6th Grade Research Articles

Investigating the Contribution of Out-of-School Learning Environments to the Teaching of 4th Grade Social Studies Course According to the

The aim of this study is to examine the contribution of out-of-school learning environments to the teaching of 4th grade social studies course according to the views of classroom teachers. The study group of the research consists of 13 classroom teachers in Turkey determined according to the criterion sampling method. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. The data obtained were analyzed by content analysis method using NVivo 12 computer package program and then interpreted. Accordingly, it was determined that students learned the subject by doing-living through out-of-school learning environments, their academic achievement increased, and they were motivated in these environments. In these environments, it was found that students established a serious connection between the past and the future, learned about their own culture, communicated with each other, socialized, gained knowledge of responsible citizenship, realized interdisciplinary learning and developed independent thinking skills in students. Various suggestions were made based on the findings.

초등학교 학생역량의 잠재계층 전이 유형 분류와 영향 요인 탐색

Objectives The study, in order to understand how elementary school student competencies appear and strengthen competency-based education, we confirmed the classification of latent classes in the 4th and 5th grades of elementary school, identified the patterns of student competency transition, and examined the impact of individual, family, and school-related factors on each latent class. Methods For this purpose, Latent Profile Analysis and Latent Transition Analysis were conducted, utilizing data from the first year (2021) and the second year (2022) of panel data for 4th graders (total sample size of 3,671) from the Gyeongnam Education Longitudinal Study Information collected by the Gyeongsangnam-do Office of Education. Results In the 4th grade of elementary school, the latent class of student competency was classified into three groups: ‘low competency,’ ‘medium competency,’ and ‘high competency.’ In the 5th grade of elementary school, the latent class of student competency was classified into two groups: ‘low competency’ and ‘high competency.’ It was confirmed that some of the low competency group and the medium competency group in the 4th grade of elementary school were integrated into the low-competency group in the 5th grade, and that some of the medium competency group and the high-competency group in the 4th grade of elementary school were integrated into the high competency group in the 5th grade. Conclusions Factors significantly influencing the transition from the 4th-grade student competency latent class to that of the 5th grade were found to be self-directed learning, communication with parents, parental academic support, attitude towards assessment, and satisfaction with remote learning. Based on the key research results influencing student competency, educational policy implications for enhancing student competency were derived and discussed.

Readability of online patient education material for foregut surgery.

Health literacy is the ability of individuals to use basic health information and services to make well-informed decisions. Low health literacy among surgical patients has been associated with nonadherence to preoperative and/or discharge instructions as well as poor comprehension of surgery. It likely poses as a barrier to patients considering foregut surgery which requires an understanding of different treatment options and specific diet instructions. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the readability of online patient education materials (PEM) for foregut surgery. Using Google, the terms "anti-reflux surgery, "GERD surgery," and "foregut surgery" were searched and a total of 30 webpages from universities and national organizations were selected. The readability of the text was assessed with seven instruments: Flesch Reading Ease formula (FRE), Gunning Fog (GF), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Coleman Liau Index (CL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Automated Readability Index (ARI), and Linsear Write Formula (LWF). Mean readability scores were calculated with standard deviations. We performed a qualitative analysis gathering characteristics such as, type of information (preoperative or postoperative), organization, use of multimedia, inclusion of a version in another language. The overall average readability of the top PEM for foregut surgery was 12th grade. There was only one resource at the recommended sixth grade reading level. Nearly half of PEM included some form of multimedia. The American Medical Association and National Institute of Health have recommended that PEMs to be written at the 5th-6th grade level. The majority of online PEM for foregut surgery is above the recommended reading level. This may be a barrier for patients seeking foregut surgery. Surgeons should be aware of the potential gaps in understanding of their patients to help them make informed decisions and improve overall health outcomes.

