VII (drop-shaped tubes in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th rows, and circular tubes in the 3rd, 4th rows) has the best hydraulic performance compared to the other cases of circular and mixed tube bundles. Besides, the average Nusselt number Nu¯, friction factor f, and efficiency ε were observed to be positively correlated to the Reynolds number. As the Re increased, both Nu¯ and ε increased, while f decreased. Results showed that the maximum values of the thermal-hydraulic performance were achieved for case IV at Re = 1.78 × 103 and case VII at Re>1.78 × 103, which were about 14.55% and (2.08–4.49)%, respectively, higher than those obtained for the drop-shaped tube bundle. Finally, generalized correlations of Nu¯, f, and ε (in terms of Re) were developed, offering a useful reference for the design of such heat exchangers.

Non-invasive monitoring of segregated phases in a biogas plant: An ultrasonic approach

A non-invasive ultrasonic technique (UT) is developed to determine gas-liquid-solid composition inside digester of a biogas plant. The technique involves sweeping a contact type UT probe along the wall of pipes to determine the relative fraction of gas, liquid and solid phases under segregated conditions. The technique is validated at laboratory scale for two-phase (air-water) and three-phase (air-water-solid) systems. The average absolute error in prediction of segregated interfaces is ∼2.5%. Field trials are done on horizontal pipe sections (5 coils) of digester in the plant. More than 50% of the top most pipe run is occupied by gas. For second/third pipe runs solid fraction is around 20–25% while gas fraction is 10–15%. However, for the 4th and 5th pipe rows, the solid fraction is around 40–55%. A gradual increase of gas hold up towards the top regions and larger accumulation of solids at the bottom is expected because of waste feeding at the bottom. The described UT based system represents a novel way forward in use of ultrasound technology to detect segregated multiphase phases in digesters of biogas plants.

Productivity of intercropping maize with ginger at varying row spacing

The experiment was conducted at Spices Research Sub-Center, BARI, Lalmonirhat in two consecutive years, 2015-16 and 2016-17, to observe the productivity and profitability of intercropping maize with ginger. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were T1: 2 row ginger + 1 row maize (66% ginger + 40% maize), T2: 3 row ginger + 1 row maize (75% ginger + 30% maize), T3: 4 row ginger + 1 row maize (80% ginger + 24% maize), T4: 1 row maize on 3rd ginger row side (100% ginger + 40% maize), T5: 1 row maize on 4th ginger row side (100% ginger + 30% maize), T6: 1 row maize on 5th ginger row side (100% ginger + 24% maize), T7: Sole maize (60cm × 25cm), T8: Sole ginger (50cm × 25cm). Maize was intercropped twice- after harvesting 1st planted maize again, maize was planted into the ginger field. Significant differences were exposed among the treatments regarding yield and intercrop efficiency. Higher ginger equivalent yield (GEY), gross return, gross margin and benefit cost ratio (BCR) were observed in T4, T5 and T6 where maize was planted on 3rd, 4th and 5th ginger row with 100% ginger and in T3 where maize was planted after 4 row ginger. Among those T6 was the most productive and profitable.

Designing the mechanized first thinning in a pine stand: assessment of productivity, costs and tree damage

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity, costs, and tree damage caused by machines in first thinning operations. The study was carried out in a 10 year old pine stand with two thinning operations: TH5, with the removal of each 5th row and selective thinning between these rows; and TH7, with the removal of each 7th row and selective thinning between these rows. Harvester and forwarder machines were used in the thinning operations, considering a tree maximum reach of 10 m. Working cycle times, productivity, energy efficiency and production costs were determined through a time–motion study. The tree damage was also quantified in the thinning operations. Cycle time values and tree damage were compared using the Mann–Whitney test for two independent samples (α = 0.05). The highest productivity and lowest cost for the harvester were observed in TH5, while the highest productivity for the forwarder was obtained in TH7, due to the higher log stack volume. On the other hand, TH5 was the most inexpensive operation, with a total of USD$4.62 m−3, although only USD$0.37 less expensive than TH7. Furthermore, TH5 and TH7 presented a similar percentage of tree damage of 20.9% and 19.1%, respectively. Therefore, TH5 was most cost-effective, while TH7 enables increasing the selective thinning area and improves the pine stand quality.

