20th Century Research Articles

ЗМІНИ В ПОХОВАЛЬНІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ЕЛІТИ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ XVII–XVIII СТ. НА ПРИКЛАДІ ПОХОВАНЬ ПРЕДСТАВНИКІВ РОДУ РОЗУМОВСЬКИХ

The article examines the peculiarities of the funerary culture of representatives of the social elite of the second half of the 18th century using the example of the Razumovsky family. and the elements that testified to changes in burial culture in the first half of the 19th century are actualized. The purpose of the article is to characterize the gradual changes in the funerary culture of the Ukrainian elite at the beginning of the 19th century, associated with the incorporation of most of the Ukrainian territories into the Russian Empire. The research methodology is based on the involvement of general scientific methods – observation, information gathering, description and comparison. Conclusions. Funeral culture in general included ideas about death, preparation for it and ensuring the perpetuation of memory while still alive, forms of treatment of the dead, official burial procedures, religious practices, expression of grief by relatives and other members of society, organization and maintenance of burial sites. Representatives of the Ukrainian social elite of the beginning of the 19th century, who were mostly descendants of Cossack elders, prepared in advance for the time of death – they made wills and took care of the place of burial, the mourning ceremony. This is confirmed by examples from the Razumovskyi family circle. Key words: funeral culture, mourning ceremony, сossack elder, Razumovsky.

Rare Pleurotus species with veiled basidiomata from the Neotropics: neotypification of Pleurotus magnificus and epityfication of Pleurotus rickii

Knowledge of Pleurotus in Brazil dates back to the 19th century, when European mycologists studied and described numerous Neotropical taxa. Some of these long-described species remain poorly known, mostly due to the lack of recent records, detailed morphological descriptions, and molecular data. During field surveys in Southeast and Southern Brazil, specimens of two rare Pleurotus species with veiled basidiomata, i.e. P. magnificus and P. rickii, were collected. These species are recorded for the first time in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and P. magnificus for the first time in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná and São Paulo. Updated and detailed morphological descriptions are provided. DNA sequences of the ITS and nLSU molecular markers were obtained for both species, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to explore their relationships within Pleurotus. A neotype is designated for P. magnificus, and a lectotype and epitype are designated for P. rickii.

LA PERSONERÍA JURÍDICA: ¿UN TRÁMITE DONDE SE VISLUMBRAN CATEGORÍAS AHISTÓRICAS? UN ANÁLISIS DESDE LA ANTROPOLOGÍA SOCIAL

In Argentina, there are still certain views on indigenous peoples that have their origins in essentialist arguments built since the formation of the nation state in the 19th century. These are supported by the media, common sense and public policies that directly affect these groups. This paper invites us to question such notions. To do so, we will review the main historical facts and policies that have affected the indigenous populations in Argentina. In order to think about the analytical categories that are still in force about the indigenous populations of the country, at present and in relation to a specific case, the application for legal status in Argentina will be analyzed. This is a procedure to obtain state recognition as an indigenous community, which is usually necessary in order to be able to make different requests. For this purpose, the experience of collaborative work with the Mapuche Kalfulafken community of Carhué, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, which applied for its legal status in 2019 and which took more than three years to be approved, will be taken up again. The approach of this research was carried out from the perspective of social anthropology and ethnography.

Water for Whom? Unravelling the Allocation of Water Storage Capacity between Irrigation and Electricity Uses in Spain during the 20th Century

This work explores the intricate dynamics of water management, energy generation, and irrigation in Spain by examining the evolving regulatory framework governing water resource allocation. It introduces a novel approach to quantify water usage and unpacks the ‘mixed uses’ category for the first time, focusing on entities holding water allocation concessions rather than mere dam ownership. Our f indings reveal the profound influence of private electricity companies on water resource management, despite the significant portion of state-owned dams. The results point to hydroelectric dominance in water allocation and underscore the complex interaction between public ownership and private management of electric companies. This research emphasises the need for nuanced policy considerations in the broader context of energy and agriculture while contributing to a richer understanding of Spain’s unique water governance landscape.