Investigating the role of an inquiry-based science lab on students’ scientific literacy

Promotion of students’ scientific literacy has long been and continues to be a central goal for reform efforts in science education. Although there is a great number of research conducted to evaluate student’s scientific literacy, less is known about how we can improve students’ scientific literacy through variety of scientific practices. In this study we aimed to refer to this shortcoming in the literature by examining the effect of argument driven inquiry (ADI) instructional model to promote 8th grade students’ scientific literacy. A mixed method quasi experimental design was used in this study. Sixty-seven eighth grade students from the same public school attended the study. Two intact classes were randomly assigned either in structured inquiry (SI) or ADI groups. The data sources included a Scientific Literacy Assessment (SLA) and semi-structured interviews. The results indicated that students experiencing ADI instruction scored higher on the SLA-D test and personal epistemology dimension of SLA-MB test than students experiencing SI instruction. The results propose that engaging students in meaningful scientific practices may support their scientific literacy.

Classroom Climate and Student–Teacher Relationship: A Study Among Students and Teachers in Slovenia

<p style="text-align:justify">The primary objective of this study was to determine how students and teachers in primary schools view the classroom climate and its dimensions: (a) peer relationships and (b) student-teacher relationships. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the role of students' age (11-12 years old - 7th grade students vs. 14-15 years old - 9th grade primary school students) and gender on their perceptions of the school climate. Classroom climate was measured with the "Classroom Climate Questionnaire", which was completed by a total of 1,531 students (792; 51.6% female) and 348 teachers (296; 84.6% female). The findings of the study indicated that both students and teachers generally perceived the classroom climate as being relatively neutral to positive. However, teachers tended to report more positive classroom relationships compared to students. Furthermore, the study found no significant gender-based differences in how students perceived the classroom climate, peer relationships, and student-teacher interactions. However, differences were identified based on the age or grade level of the students. The results were discussed in the context of the students’ psychological development characteristics and the aspects of socio-emotional learning within school environments, also considering educational policies for achieving greater school quality.</p>

Evaluating the Accuracy, Quality, and Readability of Online Breast Cancer Information.

To assess the accuracy, quality, and readability of patient-focused breast cancer websites using expert evaluation and validated tools. Ensuring access to accurate, high-quality, and readable online health information supports informed decision-making and health equity but has not been recently evaluated. A qualitative analysis on 50 websites was conducted; the first 10 eligible websites for the following search terms were included: "breast cancer," "breast surgery," "breast reconstructive surgery," "breast chemotherapy," and "breast radiation therapy." Websites were required to be in English and not intended for healthcare professionals. Accuracy was evaluated by 5 breast cancer specialists. Quality was evaluated through the DISCERN questionnaire. Readability was measured using 9 standardized tests. Mean readability was compared with the American Medical Association and National Institutes of Health 6th grade recommendation. Nonprofit hospital websites had the highest accuracy (mean = 4.06, SD = 0.42); however, no statistical differences were observed in accuracy by website affiliation (P = 0.08). The overall mean quality score was 50.8 ("fair"/"good" quality) with no significant differences among website affiliations (P = 0.10). Mean readability was at the 10th grade reading level, the lowest being for commercial websites with a mean 9th grade reading level (SD = 2.38). All websites exceeded the American Medical Association- and National Institutes of Health-recommended reading level by 4.4 levels (P < 0.001). Websites with higher accuracy tended to have lower readability levels, whereas those with lower accuracy had higher readability levels. As breast cancer treatment has become increasingly complex, improving online quality and readability while maintaining high accuracy is essential to promote health equity and empower patients to make informed decisions about their care.

성장혼합모형을 적용한 교사-아동 갈등관계 변화 유형화, 영향요인 및 학교적응 차이 검증

Objectives This study aimed to typify the longitudinal changes in teacher-child conflict relationships among elementary school students and to verify the impact of children's personal and parental factors on the classification of latent profiles in the trajectories of changes in teacher-child conflict relationships. Additionally, the study examined differences in school adaptation across types of teacher-child conflict relationships. Methods Utilizing data from the 9th to 13th waves (2nd to 6th grade in elementary school) of the Panel Study on Korean Children(PSKC), the study estimated a change function suitable for the changes in teacher-child conflict relationships and applied it to classify latent classes. A growth mixture model was used to identify the significance of related child, parental factors, and school adaptation. Results First, it was found that a first-order function model was suitable for the longitudinal changes in teacher-child conflict relationships, and three latent profiles (‘Decreasing’, ‘Maintaining’, ‘Increasing’) were identified based on this model. Upon verifying the influencing factors, compared to the ‘Maintaining’ group set as the reference group, externalized difficulties were significant in the ‘Increasing’ group, while parental interest in school life and externalized difficulties had a significant impact in the ‘Decreasing’ group. Furthermore, when the ‘Decreasing’ group was set as the reference group, externalized difficulties emerged as a significant influencing factor in comparison with the ‘Increasing’ group. In addition, there were overall differences in school adaptation among the three classified groups, with the ‘Maintaining’ group showing a higher level of school adaptation than the ‘Decreasing’ group. Conclusions Based on these results, the study discussed possible measures for improving the conflict relationships between teachers and children.