Proposal of a New Scalar Gauge in Relativity Field Equation

In this paper we propose a new gauge term in addition to the conventional gauge to acquire complete solution for the linear approximated gravitational equation. The calculation to make general form for the linear gravitational equation uses the well-known Nöether’s theorem saying that gauge symmetry is equal to conservation law. The unsolved coefficients in the equation require another condition which is leading to new gauge term. This proposed new gauge is a tensor product by a scalar quantity with a metric tensor having the trace value of 2. The scalar component in the 5th row and column of Kaluza-Klein’s metric tensor can be found as 2 diagonal components in our proposed 4×4 metric tensor. We also show that only a constant scalar gauge can be allowed in the curved space-time although arbitrary gauge can exist in the linear space-time.

Benchmark analyses for EBR-II shutdown heat removal tests SHRT-17 and SHRT-45R – (2) subchannel analysis of instrumented fuel subassembly

Two kinds of Loss of Flow experiments conducted in EBR-II are the subject of an IAEA benchmark exercise. The present work discusses the subchannel analysis in an instrumented subassembly, analyzed with the COBRA-IV-I code. Boundary conditions are provided by a 1D thermal–hydraulic system code (NETFLOW++) for a protected loss-of-flow and an unprotected-loss-of-flow tests conducted at the EBR-II reactor. The instrumented subassembly with 61 pins is installed in the 5th row of the reactor core in order to measure the temperature profile across the mid-plane and the top region of the fuel subassembly. The pin lattice in the subassembly consists of 126 subchannels. Calculated temperature profiles at three levels are compared with the measured results. Biased temperature profiles with respect to the center line of the subassembly measured in the experiments are appropriately simulated by the code. The presence of the spacer wire by itself introduces a biased temperature profile. The biased temperature profile is also shown by a CFD calculation using a 7-pin partial model of the instrumented subassembly. In order to obtain close agreement with measured temperatures, the power profile within the subassembly must be taken into account. Temperature evolutions during the transients are simulated by the subchannel code.

Coupled-cluster method for open-shell heavy-element systems with spin-orbit coupling.

The coupled-cluster approach with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) included in post-self-consistent field treatment (SOC-CC) using relativistic effective core potentials is extended to spatially non-degenerate open-shell systems in this work. The unrestricted Hartree-Fock determinant corresponding to the scalar relativistic Hamiltonian is employed as the reference and the open-shell SOC-CC approach is implemented at the CC singles and doubles (CCSD) level as well as at the CCSD level augmented by a perturbative treatment of triple excitations (CCSD(T)). Due to the breaking of time-reversal symmetry and spatial symmetry, this open-shell SOC-CC approach is rather expensive compared with the closed-shell SOC-CC approach. The open-shell SOC-CC approach is applied to some open-shell atoms and diatomic molecules with s1, p3, σ1, or π2 configuration. Our results indicate that rather accurate results can be achieved with the open-shell SOC-CCSD(T) approach for these systems. Dissociation energies for some closed-shell molecules containing heavy IIIA or VIIA atoms are also calculated using the closed-shell SOC-CC approach, where energies of the IIIA or VIIA atoms are obtained from those of the closed-shell ions and experimental ionization potentials or electron affinities. SOC-CCSD(T) approach affords reliable dissociation energies for these molecules. Furthermore, scalar-relativistic CCSD(T) approach with the same strategy can also provide reasonable dissociation energies for the 5th row IIIA or VIIA molecules, while the error becomes pronounced for the 6th row elements.

First-principles calculations on sulfur interacting with ternary Pd–Ag-transition metal alloy membrane alloys

Pd-alloy membranes are promising for use in fossil-fueled power plants with integrated carbon capture, but for some applications this requires resistance to performance degradation in the presence of sulfur containing gases like H2S. By use of atomistic modeling based on density functional theory, the role of transition metals (TMs) in ternary Pd–Ag–TM alloys was in the current article used to identify new Pd-alloys with potentially less performance degradation in contact with H2S. A number of slab models were created, giving a wide and representative span of compositions of the two upper atomic layers of the Pd-alloys. All TMs in the 4th, 5th and 6th rows of the periodic table were included, as well as some of the poor metals. By comparing energies of pure alloy slabs, the tendency of different TMs to segregate to the surface in vacuum was quantified; this turned out to depend only weakly on the presence of silver. In order for the TM to be of any benefit for the surface properties of the membrane, the segregation energy towards the bulk should not be too large. The free energy of different compositions was then calculated for two systems: a clean surface in a gas mixture of H2 containing a fraction of 20×10–6 H2S, and a slab with adsorbed sulfur in pure H2 atmosphere. This was used to calculate a typical release temperature for sulfur from the surface and a maximal H2S concentration before the membrane surface can be expected to be blocked by adsorbed S. When using a tentative threshold for the segregation energy (0.2eV) and the release temperature (600°C), we arrived at the following list of potential TM additives to sulfur-resistant Pd–Ag membranes: Cu, Zn, Ga, Cd, In, Sn, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, and Bi.

