5G New Research Articles

Performance Analysis of 5G New Radio LDPC over Different Multipath Fading Channel Models

The creation and developing of a wireless network communication that is fast, secure, dependable, and cost-effective enough to suit the needs of the modern world is a difficult undertaking. Channel coding schemes must be chosen carefully to ensure timely and error-free data transfer in a noisy and fading channel. To ensure that the data received matches the data transmitted, channel coding is an essential part of the communication system's architecture. NR LDPC (New Radio Low Density Parity Check) code has been recommended for the fifth-generation (5G) to achieve the need for more internet traffic capacity in mobile communications and to provide both high coding gain and low energy consumption. This research presents NR-LDPC for data transmission over two different multipath fading channel models, such as Nakagami-m and Rayleigh in AWGN. The BER performance of the NR-LDPC code using two kinds of rate-compatible base graphs has been examined for the QAM-OFDM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system and compared to the uncoded QAM-OFDM system. The BER performance obtained via Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that the LDPC works efficiently with two different kinds of channel models: those that do not fade and those that fade and achieves significant BER improvements with high coding gain. It makes sense to use LDPC codes in 5G because they are more efficient for long data transmissions, and the key to a good code is an effective decoding algorithm. The results demonstrated a coding gain improvement of up to 15 dB at 10-3 BER.

A Low-Profile Dual-Polarized Patch Antenna With Simple Feed and Multiple Decoupling Techniques

A low-profile dual-polarized patch antenna with simple feed and multiple decoupling techniques is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of two substrates separated by 5 mm. At the top and bottom of Sub 1 are a microstrip balun (Port 2), and a rectangle patch etched with two symmetrical small rectangular slots. A rectangular slot, etched on the metal reflector of Sub 2, is excited by a microstrip line (Port 1). Multiple decoupling techniques are synthesized to achieve high port-to-port isolation, including physical isolation, the shorting pins grounding, orthogonal polarization, and different radiation modes. In particular, the designed antenna has a low profile without any complex feed structure, and the simulated isolation achieves better than 52 dB. Furthermore, its profile is only 0.08 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> , where λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> is the free-space wavelength at 3.55 GHz, and the measured isolation achieves 45 dB in the working bandwidth of 3.3 <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">–</b> 3.8 GHz <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">.</b> The fabricated prototype is a promising candidate for the 5G New Radio band n78 communication systems.

Optimal radio resource management in 5G NR featuring network slicing

3GPP 5G New Radio (NR) has introduced several new features that the network slicing concept can leverage to guarantee the heterogeneous requirements in terms of throughput and delays of expected 5G network services. Mainly, these features are (i) Mixed-numerology to control the time slot duration, hence guaranteeing low latency requirements; (ii) Bandwidth Parts (BWP) to control the number of radio resources allocated to users, hence satisfying different throughput requirements. However, efficient radio resource management is already complex, and adding these new dimensions will further increase this complexity. In this paper, we first propose modeling radio resource management in 5G NR featuring network slicing through a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). For our best knowledge, this is the first MILP modeling of the radio resource management featuring network slicing taking into account (i) Mixed-numerology, (ii) both latency and throughput requirements (iii) multiple slice attach per UE (iv) Inter-Numerology Interference (INI). After showing that solving the problem takes an exponential time, we considered a new approach to solve it in a polynomial time, which is highly required when scheduling radio resources. The new approach consists of formalizing this problem using a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL)-based solver. We evaluate the use of RL to solve the problem for different network configurations and compared its performance with the optimal solution obtained by solving the MILP problem.