A Nitbit Citation of the Contributions of Sheikh Abdullahi Fodiyo in the Public Health of The 19th Century West Africa and Beyond: A Case Study of "Kitaabu Niyyati Fil' A'amaliddunyawiyyati Wal'ddiniyyati" (A Book of Intentions in the Issues of World and

Nowadays, invariably health improvement, health education, health benefits are attached to religiosity as confirmed by inexhaustible literatures. This paper reviewed some of the contributions of Sheikh Abdullahi Fodiyo in the public health of 19th century West African Sokoto Caliphate and afterwards in his famous book called "Kitaabu Niyyati Fil' A'amaliddunyawiyyati Wal'ddiniyyati" (A book of intentions in the issues of world and religion). In the examined book, he stressed the importance of cleanliness, ablution, prayer, work/ employment/ wealth, agriculture, and meat production in the development and sustainability of society, let alone the Muslim ummah. He warned against unemployment, lack of personal hygiene, poor production and handling of food/ meat among others. Certainly, the book exhorts benefits to public health especially in Islamic societies. There is need to use religion as health education, and health promotion tool especially in religious societies for better health and interventions.

The transportation of embedded inversion in world Englishes

AbstractThe present study uses private correspondence to investigate the use of embedded inversion on both sides of the Atlantic as an illustration of the spread of spoken/conversational features through writing. The paper discusses the use of embedded inversion in Irish English (IrE) and briefly compares its occurrence in other varieties of English during the 19th century. The data come from CORIECOR, the Corpus of Irish English Correspondence, which contains emigrant letters written to and by Irish emigrants from 1760 to 1940. The letters were sent mainly between Ireland and other countries such as the United States, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, and Argentina, and therefore provide an empirical base for studies of historical change. By using corpus linguistics techniques, we analyze possible connections between American English and IrE. The occurrence of embedded inversion in CORIECOR is compared with other historical corpora such as the Corpus of Historical American English, which provides data from one of the main destinations of Irish emigrants.

Warfare in Serbian State from the End of the 14th to the Middle of the 15th Century

The aim of this paper is to present the changes in the way of warfare in the Serbian state in the late Middle Ages. The Ottoman pressure on Serbian territories, starting from the eighth decade of the 14th century, influenced changes in the military organisation of their rulers. In order to defend themselves more effectively from attackers, they established various types of military service. Despot Stefan Lazarević implemented a reform of the local government system by creating new administrative units. During the period that is the subject of research, there were also changes in armaments.

The history of hydrological studies on the Mekong floodplains – from colonial experiments to computational models

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the interwoven history of hydrological studies and water infrastructure development on the Mekong floodplains. On the basis of an extensive literature review, archival work, and key informant interviews, we unravel the making of an expert-led understanding of the Mekong floodplains – from the detailed reports written by colonial engineers during the French protectorate in the late 19th century to the development of the first computational models, developed in the 1960s on punch-cards and in Fortran. We show how these studies not only reflect the objectives of successive powers and their relationships to local communities but also shaped the landscape and hydrology of the Mekong floodplains and continue to do so through a variety of water infrastructure development projects. This serves as a call to conceive of hydrological knowledge as contingent rather than as a neutral depiction of physical processes that exists independently from the conditions of its production.