Analysis of stop consonants in Devanagari alphabet

The Devanagari alphabet, which is used by several Indian languages including Sanskrit and Hindi, has vowels and consonants are placed in tabular format, which are arranged according to how they originate. A part of this table is a 5 x 5 matrix and comprises of stop consonants, where different rows corresponding to velar, palatal, retro-flex, dental and labial consonants. In this paper, we have explored patterns that exist between different consonant sounds belonging to different rows and columns of this table. Toward this end, four sound samples from individuals have been recorded, and analyzed. Our analysis shows the existence of many interesting relationships, which exist between sounds populating different rows and columns of 5 X 5 matrix. One interesting observation which has been made is that the fundamental differences between 1st and 2nd/ 3rd or 4th member of each row are essentially the same in all the rows, but a few exceptions in the 5th row. For example, in all rows the 3rd member is a combination of a short-duration signal and the 1st member. Similarly, the 2nd member is 1st member with a nonzero mean pressure line. Further, the 4th member is found to be the combination of the other two (1–2 and 1–3) variations. In this paper, we present several such interesting relationships. These relationships may be potentially useful in several sound processing algorithms.

Corrigenda

BJU InternationalVolume 108, Issue 7 p. 1232-1232 Free Access Corrigenda This article corrects the following: Prediction of patient-specific risk and percentile cohort risk of pathological stage outcome using continuous prostate-specific antigen measurement, clinical stage and biopsy Gleason score Ying Huang, Sumit Isharwal, Alexander Haese, Felix K.H. Chun, Danil V. Makarov, Ziding Feng, Misop Han, Elizabeth Humphreys, Jonathan I. Epstein, Alan W. Partin, Robert W. Veltri, Volume 107Issue 10BJU International pages: 1562-1569 First Published online: September 28, 2010 First published: 13 September 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10636.xAboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat In 1, the following errors appeared in the print issue BJU 107:10. On page 1562, inside the box “What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?”, the second line of the first paragraph, “(multinomial logistic regression method)”, should not have been published. The last sentence of the first paragraph, “applied the ‘predictiveness curve’ statistical modeling concept to the Partin Tables and then created a new Partin Nomogram using total PSA (tPSA) as a continuous variable” should have appeared as “created a new Partin Nomogram using total PSA (tPSA) as a continuous variable, and then generated the corresponding ‘predictiveness curve’.” On the 5th row up from the bottom of the box, “Fig. 2” should have appeared as “Fig. 4”. On page 1564, in Fig. 1, in the second row, “SV” should have appeared as “SV+”, and “LN” should have appeared as “LN+” ; in Table 2 on the same page, “SN+” should have appeared as “SV+”, and “LV+” should have appeared as “LN+”. On page 1566, in the first line of the third paragraph, “operator” should have appeared as “operating”; on the third line of the third paragraph on the same page, the sentence “For the JHH cohort and the UCHE cohort, the model with continuous PSA or discrete PSA appear to have similar capacity to classify a subject into its correct pathological stage.” should have been inserted after “… are shown in the Appendix.” On page 1567, in the first column, in the last line of the first paragraph, “clinical stage” should have appeared as “pathological stage”; in the second line up from the bottom of the second paragraph on the same page, “OC < pL (>pH)” should have appeared as “OC > pH (< pL)”. On page 1567, in the second column, in the first line of the first paragraph, “Fig. 3” should have appeared as “Fig. 4”. On page 1569, in the APPENDIX, “Receiver operator characteristic curves” should have appeared as “The receiver operating characteristic curves”. REFERENCE 1 Huang Y, Isharwal S, Haese A, Chun FKH, Makarov DV, Feng Z, Han M, Humphreys E, Epstein JI, Partin AW, Veltri RW. Prediction of patient-specific risk and percentile cohort risk of pathological stage outcome using continuous prostate-specific antigen measurement, clinical stage and biopsy Gleason score. BJU Int 2011; 107: 1562– 9. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume108, Issue7October 2011Pages 1232-1232 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Role of vacancy and metal doping on combustive oxidation of Zr/ZrO 2 core-shell particles

