5G Wireless Systems Research Articles

Networked Integrated Sensing and Communications for 6G Wireless Systems

Networked Integrated Sensing and Communications for 6G Wireless Systems

GSAAN with War Strategy Optimization Algorithm for Cyber Security in a 5G Wireless Communication Network

In this paper, the graph sample and aggregate-attention network with war strategy optimization algorithm for cyber security in the 5G wireless communication network (CS-5GWCN-GSAAN-WSOA) is proposed in 5G mobile networks to identify cyber threats. Initially, the input data are amassed from the 5G-NIDD dataset. Then the input data are fed to preprocessing, here redundancy elimination and missing value replacement are performed utilizing the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization filtering (CLAHEF) method. After preprocessing, optimal features are selected by the stochastic gradient boosting based recursive feature elimination process. The selected features are fed to the graph sample and aggregate-attention network (GSAAN) to detect cyber-attacks in 5G wireless communication. Generally, the GSAAN approach does not adopt any optimization techniques for determining optimal parameters and guaranteeing accurate attack detection. Therefore, the war strategy optimization algorithm (WSOA) contemplates to optimize the GSAAN weight parameters. The CS-5GWCN-GSAAN-WSOA method is activated on Python. The CS-5GWCN-GSAAN-WSOA method attains 22.51%, 20.35%, and 35.54% higher accuracy, 19.45%, 27.80%, and 18.93% higher sensitivity analysed with existing models, like cyber security attack identification in 5G wireless systems utilizing machine learning (CS-5GWCN-SVM), enhanced dropping attacks detection in 5G networks depending on deep learning models (CS-5GWCN-KNN), and cyber security issues in 5G enabled attack detection through deep learning (CS-5GWCN-RNN), respectively.

Wideband circularly polarized reconfigurable metasurface antenna for 5G applications

Abstract A framework of a metasurface (MTS) – based wideband circularly polarized (CP) reconfigurable antenna for fifth generation (5G) wireless systems operating in the sub-6 GHz mid-frequency range is presented in this article. The proposed structure contains a simple patch antenna, which serves as the primary source, a shorting pin, two ring slots, and a metasurface superstrate. The shorting pin and two ring slots produce perturbation resulting in circular polarization with a narrow axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. A metasurface (MTS) superstrate composed of 4 × 4 rectangular patches stacked over the primary source antenna generates additional resonances that significantly improve the −10 dB impedance and 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. Two PIN diodes are employed to alter the circular polarization between left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) and right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The prototype is made using an FR-4 epoxy substrate and has an overall size of 50 mm × 35 mm × 4.2 mm. The antenna has a −10 dB bandwidth of 44 % (4.0–6.2) and a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 28 % (4.2–5.6). It also has a 3 dB beam width of 74° and 85° in the E and H planes, a gain of 7.1 dBi, cross-polar isolation of more than 15 dB, and a unidirectional radiation pattern. The simulated and measured results confirm that the implemented antenna is promising for sub-6 GHz 5G communication systems, particularly cognitive radio, wireless body area networks (WBAN), and satellite communication systems.

SIW MIMO antenna with high gain and isolation for fifth generation wireless communication systems

Abstract The possibilities for further development of mmWave fifth-generation wireless systems and their deployment in our lives are immense and will make human life simpler and faster. Fifth-generation wireless communication is opening up new possibilities for development in the near future. High data rates, low latency, and enormous bandwidth are the most essential factors. These factors are at the heart of making quality healthcare, smart education systems, and the fast and efficient distribution of energy. In account of the aforementioned benefits, 5G wireless systems are primarily made possible by high gain MIMO antenna with minimal coupling. The integration of traditional wave-guide components with planar circuits, on the other hand, is a difficult issue. SIW solves this problem by providing planar alternatives for waveguide-based devices like filters, antennas, and couplers. The SIW antenna has less interference, low radiation loss, excellent isolation, and outstanding shielding properties as compared with the conventional microstrip antenna. The proposed SISO SIW antenna has gain of 9.05 dBi with 87.54 % radiation efficiency. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 27.79–28.19 GHz. The SIW MIMO antenna has gain of 9.05 dBi with 81 % radiation efficiency. The antenna has an isolation 52 dB, and an ECC is 0.65 × 10−7 at 28 GHz. The proposed SIW MIMO antenna’s MEG lies below −3 to −5 dB for Gaussian and isotropic medium. The CCL for the proposed MIMO antenna is 0.29–0.36 bits/s/Hz in the operating band. This article presents a high-gain and high-isolation substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) MIMO antenna using orthogonal diversity for increasing isolation between the radiating elements. The designed MIMO antenna is operating in the 28 GHz band (27.42–28.79 GHz), which comes under the n261 (FR2 5G-New Radio frequency band) band used for 5G wireless communication.