Increasing digital awareness of pre-service teachers (an experimental research)

With the 21st century, the skills expected from people have changed. Expectations in this process have also affected the concept of the ideal human profile. Creative thinking, critical thinking and digital skills can be counted among the skills expected from an ideal person in this period. This transformation manifests itself in many areas. There is no doubt that education systems that can adapt to digital transformation, especially in the field of education, will be the education systems of the future. In this process, it is essential to increase the awareness of teachers towards digital transformation. As a matter of fact, in this study, it was aimed to increase the awareness of pre-service teachers about digital transformation. The research utilized a single group pretest-posttest model from experimental designs. In this context, 30 randomly selected 3rd and 4th grade pre-service teachers studying in the Department of Classroom Education were included in the sample. Within the scope of the research, the awareness scale for digital transformation in education developed by Yurdakal (2024) was used. Alpha value of the scale consisting of 50 items and 3 dimensions is 0.957. Within the scope of the research, an 8-week curriculum was prepared first. The curriculum was applied to the sample for 8 weeks, 4 online and 4 face-to-face. Pre-test and post-test data were collected before and after the implementation. During the process, diaries were distributed to the sample and they were asked to write their thoughts about the whole process. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS 22 and dependent groups were analyzed with T test. The qualitative data obtained within the scope of the research were analyzed by content analysis and codes were obtained and themes were reached by bringing the related codes together. The themes were presented by supporting them with quotations. Looking at the results of the research; it was determined that the participants' awareness of digital transformation post-test (134.96) scores were significantly higher than the pre-test (99.56) scores. In this context, the training process on digital transformation awareness was successful.

Penyuluham Hukum Dampak Penggunaan Gadget Secara Berlebihan Bagi Anak Usia Sekolah Dasar di SDN Sidodadi 2 Sidoarjo

In this era of digitalization, almost all Indonesian people use gadgets. This also seems to have become an inseparable phenomenon in this era of digitalization, especially among young people in Indonesia, including elementary school children. The impact of using the gadget itself also varies, ranging from the positive impact that can be taken and the negative impact that must be avoided. Lack of knowledge about the impact of gadget use for elementary school children, students of the Faculty of Law UPN Veteran East Java conducted socialization at SDN Sidodadi 2. The target of this socialization activity is 5th grade elementary school children with a total of 55 students. This socialization activity aims to provide understanding and legal knowledge about the impact of excessive use of gadgets, especially since 5th grade elementary school children are the age when the transition from children to the adolescent phase is born. This socialization activity uses a special approach method so that in the delivery process it can be well received and on target. The results of socialization activities are summarized into reports and journals so that benefits and learning can reach the wider community.

Examination of Peer Bullying and Sense of Loneliness in Secondary School Students in Terms of Various Variables

Purpose: This study aimed to examine peer bullying and loneliness levels of secondary school students in terms of various variables. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study included 823 middle school students in the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th grades during the autumn semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. A correlational survey model was used as the research approach. The Peer Bullying Scale and the Loneliness Scale for Children were used to collect data. Findings: The findings indicated that feelings of loneliness increased as peer bullying increased among secondary-school students. Gender-based differences were evident in the levels of loneliness and bullying. Additionally, there was a significant difference in loneliness levels according to the school type, grade level, parent’s education level and mother's employment status. Highlights: Furthermore, a significant disparity was observed in the bullying subdimension based on the mother's employment status. Conversely, there wasn’t significant correlation between father's employment status and student’s level of peer bullying and loneliness.

I need new friends! Changes in perceived peer drinking norms and developmental outcomes across the transition to college.