We studied self-propagated combustion synthesis of transition-metal-doped tetragonal ZrO 2 (t-ZrO 2) with first principles-based one-dimensional diffusion reaction model. The optimal reaction condition for the combustion process was investigated by calculating energetic stability and surface reactivity of oxygen vacancy defects on (101) surface termination of t-ZrO 2 using first-principles density functional methods. In the first-principles model, the surface was doped with 14 different metal impurities in the 4th and 5th row of the periodic table to examine the role of transition-metal doping on the combustion process. Results indicate that there are clear trends in the defect stability and reactivity depending upon the type of metal impurity and their relative location with respect to the oxygen vacancy. Surface density of states and charge density information also show that there is a trade-off between the vacancy stability and chemical activity of the surface defect states. Based on the thermodynamic information obtained from first principles, we analyze the combustion process of a Zr metal particle by using a one-dimensional diffusion-reaction model. The competition between the vacancy-assisted chemisorption and the vacancy diffusion results in an optimal point for rate of combustion reaction with respect to the vacancy stability. From this, we suggest a plausible screening strategy for metal-doping which can be applied at different temperatures and pressures, as well as with different particle sizes. Our analysis indicates that first-principles calculation provides key information that can be subsequently used for an optimization of the reaction rate for a self-sustained combustion process. An explicit inclusion of rates of defect and ionic transport will be introduced into our model in future work.

Experimental study of the propagation of a far-field disturbance in the turbulent flow through square array tube banks

Summary and Discussion Experimental results in this paper show that a disturbance generated upstream of the investigated tube banks is amplified as it passes the first row of tubes. The disturbance in this work is a wake from a vortex generator. The frequencies of the disturbance were carefully chosen to avoid being confused with the frequencies generated in the bank, vibrations of the test section or due to acoustic resonances. Results of spectra of velocity fluctuations show the presence of peaks from the disturbance in the wake frequency until the 4th or 5th tube rows. The values of the spectra measured in the wider region between the first and the second row have higher values than the original disturbance. This raise in the amplitude of the disturbance is accompanied by the growth of the turbulence intensity. After passing the second row, turbulence levels remain with almost constant values as the flow passes through the successive rows, while the disturbance vanishes, in some cases only after the 4th or the 5th tube row.

Épidémiologie des fongémies dans les hôpitaux français non universitaires en 2004 : enquête multicentrique ColBVH

Introduction The aim of our study was to determinate the frequency of candidemia, the species encountered and their susceptibility to antifungal agents in French hospitals in 2004. Methods A prospective survey of septicaemia, including candidaemia was conducted among 193 non teaching French hospitals during October 2004. All bloodstream infections were reported and the bloodstream isolates sent to two coordinating centers. Species identification and susceptibility were performed by biologists as usual, and further confirmed by use of alternative methods, including Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination. Results The survey was effective in 93 hospitals, where 2013 bloodstream infections were noticed, including 46 candidaemia (2,3%). Candida sp. Is the 7th pathogen responsible for bloodstream infection, without concern of the origin of the infection. Candidaemia was hospitally acquired in 80,4% of cases ( N = 37/46). Candidaemia represents 0,7% ( N = 9/1211) of community-acquired bloodstream infections but 4,5% ( N = 37/802) of nosocomial cases, placing Candida sp. at the 5th row of frequency in this last group. No mistakes were noticed during identification, but two strains were not named. After confirmation of identification, species are distributed as follows: 23 C. albicans (50%), 13 C. glabrata (28,3%), 5 C. tropicalis (10,9%), 3 C. parapsilosis (6,5%), 1 C. krusei (2,2%), and 1 C. kefyr (2,2%). The overall susceptibility is 97,7% for amphotericin B, 93,2% for 5-fluorocytosin, 88,6% for fluconazole, 70,5% for itraconazole, 95,5% for voriconzole and 100% of strains haved very low MIC for caspofungin. Concerning the two main species isolated, 95,5% of C. albicans strains remain susceptible to fluconazole, but only 69% of C. glabrata strains. Two strains, 1 C. albicans and 1 C. glabrata exhibit cross resistance to azoles. The majority of amphotericin, fluconazole, and itraconazole decreased susceptibility strains are found into C. glabrata strains, but susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosin and very low MCI to caspofungin remained in this species. Conclusion Our survey allowed us to get data from French non-teaching hospitals in 2004 about frequency of candidaemia among septicaemia. Candida species distribution and in vitro susceptibility patterns of the strains isolated. Candidaemia is not a rare event, specially when septicaemia is nosocomially acquired. C. albicans is the main species isolated and remains highly in vitro susceptible to antifungals. One important feature is the frequency of C. glabrata in our survey. Considering its decreased susceptibility to azoles, this finding confirms the need for rapid identification of yeast isolated from bloodstream samples, and antifungal susceptibility testing each time it is available.