Future of 5G Wireless System

Future of 5G Wireless System

JrCUP: Joint RIS Calibration and User Positioning for 6G Wireless Systems

JrCUP: Joint RIS Calibration and User Positioning for 6G Wireless Systems

Authentication in a Hyperconnected World: Challenges, Opportunities and Approaches

Authentication and integrity are the prerequisites for trustworthy and secure communication. Without unambiguous knowledge of who is being interacted with, no confidential content can be exchanged, no (remote) access to systems and equipment can be granted, and no trust can be established. This situation is further exacerbated by an increasing interconnection and globalization towards a hyperconnected world. (Communication) Participants are no longer necessarily in close physical and social proximity and do not need to know each other, but can have their source/destination anywhere in the world.
 An authentication process is used to verify that someone -whether human or machine-, is in fact who she claims to be: The process thus includes a validation step to evaluate an assertion. However, systems differ in terms of their requirements, for instance with regard to the authentication options available, the time period required for re-authentication and the frequency of re-authentication, as well as the level of security to be achieved with authentication. The latter particularly with regard to the cost/benefit ratio of the application. Additionally, there are efforts to finally abolish traditional passwords, passphrases and pin codes and render them obsolete.
 In this work, technologies and methods for authentication beyond passwords and trustworthy authentication will be examined, particularly with regard to future communication infrastructures such as Beyond 5G and Sixth Generation (6G) wireless systems. Thereby, the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods, but also the relevance to Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post Quantum Cryptography, as well as the use of 6G-enabling technologies like Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs), Wireless Optical Communication (WOC) and Physical Layer Security (PhySec), for example as additional factors of a multi-factor authentication process, will be considered, along with Body Area Networks (BANs) and the integration of the human body relying on biometrics. The various concepts are compared with regard to their requirements, limitations and possible applications in order to provide the user with an orientation as to which authentication method is conceivable and useful in which specific scenarios.

Potential Impact of 5G Technology on Various Aspects of Technology Development

The introduction of fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems marks an important milestone in the development of wireless communications. This development has the potential to revolutionize many industries and improve our daily lives. Our research paper aims to come up with an inclusive overview of the prospects and developments in 5G wireless systems. It provides an in-depth look at key issues, trends, and testing directions that will shape 5G network development and deployment in the years to come. Our research papers cover a wide range of topics, including networking, spectrum usage, device-to-device communication, massive MIMO, edge computing, security, and 5G technologies. We review the present state of research and ongoing projects, providing insight into the future of 5G wireless systems and their impact on society. As experts, we guarantee that our content will be effective, unique, engaging, and tailored to your specific needs and requirements. The demand for quick, more dependable wireless connections continues to increase, making the development and implementation of fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks more difficult. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of ongoing and future research in 5G wireless technology, highlighting key challenges and solutions. We are investigating the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) field where no antenna can be used to improve spectral efficiency and coverage. We examine the optimization of antenna configurations, beamforming strategies, and resource allocation strategies to maximize the advantage of large MIMO when addressing network devices and systems. Additionally, we are exploring the potential of millimeter wave (mm-Wave) communications to provide maximum data and bandwidth, and the integration of shared networks (HetNets) to improve service and capacity. We will also touch on the emergence of edge computing leading to poor quality applications and reduced network collaboration in 5G networks, and the importance of network connectivity that allows the physical network infrastructure to be divided into several sessions with different characteristics. By solving problems in these areas, we strive to unlock the full potential of 5G networks to transform the industry and pave the way for advanced and intelligent connectivity in the future.

An overview of 6G wireless systems

With the demand of low latency communication explodes, the inherent limitations of the fifth generation communication is constantly exposed to the public. Such 5G shortcomings are spurring worldwide activities focused on defining the next-generation 6G wireless communication system. So the paper offers an overview of 6G wireless systems based on existing literature and statistical data. The paper concentrate on the driving forces in the development of 6G. In the meanwhile, the paper presents some potential application scenarios in the future. In the last section, the paper points out some challenges that are most likely to encounter in the coming development of 6G. Based on current prospect of 6G, it is likely that 6G features low latency and high efficiency and has 100 times better transmission capacity than 5G. The future applications are holographic telecommunications, mutual interaction of emotional thinking, and digital twinning. In conclusion, integrated with different technologies like AI,Terahertz Communications, and blockchain, 6G features many advantages and will permeate into peoples daily lives.