Adaptive DFT-s-OFDM employed novel multi layered scheme for reduction of PAPR for mMTC node in 5G (NR)

In 5G New Radio, The DFT-s-OFDM is a promising multiplexing technique for enhancing the average power of subcarriers to reduce the overall peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The peak of subcarrier is too high then the impact of DFT-s-OFDM is quite inferior. An Adaptive DFT-s-OFDM employed multilayered novel mechanism has been proposed in this research article to reduce the PAPR. The extent of sub-band is varied in accordance with predefined threshold value to enhance average power, meanwhile clipping is applied to shape the peak value of subcarrier. The clipping technique reduced the subcarrier’s peak power. The proposed approach has the greater impact in order to enhance the efficiency of non-linear Power Amplifier (PA). The PAPR is suppressed by the multilayered strategy in two ways. The first is the numerator element, which is the reduction of peak power by clipping operation, and the second is the denominator element, which is the improvement of average power through K-point DFT sub-band. The superior time–frequency localization of DFT-s-OFDM across uplink transmissions reduces the requirement for difficult node-to-node synchronization, which is potentially used by the mMTC nodes. The proposed adaptive DFT-s-OFDM modulation scheme performs better than conventional OFDM modulation, which is approximately 24% more effective at 6 dB.

Low-Rate and Short-Block-Length Random Permutation-Coded Modulations Achieve Finite-Length Bounds

Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) is an important feature brought by 5G New Radio (NR). By using a block code, the low-latency requirement in general requires a short block length in order to reduce the latency of transmitting the entire code block. The ultra-reliable communication requires a low-rate code to achieve high decoding reliability even under low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). This paper proposes a new class of coding and modulation schemes, termed permutation-coded modulations, for low-rate and short-block-length applications, such as URLLC. We show that permutation-coded modulations under maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding have remarkable performance levels that achieve the dispersion bounds with normal approximation (NA) for short block lengths. However, their encoding and ML-decoding complexities are prohibitive if the number of message bits transmitted per code block increases. To reduce the encoding and decoding complexities, we propose a trapezoidal permutation-coded modulation scheme which can be decoded efficiently by successive cancellation list (SCL) decoders. We also show that the trapezoidal permutation-coded modulations under SCL decoding can achieve the dispersion bounds with NA for short block lengths.

Standardization of Extended Reality (XR) over 5G and 5G-Advanced 3GPP New Radio

Standardization of Extended Reality (XR) over 5G and 5G-Advanced 3GPP New Radio

Design of a high isolation tri-band MIMO antenna for coal mine applications

ABSTRACT In this paper, a tri-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation characteristic is designed and fabricated for coal mine applications. It is composed of two symmetrical trident planar monopoles which can achieve tri-band characteristics. The isolation between the elements is higher than 20 dB across the whole frequency region by firstly placing the two elements symmetrically, loading a T-shaped branch and etching two rectangular slots on the ground successively. The proposed antenna can operate at three bands, i.e., 1.85∼2.70 GHz, 3.24∼3.99 GHz and 4.65∼5.80 GHz, which simultaneously cover the operating frequency band of WiMAX, WiFi, 4G, and 5G New Radio (NR) for mining. Good agreements can be observed between the simulated and measured results. The designed tri-band MIMO antenna has the advantages of low profile, compact structure and easy to conform with the platform, thus having a broad prospect in coal mine applications.

A Study of Mutual Coupling Suppression between Two Closely Spaced Planar Monopole Antenna Elements for 5G New Radio Massive MIMO System Applications

5G NR (new radio) introduces the concept of massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology, in which a larger number of antenna arrays are installed on the transceiver. Due to the increased number of antenna elements allocated close to each other (approximately at a distance of half a wavelength), mutual coupling becomes a serious problem leading to performance degradation of the MIMO communication system. In this communication, two different configurations of closely spaced antenna array elements are studied. In order to reduce the mutual coupling, a combination of a metamaterial-based frequency-selective surface (FSS), a metallic strip, and a slot element in the ground plane is examined. It is found that the proposed technique significantly suppresses mutual coupling from −12 dB to −25 dB. Both designs are fabricated and experimentally validated. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measurements. The proposed mutual coupling reduction technique may be suitable for massive MIMO systems in fifth-generation (5G) new radio applications.