Advancements in Hydroponic Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Hydroponics, the practice of growing plants without soil using mineral nutrient solutions in water, represents a significant shift in agricultural methodologies. Modern hydroponic systems have evolved substantially since the early 20th century, with advancements in system design, automation, nutrient management, and environmental control enhancing efficiency, scalability, and applicability. This review examines recent innovations that have addressed traditional challenges and created new opportunities for hydroponic cultivation. Hydroponics offers advantages over traditional soil-based agriculture, including precise nutrient control, reduced water usage, and the elimination of soil-borne diseases and pests. These benefits are critical in addressing modern agricultural challenges such as soil degradation, water scarcity, and the need for increased food production for a growing global population. Hydroponic systems can be implemented in diverse environments, making them adaptable solutions for enhancing food security and sustainability. Key developments in various hydroponic systems are highlighted, including the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Deep Water Culture (DWC), Ebb and Flow, Aeroponics, Wick Systems, and Drip Systems. Innovations in these systems focus on optimizing nutrient delivery, oxygenation, and integrating sensors for precise control, improving overall performance and yield. Technological advancements, such as automation and control systems, sensors, and monitoring technologies, have revolutionized hydroponic farming by enabling real-time data collection and environmental management. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart farming practices, combined with data analytics and machine learning, has further optimized system performance and decision-making. LED lighting and vertical farming techniques have maximized space utilization and improved crop yields, particularly in urban environments. Advances in nutrient solutions, disease management, and water quality have optimized plant health and resource efficiency. Economic and environmental considerations, including cost-benefit analyses and comparisons with traditional agriculture, highlight the potential for hydroponics to offer better returns on investment and reduce environmental impact. Despite the significant progress, challenges such as high initial setup costs and technical complexities remain. Future research opportunities and interdisciplinary collaborations are essential to address these challenges and drive further innovation in hydroponic farming.

АНДРЕЙ СЕМЁНОВИЧ БЕДОВ: КАШИНСКИЙ СЛУЖИЛЫЙ ЧЕЛОВЕК, МОСКОВСКИЙ ДВОРЯНИН, ВОЕВОДА, МОНАХ, СТРОИТЕЛЬ СТЕН КАЛЯЗИНА МОНАСТЫРЯ

The paper analyzes the life's journey of the Kashin service class man Andrei Semenyovich Bedov. During the Time of Troubles, he consistently served False Dmitry II, after the latter's death he swore allegiance to Prince Vladislav, then, together with Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy, he joipapned the militia of Procopius Lyapunov. At the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Andrei Bedov was engaged in the restoration of the Kashin estates and, with the help of a fictitious deal with the Archbishop of Tver Arseny Elassonsky, transferred one of the estate villages to a patrimony. In the 30s of the 17th century Andrei Bedov, having received the rank of Moscow nobleman, served as a governor in Tver, participated in the Smolensk War, and later held administrative positions in Moscow. Andrei Bedov was closely associated with the Makaryev Kalyazin Monastery of St. Trinity, making generous contributions to it, and in 1641 he took monastic vows there with the name Abraham. As a cellarer at the monastery, he supervised the building of the walls around the monastery in 1644-1647 and made a large contribution to their construction. Andrei (Abraham) Bedov died on February 9, 1650, having distributed property, estates and patrimonies among close relatives, people from his circle, as well as monasteries and churches of Kashinsky district.

The High-Resolution Archaeology of Shared Courtyards at Old Dongola (14th–16th Century a.d., Sudan): an Intensive Approach to Domestic Open Spaces

ABSTRACT Identifying the dynamics of domestic open spaces remains a challenging task. This research applies an adjusted theoretical framework of activity areas to characterize domestic open spaces in the 14th–16th century a.d. in Old Dongola, Sudan. Activity areas were defined as sedimentations of residues of recurring cycles of changing actions rather than stable components of space. To identify domestic space, this research utilizes high-resolution methods: analyses of multiple chemical elements, spatial distribution of objects, and botanical remains of courtyard occupational surfaces, combined with spatial statistics using local Moran’s I autocorrelation. The relationships between the remains of human and non-human actions are discussed in terms of the material affordances affecting their deposition within the archaeological layers. Application of these methods allowed for the identification of areas of domestic tasks related to high concentrations of elements, as well as clusters of tools located on their edges. Botanical data corroborated often vague identifications of activities based on geochemistry.