Quantum-Computing-Based Channel and Signal Modeling for 6G Wireless Systems

Quantum-Computing-Based Channel and Signal Modeling for 6G Wireless Systems

ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL CORRELATION PROPERTIES AND RECEIVED SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE DIMENSIONAL RIS-ASSISTED COMMUNICATION IN NEXT GENERATION RADIO NETWORKS

The reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is envisioned to be a key serving technology in 6G wireless systems and it is also known as smart repeater or holographic radio. RIS is fully capable of controlling the EM waves in terms of reflections, refractions, scattering, amplitudes, phases, and polarization. Its response is adaptive over time as well as network conditions. It enhances the performance of a radio system in terms of capacity, energy efficiency, security, power consumption, and coverage. In this paper, a physically realizable RIS-assisted channel model is presented which uses the spatial correlation properties of the channel. The main objective of this work is to derive the fading distribution for RIS-assisted channels, characterize their spatial channel correlation, and minimize the channel training overhead. The proposed channel estimation model minimizes the number of required pilot signals for channel estimation. The channel properties are analyzed in terms of spatial correlation matrices rank, RIS physical geometry, and channel hardening. Monte Carlo simulations have verified the analytical results. The results proved that eigenvalue distribution and rank of spatial correlated matrix are favorable for lower dimensions of RIS reflecting elements.

Analysis of Terahertz (THz) Frequency Propagation and Link Design for Federated Learning in 6G Wireless Systems

Analysis of Terahertz (THz) Frequency Propagation and Link Design for Federated Learning in 6G Wireless Systems

AIRBORNE SAFETY IN THE AGE OF 5G: ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL INTERFERENCE BETWEEN C-BAND AND AERONAUTICAL RADAR ALTIMETER

Abstract. The recent deployment of 5G technology in the C-band frequency range has raised concerns regarding potential interference with aeronautical radar altimeters. 5G technology utilizes the C-band in the range of 3.7–3.98 GHz, which partially overlaps with the frequency range used by radar altimeters operating in the range of 4.2–4.4 GHz, resulting in an increased possibility of interference between the two systems. In this study, a comprehensive methodology was employed to conduct an interference analysis, investigating the compatibility between 5G wireless systems and radar altimeters. This involved implementing a realistic scenario that replicated the operational interaction between radar altimeters and 5G systems, with the goal of identifying the impact of 5G networks on radar altimeter performance. This paper outlines the scenarios leading to interference, and suggests feasible methods to overcome this issue.

The Trends, Challenges, and Key Technologies of Beam-Space Multiplexing in the Integrated Terristrial-Satellite Communication for B5G and 6G

Along with the development of beam-space multiplexing theory, multi-layer beamforming has been applied successfully in 4G and 5G terrestrial wireless communication systems to increase the system capacity. For the future Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Communication (ITSC), beam-space multiplexing is also expected to improve beamforming gain, wireless link quality and data transmission rate. This paper explores beam-space multiplexing in the ITSC towards B5G and 6G, including its application scenarios, evolution trends, technical challenges and key technologies. Based on the analysis of system capacity, performance evaluation is obtained by the simulation of several scenarios, and exposed the promising gain of beam-space multiplexing of the ITSC.

Scedasticity descriptor of terrestrial wireless communications channels for multipath clustering datasets

Fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems increased the bandwidth, improved the speed, and shortened the latency of communications systems. Various channel models are developed to study 5G. These channel models reproduce the stochastic properties of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas by generating wireless multipath components (MPCs). The MPCs that have similar properties in delay, angles of departure, and angles of arrival form clusters. The multipaths and multipath clusters serve as datasets to understand the properties of 5G. These datasets generated by the Cooperation in Science and Technology 2100 (COST 2100), International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020), quasi deterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa), and wireless world initiative new radio II (WINNER II) channel models are tested for their homoscedasticity based on Johansen's procedure. Results show that the COST 2100, QuaDRiGa, and WINNER II datasets are heteroscedastic, while the IMT-2020 dataset is homoscedastic.