The current study investigated changes in proximal descriptive alcohol use norms from high school to college, social integration as a predictor of stable versus shifting peer norms, and the consequences of norm profile membership for developmental outcomes. Using data (N = 9753 12th grade students; 59% female; 80% White, 7% Black, 5% Hispanic, 5% Asian/Pacific Islander, 3% other races/ethnicities) from the Monitoring the Future panel study, we identified five distinct norm profiles-three stable profiles (high, moderate-high, and low) and two shifting profiles (increasing, declining)-that had unique patterns of perceived friend alcohol use norms. Social integration distinguished norm profile membership, and we observed particular detriments to outcomes for those in the stable high peer norm profile.

Sosialisasi Menumbuhkan Semangat Wirausahawan Kreatif Dan Inovatif Diera Digitalisasi Pada Siswa Kelas X DKV SMK 1 Pembangunan Kota Bengkulu

In the context of globalization and evolving digitalization, it is crucial for education to equip the younger generation with a creative and innovative entrepreneurial spirit. This comunity service aims to explore the impact of socialization on the development of entrepreneurial spirit among students in the 10th grade of the Visual Communication Design (DKV) program at SMK 1 Pembangunan Kota Bengkulu. Through a case study method and data collection via interviews and observations, this study highlights a significant increase in the interest and skills of young entrepreneurs after participating in socialization activities. The findings of this research can serve as a foundation for educational institutions and relevant stakeholders to strengthen socialization approaches in fostering entrepreneurial spirit among students

The Influence of the Probing Prompting Model on Students’ Mathematics Learning Outcomes at SDN 2 Kayangan

This research aims to describe whether there is an influence of the Probing Prompting Model on the Mathematics Learning Outcomes of Grade 4 Students at SDN 2 Kayangan. This research was carried out at SDN 2 Kayangan on class 4 students in the second semester of the 2023/2024 academic year. The method used in this research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental method in the form of Pretest-Posttest Group Design. The population in this study were 4th grade students at SDN 2 Kayangan. The sample for this research consisted of 26 students. Data collection techniques use tests and documentation and data collection instruments use pre-test and post-test. The validity of this research uses validity tests and reliability tests. The data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis, the normality test uses (Klomogrov Smirnov Test) and the homogeneity test uses (Lavene Test). Meanwhile, hypothesis testing uses the T-test or T-Test which produces tcount 13,832 &gt; ttable 0.388 which proves that there is an influence of the probing prompting model on mathematics learning outcomes.

A latent class analysis on students' beliefs about teachers' practices enhancing their well-being

Student well-being and student voice are two interrelated concepts that can play a critical role in education. While Student well-being refers to the overall state of students' physical, mental, and emotional health, student voice represents the active involvement and participation of students in shaping their own educational experiences. Notwithstanding the intimate association, there is a limited body of research that explores how students' distinct perceptions of teachers' practices that promote their well-being influence students' actual well-being levels. To address this research gap, a study was conducted involving 486 students. The participants, with an average age of 13.5 years, completed a questionnaire. Among the participants, 51.1% identified as female, and 13.6% had experienced academic retention. The latent class results classified the 7–9 grade student's beliefs about teacher's practices into “few times,” sometimes' and “often.” The model fitting results were as follows: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was 2,555.904, Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was 2,610.244, Adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (aBIC) was 2,568.983, and Entropy was 0.802. Compared with the “few times” and “sometimes” class, the “often” class was more prevalent in 8th grade (p = 0.05) and among male students (p = 0.04). Findings show that class membership is a predictor of student well-being (interpersonal, life satisfaction and perceived competence). Students who feel that their teachers are attentive, supportive, and address their needs more frequently are more likely to experience enhanced well-being.