САМОНАЗВАННЫЕ ФРАНЦУЗЫ И «БРАТЬЯ ФРАНЦУЗОВ» В БРАЗИЛИИ XVI ВЕКА

The paper deals with the strategy that some Europeans chose in the 16th century Brazil while finding themselves in a hostile environment. Being captured by Indians and destinated to death and following anthropophagy, a German soldier Hans Staden, a Genovese captain Giuseppe Adorno and an English adventurer Anthony Knivet decided to appoint themselves as Frenchmen (their captors regarded Frenchmen as friends and trade partners). The Indians’ reaction to the declarations of such “impostors” (including some “tests for identity”) reveals the way the Brazilian Indians considered one European nation as friend and ally rather than another. A special attention is paid to the cross-verified elements in Staden’s, Adorno’s and Knivet’s stories. This cross-validation is mostly important for Staden’s testimony (most detailed of all): the German author describes his first unsuccessful attempts to save his life by assuming another identity as an act of faith and a miraculous escape, so it is essential to distinguish the facts from the metaphors. The paper discusses the degree in which Staden, Adorno and Knivet can be considered as impostors. They did not seek to gain something beyond what they had, just to save their lives. So they are more “self-appointed” Frenchmen (in the sense of self-denomination) rather than persistent usurpers of someone else’s identity.

МНИМЫЕ БОГАЧИ И ПОДДЕЛЬНЫЕ НИЩИЕ: УЛИЧНЫЕ МОШЕННИКИ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ ФРАНЦИИ

The article is devoted to the problem of imposture, which is considered in relation to the daily life of marginal strata of society in medieval France. The question is about professional scammers who acted everywhere and posed as «decent people» for the purpose of personal gain. The main way of such transformations was the cross-dressing, and therefore the article analyzes a few, but vivid judicial cases that testify the use of someone else’s (often stolen) clothes to build a new personality. The author notes that, despite the existence of specific criminal cases related to cross-dressing, i.e. stable judicial practice, there was no general royal legislation devoted to this problem in France till the end of the 15th century. Instead of it there were only private legal acts, the effect of which extended only to the population of Paris. This situation was explained, according to the author, by the limited possibilities of the royal justice, its precedent character, as well as the importance of the capital not only as the center of the country, but also as its largest city.

Preliminary Description of the Jewish Arabic Dialect of Ghardaïa (Central Algeria) with Elements of Phonology, Socio-Phonetics, and Morphology

Abstract Ghardaïa, situated in the centre of Saharan Algeria, is renowned for its well-preserved medieval architecture tracing back to its establishment by the puritanical Ibāḍiyyah sect in the 11th century CE. The city has been home to a Jewish community for centuries, although its exact origins remain debated. Evidence suggests migrations from Djerba, Marrakesh, and Tafilalt shaping a unique Jewish dialect that reflects ties to both Tunisia and Morocco. This paper presents a preliminary linguistic analysis of the Jewish dialect of Ghardaïa, shedding light on its historical layers and socio-linguistic dynamics. Through comparative analysis with neighbouring Muslim dialects, Jewish Djerba, and Jewish Marrakesh, it unravels the complexities of this distinct linguistic heritage, providing insights into its origins and evolution. Additionally, it delves into the nuanced variations between male and female lects within the Jewish community of Ghardaïa, elucidating socio-phonetic features that contribute to the rich diversity of the dialect.

Enseñanza y aprendizaje del español en las universidades japonesas

Since the Japanese people’s first encounter with the Spanish language in the 16th century, the teaching and learning of Spanish has been evolving in response to the needs of each era. Despite numerous historical challenges, interest in the Spanish language and everything related to it has increased over the years. This article examines the situations of differing historical periods to better understand the objectives for which Spanish has been studied, as well as the numerous types of teachers, students, and commonly used methodologies. To do this, various academic articles and books offering testimonies from people who lived through those periods are examined. The corpus developed by this article’s author, which includes textbooks published since the early 20th century, will also be analyzed in this article. The initial contact with the Spanish language in the 16th century was through missionary work. After a stagnation in language studies due to a period of isolationism, the need to pursue Spanish as a language resumed in the 20th century for the purposes of foreign trade and migration. The idea of learning a foreign language to enrich general culture also became important in the 20th century. The change in the type of students greatly influenced learning objectives and methodologies. We are now in a transitional period with the emergence of new technologies. However, it is important to know our history in order to reflect on the direction which Spanish teaching and learning should take in the future.