A Deep UV-Blue Planetary Nebula Template Spectrum from NGC 7027

NGC 7027 is justifiably THE template spectrum for PNe. Its vast range of emission species – from molecular and neutral to ions with ionization potential &gt; 120eV – its high surface brightness and accessibiliy for northern observatories make it the PN laboratory of choice. However the quality of the spectra from the UV to the IR is mixed, many line fluxes and identifications still remaining unchecked from photographic or image tube spectra. Very deep spectra of NGC 7027 (emission line strengths &lt;10-4 of Hβ) in the 0.65 to 1.05μm region (Baluteau et al. 1995) showed the presence of many faint emission lines. Pequignot &amp; Baluteau (1994) showed that heavy elements from the 4th, 5th and 6th rows of the Periodic Table have much higher abundances than Solar, confirming the synthesis of neutron capture elements in low mass stars and providing new constraints on stellar evolution theory.

Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer of Arrays of In-Line Circular Blocks on the Wall of Parallel Channel.

Pressure drop and heat transfer of arrays of in-line circular blocks on the wall of parallel channel were measured. The diameter and height of the block were 40 mm and 18 mm, respectively. The effects of the pitches of the blocks, the number of line and row and the other factors on the pressure drop, △p, and heat transfer were clarified. The pressure drop coefficient, ζ, is given by the sum of the pressure drop of three regimes : the inlet, intermediate and outlet part. And the coefficient ζ can be formulated and the recommended equation agrees with the experimental data within ±10%. The average Nusselt number of the block of 1st row is 10% lower than that of 2nd row. Those of 1st to 5th rows, Numican be approximately expressed within ±10% by the following equation : Numi=0.118(Re/β)0.75where β is the opening ratio. The average Nusselt number of 2nd to 5th rows was also correlated by using the pumping power, Pw, within 5% as follows : Nu^^-=190P0.25w, where Pw=△pUmAo, Um is the mean velocity and Ao is the cross-sectional area in a duct. Finally, the Nusselt number is represented by the non-dimensional expression as follows : Nu^^-=0.134(ζ1/3Re)0.75.

Potential of Nicotiana kawakamii (Solanaceae) as a Trap Crop for Protecting Flue-Cured Tobacco from Damage by Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Nicotiana kawakamii Y. Ohashi is a wild relative of commercial tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Feeding experiments showed that tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), survive and develop as well on N. kawakamii as they do on flue-cured tobacco. Field-cage experiments demonstrated that N. kawakamii was preferred over flue-cured tobacco by ovipositing H. virescens moths. Thus, N. kawakamii was tested as a potential trap crop for protecting commercial tobacco fields from damage by H. virescens larvae. During 1992-1994 at Oxford, NC, N. kawakamii was planted in every 5th row of flue-cured tobacco fields. The percentage of plants infested with H. virescens larvae averaged 4.3 times higher in rows of N. kawakamii than in adjacent rows of flue-cured tobacco. Also, tobacco in rows adjacent to N. kawakamii often had less damage from H. virescens than did tobacco in remote control fields, suggesting that N. kawakamii has potential as a trap crop in tobacco production. There were no significant differences in the percentages of parasitism by Cardiochi/es nigriceps Viereck and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) for H. virescens larvae collected from N. kawakamii or tobacco. Hornworm larvae, Manduca spp., were also monitored, but N. kawakamii provided no consistent protection from infestations of this pest.

Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1996

Abstract Flue-cured tobacco was planted on the Casey farm in Johnston Co., NC on 3 May. Plots of 0.02 acre (4 rows X 57 ft) were separated laterally by a vacant 5th row and on each end by turn alleys of 16 ft. Treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 21 Jun using a tractor mounted sprayer pressurized by a PTO-powered roller pump. Spray was delivered through 3 hollow-cone nozzles (TX-12) per row at 60 psi and 36.5 gpa. Treatments were applied between 9:30 am and 11:30 am EDT. Air temperature was 80-84° F and winds were light (3-5 mph). All plants (excluding the first and last) in rows 1 and 3 were checked for aphid infestation on the day of treatment and 5 and 12 DAT. Individual plants were rated for degree of aphid infestation as follows: 0 = no aphids on plant; 1 = 1-10 aphids on most infested leaf (MIL); 2 = 11-50 aphids MIL; 3 = 51-200 aphids MIL; 4 = 201-500 aphids MIL; 5 = 500+ aphids MIL. Average infestation ratings were calculated by plot. The proportion of plants infested (rated 3 or above) was also calculated. After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot was weighed and graded by a government grader. Grades were converted to a quality index (1-100, 100 high). All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means were compared (where appropriate) using the LSD t-test. Before analysis, the proportion of plants infested was transformed to the arcsine of the square root of the proportion. Data shown in the tables are not transformed and proportion of plants infested is presented as the percentage of plants infested.

Efficacy Of A Commercial Budworm-Resistant Variety In Reducing Budworm Damage, 1996

Abstract Efficacy Of A Commercial Budworm-Resistant Variety In Reducing Budworm Damage, 1996 Tests were established on private tobacco farms in four locations. In each test, two commercially available flue-cured tobacco varieties were planted in an RCBD with 6 or 8 (Greene Co.) replications. Plots were 4 rows wide, 0.031 (Greene Co.) or 0.042 acre in area and were separated laterally by vacant 5th rows and on the ends by alleys of 16 ft. After transplanting, each test was visited weekly until the tobacco had been topped. All plants (excluding the first and last) in rows 1 and 3 were checked for budworm infestation and recent budworm damage (these data not shown in table). Seven weeks after transplanting, the cu-mulative leaf area lost on each plant was estimated and totaled. Average leaf area lost (LEL) per plant was calculated. The number of plants with any obvious budworm feeding was determined and the LEL per damaged plant calculated. After harvest and curing, the tobacco was graded by a government grader and the grades converted to a quality index (1-100, 100 high). All data were subjected to ANOVA. Prior to analysis, the proportion of plants damaged was transformed to the arcsine of the square root of the proportion. Data in the table are shown untransformed and the proportion of plants damaged is expressed as a percentage.

Tobacco Budworm Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1996

Abstract Flue-cured tobacco was planted on the James T. Smith farm in Wayne Co., NC on 23 Apr. Plots of 0.02 acre (4 rows X 57 ft) were separated laterally by a vacant 5th row and on each end by turn alleys of 16 ft. Treatments were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Just prior to treatment, a moderate natural infestation of budworms was augmented by artificial infestation of 10 plants in each of the 1st and 3rd rows of each plot. A single 2-d old larva (from the colony maintained by the Dept. of Entomology, N.C. State University) was transferred from artificial diet to each plant. Larvae were placed into the bud to simulate an established infestation. Treatments were applied on 3 Jun using a tractor-mounted sprayer (with the exception of Dipel 10 G) pressurized by a roller pump powered by the tractor PTO. Spray was delivered through 3 solid-cone nozzles (TG-1, TG-2, TG-1) per row at 60 psi and 37.5 gpa. Treatments were applied between 2:50 pm and 5:00 pm EDT. Diatect was treated as a wettable powder and sprayed. Dipel 10G was applied by hand directly to the bud of each plant. Air temperature was approximately 80° F and winds were light to moderate (3-7 mph). All plants (excluding the first and last) in rows 1 and 3 were checked for budworm infestation on the day of treatment and 4 and 11 DAT. These plants were rated for budworm damage 15 DAT. Individual plants were examined and an estimate of leaf area lost to budworm feeding made. Damage was scored as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = less than 1.0 leaf equivalent lost; 2 = 1.0 - 2.0 leaf equivalents; 3 = more than 2.0 leaf equivalents lost; 4 = plant topped by budworm feeding. Average damage ratings were calculated by plot. After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot was weighed and graded by a government grader. Grades were converted to a quality index (1-100, 100 high). All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means compared (where appropriate) using an LSD test. Before analysis, the proportion of plants infested was transformed to the arcsine of square root of proportion. Data shown in the table are not transformed and proportion of plants infested is presented as percentage of plants infested.