Interaction Between State-Level Cigarette Prices and County-Level Tobacco 21 Coverage on Cigarette Smoking Outcomes Among US Adolescents

PurposeTo examine whether Tobacco 21 (T21) law coverage moderated associations between cigarette prices and adolescent smoking and associated disparities. MethodsWe used nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional 2014–2020 Monitoring the Future study data (n = 20,547–96,083) to examine associations between state-level average cigarette price per pack and county-level T21 coverage (100% vs. < 100%) on past 30-day smoking participation, first and daily cigarette smoking initiation, and smoking intentions in US adolescents in eighth, 10th, and 12th grade. We implemented weighted, grade-stratified, modified Poisson regression models to test for interactions between price and T21 coverage for each outcome. We also tested for disparities by sex, race and ethnicity, parental education, and college educational expectations. ResultsHigher cigarette prices were associated with a lower probability of past 30-day smoking participation among eighth graders in counties with < 100% T21 coverage (average marginal effect = −0.003, 95% confidence interval = −0.006, 0.000) but not among eighth graders in counties with 100% T21 coverage (average marginal effect = 0.001, 95% confidence interval = −0.001, 0.004) (p for interaction = 0.005). There were no associations with other smoking outcomes or grades or evidence of differential associations by sociodemographic factors. DiscussionOur findings suggested that higher cigarette prices were associated with lower adolescent smoking among eighth graders living in counties with < 100% T21 coverage. However, no such association was observed in other grades or smoking outcomes. Further investigation is necessary to determine the best combination of policies to reduce adolescent smoking, related sociodemographic disparities, and the use of other tobacco products in areas with fewer tobacco control policies.

General Trends in National Research on Web-Based Instruction in Science Education: A Meta-Synthesis Study

This study analyzes Turkish studies on web-based instruction in the field of science education using the meta-synthesis method with the aim of determining the general trends of the analyzed studies. A total of 20 studies published between 2006 and 2022, including 7 doctoral dissertations, 11 master theses, and 2 journal articles, were analyzed with a qualitative research design. These studies were identified using the databases of the YÖK National Thesis Center, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. The studies were analyzed using a coding form that included ten categories: year of publication, type of publication, purpose of the research, method, data collection tools, data analysis method, grade level, sample size, learning domain, and outcome of the research. The obtained data were interpreted according to the specified categories. It was concluded that a significant portion of the analyzed studies were conducted with the aim of examining web-based instruction and Web 2.0 tools, mixed research designs and semi-structured interview forms were most often used, most studies were conducted with students in the 6th and 7th grades, and web-based instruction was generally found to be more effective than traditional instruction. This study provides an overview of research on web-based instruction in the field of science education, serves as a resource for future research, and offers new ideas and suggestions for researchers in this field.

Individualist-collectivist profiles in secondary school: an exploratory study of trait emotional intelligence and academic achievement

An individualist (I) or collectivist (C) cultural orientation affects individuals’ attitudes, behaviours and values. This study aimed to identify the first-year secondary-school students’ I–C profiles and explore their implications for students’ trait emotional intelligence (EI), emotions towards school and academic achievement (GPA) throughout the 3-year secondary-school cycle. A total of 222 secondary-school students (58.6% females; Mage = 15.4; SD = .63 in the 10th grade) were enrolled in a longitudinal study. The cluster analysis identified three distinct I–C profiles: high individualist-low collectivist students, low individualistic-midlevel collectivist students and high individualist–high collectivist students. The results revealed significant differences between the I–C profiles regarding students’ trait EI, emotions towards school and GPA throughout secondary school, in particular favouring the high individualist–high collectivist profile. These findings are discussed based on the practical implications for students’ outcomes in the current secondary school system.

The Effect of Mobile Learning on the Study Results of Arab Language Students of MTs-TI Pariangan

Background. In today’s digital era, the use of technology in education is becoming increasingly important. Mobile learning in the form of Articulate Storyline application offers easy access and interactivity that can enrich students’ learning experience. However, not many studies have specifically investigated the impact of using the application on student learning outcomes at MTs-TI Pariangan. Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the effect of using the Articulate Storyline application on students’ Arabic learning outcomes at MTs-TI Pariangan. Factors that influence the effectiveness of the app in improving academic achievement will be scrutinised to provide greater insight into the effectiveness of the app. Method. The research method used is an experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design. The research sample was 8th grade students of MTs-TI Pariangan consisting of 20 students. Data was collected through an initial test before the use of the application and a final test after the period of application use. Results. The results of this study showed a significant improvement in student learning outcomes after using the Articulate Storyline app. Students who actively used the application showed greater improvement in material understanding and academic achievement compared to those who did not use the application. The findings support the hypothesis that the use of the Articulate Storyline application has a positive effect on student learning outcomes at MTs-TI Pariangan. Conclusion. This study shows that the use of Articulate Storyline mobile learning application significantly improves the Arabic learning outcomes of grade 8 students of MTs-TI Pariangan. Validity and reliability tests confirm that the instruments used have high consistency and reliability. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores, with an increase in the average score from 65.00 to 80.50.