From Manuscripts to Machines: The Evolution of Book Publishing Devices

The paper discusses the publishing devices of the book throughout their transformational journey, starting from ancient manuscripts up to modern printing technologies. The study examines early printing techniques-from the laborious process of handwritten manuscripts through woodblock printing and movable type by personalities such as Bi Sheng and Johannes Gutenberg, respectively. With the invention of lithography and offset printing, mass production of books became customary in the 18th and 19th centuries and made books more publicly available. It further examines the effects of digital printing and electronic publishing in this century, which have redefined the production, distribution, and consumption of written material. It looks at the technological developments of these and how each of them has helped democratize knowledge and increased literacy rates globally.

Relationship between Molecular Structure and Surface Activity of Ionic Surfactants.

A new model is developed to quantify the surface tension of ionic surfactants from surface affinity and ionization equilibrium. The model successfully predicts two important molecular structure-surface activity factors: the length of single-branch homologues and the nature of counterions. The modeling results also clarify the underlying mechanisms of the two processes. Changing the counterion only affects the ionization, not the affinity. On the other hand, increasing carbon length dramatically increases the affinity while having a small effect on ionization. The modeling framework consistently resolves structure-activity observations, some of which have been reported since the 19th century. The model can be extended for surfactants with more than one ionic state and surfactant/electrolyte mixtures.

Communal Palaces in the Venetian Territorial State (15th-16th Centuries): The Case of Treviso

Beginning in the 15th century, the reconstruction of Venetian state communal palaces, which served as the institutional seats of the city councils and judiciaries, was often seen as an opportunity for civic magistrates, along at times with Venetian officers, to develop plans to renovate their cities. These projects often led to the enlargement of central districts and to the transformation of cities’ roads and squares. I look at communal palaces from across the Venetian territorial state, focusing on Treviso, which clearly elucidates how the modification of public buildings often led to a redefinition of central urban space. An array of mostly unpublished drawings proposing urban redevelopment projects that were not always realised are key to reconstructing the city’s history, demonstrating better than other documents how communal palaces have enhanced its fabric.

Genetic connectivity of wolverines in western North America.

Wolverine distribution contracted along the southern periphery of its range in North America during the 19th and 20th centuries due primarily to human influences. This history, along with low densities, sensitivity to climate change, and concerns about connectivity among fragmented habitats spurred the recent US federal listing of threatened status and special concern status in Canada. To help inform large scale landscape connectivity, we collected 882 genetic samples genotyped at 19 microsatellite loci. We employed multiple statistical models to assess the landscape factors (terrain complexity, human disturbance, forest configuration, and climate) associated with wolverine genetic connectivity across 2.2million km2of southwestern Canada and the northwestern contiguous United States. Genetic similarity (positive spatial autocorrelation) of wolverines was detected up to 555km and a high-to-low gradient of genetic diversity occurred from north-to-south. Landscape genetics analyses confirmed that wolverine genetic connectivity has been negatively influenced by human disturbance at broad scales and positively influenced by forest cover and snow persistence at fine- and broad-scales, respectively. This information applied across large landscapes can be used to guide management actions with the goal of maintaining or restoring population connectivity.

Georgian-Polish Literary Relations and the Conspiracy of 1832

Georgian-Polish political, economic, and literary-cultural relations have a long history. Despite the geographical distance between these countries, the current historical, political, and economic situation in the world has led to a certain rapprochement of the peoples with these two great histories. Georgian-Polish cultural relations especially strengthened, diversified, and reached a new height in terms of quantity and artistic mastery in the late 30s of the 19th century and the following era. The representatives of the creative Polish intellectuals who moved to Georgia tried in every way to convey their literary ideas created in Georgia to their compatriots in Poland. From the collected materials, it can be seen without any doubt that a great spiritual kinship was established between one of the best parts of Polish society who immigrated to our country and Georgians. It is interesting to know that the Poles who immigrated to our country created not only Georgian, but also the “Caucasian flow of Polish poetry and prose”. Even among the creative samples of Poles who immigrated within this framework, their works will be outstanding and unique. In our deep belief, among the rich Polish literature, interesting literary works on Georgian and non-Georgian topics can be distinguished by Polish writers and public figures who immigrated to Georgia in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.