Towards 5G new radio sidelink communications: A versatile link-level simulator and performance evaluation

Sidelink in cellular networks enables direct exchange of data packets between devices without the need for network infrastructure, resulting in various benefits, including communication in out-of-coverage areas and possible decrease in latency by a considerable extent. Thus, sidelink is a favorable choice for applications like public safety communications and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications. As 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) advanced to 5G New Radio (NR) under the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), several new features were introduced to sidelink, such as two-stage Sidelink Control Informations (SCIs), data and control multiplexing, and feedback-based Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) with a configurable maximum number of transmissions. To conduct extensive NR sidelink link-level evaluations, a comprehensive simulation platform is essential. In this paper, we introduce the first publicly accessible 5G NR Link-Level Simulator (LLS) that supports major 5G NR sidelink features and complies with the 3GPP standards. This MATLAB-based simulator allows for flexible control over various Physical Layer (PHY) configurations, facilitating customized simulations on algorithm development and performance evaluations. We discuss the simulator’s structure and the sidelink features implemented in detail and evaluate the 5G NR sidelink performance using the developed simulator. Our simulation results indicate that the Block Error Rate (BLER) curves are insensitive to error-prone 2nd-stage Sidelink Control Information (SCI2) and number of Resource Blocks (RBs) allocated; however, the sidelink communication range is sensitive to the deployment environment. We also highlight the need for a careful choice of numerology, device power class and HARQ configuration to balance performance metrics for a variety of services based on 5G NR sidelink deployment scenarios.

A Patch Antenna with Enhanced Gain and Bandwidth for Sub-6 GHz and Sub-7 GHz 5G Wireless Applications

This paper presents a novel microstrip patch antenna design using slots and parasitic strips to operate at the n77 (3.3–4.2 GHz)/n78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) band of sub-6 GHz and n96 (5.9–7.1 GHz) band of sub-7 GHz under 5G New Radio. The proposed antenna is simulated and fabricated using an FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and copper of 0.035 mm thickness for the ground and radiating planes. A conventional patch antenna with a slot is also designed and fabricated for comparison. A comprehensive analysis of both designs is carried out to prove the superiority of the proposed antenna over conventional dual-band patch antennas. The proposed antenna achieves a wider bandwidth of 160 MHz at 3.45 GHz and 220 MHz at 5.9 GHz, with gains of 3.83 dBi and 0.576 dBi, respectively, compared to the conventional patch antenna with gains of 2.83 dBi and 0.1 dBi at the two frequencies. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the parasitic strip’s width and length on antenna performance. The results of this study have significant implications for the deployment of high-gain compact patch antennas for sub-6 GHz and sub-7 GHz 5G wireless communications and demonstrate the potential of the proposed design to enhance performance and efficiency in these frequency bands.

NR5G-SAM: A SLAM Framework for Field Robot Applications Based on 5G New Radio.

Robot localization is a crucial task in robotic systems and is a pre-requisite for navigation. In outdoor environments, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have aided towards this direction, alongside laser and visual sensing. Despite their application in the field, GNSS suffers from limited availability in dense urban and rural environments. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), inertial and visual methods are also prone to drift and can be susceptible to outliers due to environmental changes and illumination conditions. In this work, we propose a cellular Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) framework based on 5G New Radio (NR) signals and inertial measurements for mobile robot localization with several gNodeB stations. The method outputs the pose of the robot along with a radio signal map based on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measurements for correction purposes. We then perform benchmarking against LiDAR-Inertial Odometry Smoothing and Mapping (LIO-SAM), a state-of-the-art LiDAR SLAM method, comparing performance via a simulator ground truth reference. Two experimental setups are presented and discussed using the sub-6 GHz and mmWave frequency bands for communication, while the transmission is based on down-link (DL) signals. Our results show that 5G positioning can be utilized for radio SLAM, providing increased robustness in outdoor environments and demonstrating its potential to assist in robot localization, as an additional absolute source of information when LiDAR methods fail and GNSS data is unreliable.