Bodies and Bites: a medical school program that teaches anatomy, physiology, and nutrition to elementary school kids.

Undergraduate medical students who participate in community outreach programs gain a multitude of benefits that impact not only their professional development but also the well-being of the communities they serve. At the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (VTCSOM), students have the opportunity to volunteer in the "Bodies and Bites" program at the West End Center for Youth, an after-school educational center that serves K-12 children in Roanoke, Virginia. The purpose of Bodies and Bites is to teach elementary school children in 2nd to 5th grade how their bodies work and how to keep them healthy through good nutrition and exercise. All sessions are led by VTCSOM medical students and graduate students from our partnering academic institution, the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute (FBRI). Each week, the children and Health Professions students explore a different topic related to human anatomy and physiology using anatomical models, small group discussions, and hands-on activities. At the end of each session, the participants create a healthy snack related to the day's topic. The overall goal of the present study was to assess the perception of the Bodies and Bites program from the view of our student volunteers, and the 4th and 5th graders who attend the West End Center. Now in its 6th year, Bodies and Bites continues to be popular as a voluntary program among our Health Professions students, and is well received by the West End Center and the elementary school children they serve. Our students and community mutually benefit from this program, with the former having an opportunity to briefly disengage from the rigors of their studies while gaining valuable skills in science communication and inspiring children to pursue fields in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, and Medicine (STEMM), and the latter having fun while learning about their bodies and discovering ways to improve their health.

Evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a co-designed physical activity intervention for rural middle schoolers: a pilot study

BackgroundLack of physical activity is a concern for children across diverse backgrounds, particularly affecting those in rural areas who face distinct challenges compared to their urban counterparts. Community-derived interventions are needed that consider the unique context and additional physical activity barriers in under-resourced rural settings. Therefore, a prospective pre-post pilot/feasibility study of Hoosier Sport was conducted over 8-weeks with 6th and 7th grade children in a low-socioeconomic rural middle school setting. The primary objective of the present study was to assess trial- and intervention-related feasibility indicators; and the secondary objective was to collect preliminary assessment data for physical activity levels, fitness, psychological needs satisfaction, and knowledge of physical activity and nutrition among participating youth.MethodsThis prospective 8-week pilot/feasibility study took place in the rural Midwestern United States where twenty-four middle school students participated in a mixed-methods pre-post intervention during physical education classes. The intervention included elements like sport-based youth development, individualized goal setting, physical activity monitoring, pedometer usage, and health education. Data were collected at baseline (T1) and post-intervention (T3), with intermediate measures during the intervention (T2). Qualitative data were integrated through semi-structured interviews. Analytical methods encompassed descriptive statistics, correlations, repeated measures ANOVA, and thematic analysis.ResultsKey findings indicate robust feasibility, with intervention-related scores (FIM, AIM, and IAM) consistently surpassing the “good” threshold and 100% retention and recruitment success. Additionally, participants showed significant physical performance improvement, shifting from the 25th to the 50th percentile in the 6-minute walk test (p < 0.05). Autonomy and competence remained high, reflecting positive perceptions of program practicality. Nutrition knowledge, initially low, significantly improved at post-intervention (p < 0.01), highlighting the efficacy of targeted nutritional education in Hoosier Sport.ConclusionsThis study pioneers a community-engaged model for physical activity intervention in under-resourced rural settings. Positive participant feedback, coupled with improvements in physical fitness and psychosocial factors, highlights the potential of the co-design approach. The findings offer valuable insights and a practical template for future community-based research, signaling the promising impact of such interventions on holistic well-being. This research lays the foundation for subsequent phases of the ORBIT model, emphasizing collaborative, community-driven approaches to address the complex issue of declining physical activity levels among adolescents.