Novel fractal geometry of 4×4 multi-input and multi-output array antenna for 6G wireless systems

Novel fractal geometry of 4×4 multi-input and multi-output array antenna for 6G wireless systems

Mulsemedia communication research challenges for metaverse in 6G wireless systems

Although humans have five basic senses, sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, most multimedia systems today only capture two of them, namely, sight and hearing. With the development of the metaverse and related technologies, there is a growing need for a more immersive media format that leverages all human senses. Multisensory media (Mulsemedia) that can stimulate multiple senses will play a critical role in the near future. This paper provides an overview of the history, background, use cases, existing research, devices, and standards of mulsemedia. Emerging mulsemedia technologies such as extended Reality (XR) and Holographic-Type Communication (HTC) are introduced. Additionally, the challenges in mulsemedia research from the perspective of wireless communication and networking are discussed. The potential of 6G wireless systems to address these challenges is highlighted, and several research directions that can advance mulsemedia communications are identified.

Dual Band 1x4 Linear Metamaterial Bowtie Antenna Array for Autonomous Vehicle in Public Safety Band Communications

This research presents the design, simulation, and fabrication of a dual-band 1x4 linear metamaterial bowtie antenna array for applications in 5G wireless systems and public safety band communications. The single-element antenna is a compact dual-band structure with a complementary split-ring resonator (TCSRR) element, and it exhibits resonant frequencies of 3.5 GHz and 4.9 GHz, covering the sub-6GHz 5G spectrum and the public safety band. The antenna aray design is optimized for impedance matching and radiation efficiency. The 1x4 linear antenna array is designed with a quarter-wave transformer feed network and carefully controlled mutual coupling to enhance gain and directionality. Simulated and measured results confirm the performance of the array, with a reflection coefficient within -10 dB from 3.2 GHz to 3.85 GHz and from 4.55 GHz to 5.95 GHz and 3.45 GHz to 3.75 GHz and 4.45 GHz to 5.7 GHz, respectively. The array exhibits a peak realized gain of up to 8.7 dBi and efficient radiation patterns. This work offers promising insights into the development of antenna systems for advanced wireless communication applications and vehicle-to-vehicle communication in public safety band.

A deep reinforcement learning-based power control scheme for the 5G wireless systems

In the fifth generation (5G) wireless system, a closed-loop power control (CLPC) scheme based on deep Q learning network (DQN) is introduced to intelligently adjust the transmit power of the base station (BS), which can improve the user equipment (UE) received signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) to a target threshold range. However, the selected power control (PC) action in DQN is not accurately matched the fluctuations of the wireless environment. Since the experience replay characteristic of the conventional DQN scheme leads to a possibility of insufficient training in the target deep neural network (DNN). As a result, the Q-value of the sub-optimal PC action exceed the optimal one. To solve this problem, we propose the improved DQN scheme. In the proposed scheme, we add an additional DNN to the conventional DQN, and set a shorter training interval to speed up the training of the DNN in order to fully train it. Finally, the proposed scheme can ensure that the Q value of the optimal action remains maximum. After multiple episodes of training, the proposed scheme can generate more accurate PC actions to match the fluctuations of the wireless environment. As a result, the UE received SINR can achieve the target threshold range faster and keep more stable. The simulation results prove that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional schemes.

A Case Study of Edge Computing Implementations: Multi-access Edge Computing, Fog Computing and Cloudlet

With the explosive growth of intelligent and mobile devices, the current centralized cloud computing paradigm is encountering difficult challenges. Since the primary requirements have shifted towards implementing real-time response and supporting context awareness and mobility, there is an urgent need to bring resources and functions of centralized clouds to the edge of networks, which has led to the emergence of the edge computing paradigm. Edge computing increases the responsibilities of network edges by hosting computation and services, therefore enhancing performances and improving quality of experience (QoE). Fog computing, multi-access edge computing (MEC), and cloudlet are three typical and promising implementations of edge computing. Fog computing aims to build a system that enables cloud-to-thing service connectivity and works in concert with clouds, MEC is seen as a key technology of the fifth generation (5G) system, and Cloudlet is a micro-data center deployed in close proximity. In terms of deployment scenarios, Fog computing focuses on the Internet of Things (IoT), MEC mainly provides mobile RAN application solutions for 5G systems, and cloudlet offloads computing power at the network edge. In this paper, we present a comprehensive case study on these three edge computing implementations, including their architectures, differences, and their respective application scenario in IoT, 5G wireless systems, and smart edge. We discuss the requirements, benefits, and mechanisms of typical co-deployment cases for each paradigm and identify challenges and future directions in edge computing.