A 2.7 W AC-Coupled Hybrid Supply Modulator Achieving 200 MHz Envelope-Tracking Bandwidth for 5G New Radio Power Amplifier

Envelope tracking is an effective way to improve the efficiency of radio frequency power amplifiers (PAs). This paper presents a wideband hybrid envelope tracking supply modulator (ETSM) for 5G New Radio (NR) PAs. To reach a wide envelope tracking bandwidth of 200MHz while maintaining high power efficiency, this work utilized a linear amplifier (LA) with accurate frequency compensation and enhanced driving capability. The proposed low-pass sense and control (LPSC) circuit ensures that the switching power amplifier (SPM) only tracks the low-frequency components of the envelope to reduce the switching power loss. The proposed dual-path duty modulator regulates the voltage across the AC-coupling capacitor. This supply modulator circuit is designed and fabricated using 0.18μm BCD technology. When tracking 200MHz bandwidth envelope signals, the prototype ETSM achieves 78.5% efficiency at the output power of 2.7W when taking a realistic 4Ω//600pF load as the PA model.

NR Enhancements for Downlink MIMO in Rel-18

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has been a key technology in 5G New Radio (NR) standard, which empowers significant system performance improvement in previous 5G NR Releases. To support higher data rate and multi-user simultaneous transmission in downlink, enhancement in massive MIMO is essential for NR Release 18 (Rel-18). In this article, we explore performance requirements, challenges, and potential technologies for MIMO enhancement. First, we summarize major performance requirements for MIMO in Enhanced Mobile Broadband scenario. Based on these requirements, we identify three critical challenges of MIMO enhancement for single transmission reception point (TRP) and multiple TRPs scheme, in which we highlight the promising coherent joint transmission (CJT) technique. For each challenge, we present specific description from requirement perspective and technique perspective, evaluate the pros and cons of potential solutions, and carry out simulations to illustrate the potential performance gain. Some insights on how to solve these challenges to enhance massive MIMO performance in NR Rel-18 are also provided.

Extending 5G to Narrow Spectrum Allocations

5G New Radio (NR) has been a great success story since its introduction. It offers high reliability, low communication latency, flexibility, and efficiency that further enable 5G networks to be used for mission critical applications. Currently, there are specialized networks serving industry verticals that would benefit from the NR properties. Key use cases include communications for critical infrastructure such as railways, public safety, and smart energy and infrastructure. These networks often use dedicated spectrum allocations that are narrower than the original minimum operating bandwidth of NR. In this paper, we describe how new flexibility is being introduced into the NR design to allow operation with bandwidths between about 3 and 5 MHz. As a use case study, we focus on railway communications, and study the co-existence of the Global System for Mobile Communications – Railway (GSM-R) and Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) based on NR during the decade-long migration period. We discuss the changes required for the NR control channels and signaling and study the effect of the changes on the system performance.

A comparative analysis of the semi-persistent and dynamic scheduling schemes in NR-V2X mode 2

Over the last years, the evolution of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services from basic safety-related to enhanced V2X (eV2X) applications prompted the development of the 5G New Radio (NR)-V2X technology. Standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in Release 16, NR-V2X features a distributed resource allocation mode, known as Mode 2, that allows vehicles to autonomously select their transmission resources employing a Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) or a Dynamic Scheduling (DS) scheme. The SPS approach relies on the periodic reservation of resources, whereas the DS scheme is a reservation-less solution that forces the selection of new transmission resources for every generated message. 3GPP standards do not indicate under which conditions each scheduling scheme should be used. In this context, this study analyzes and compares the performance of SPS and DS under different traffic types and Packet Delay Budget (PDB) requirements. Simulation results demonstrate that the SPS scheme represents the best solution for serving fixed size periodic traffic, whereas DS is more adequate for aperiodic traffic (of fixed or variable size). The study shows that the superiority of DS over SPS becomes more evident when tighter PDB requirements are considered, and that the performance of the DS scheme is independent of the PDB. It is also demonstrated that an adaptive scheduling strategy, which allows vehicles to select the scheduling scheme that best suits the type of generated traffic, is the best solution in mixed traffic scenarios where fixed size periodic traffic and variable size aperiodic traffic sources coexist.

Guest Editorial Special Issue on 3GPP Technologies: 5G-Advanced and Beyond

Since the start of 5G New Radio (NR) work in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in early 2016, tremendous progress has been made in both standardization and commercial deployments. The first 5G NR release (Release 15) laid out a solid foundation in accommodating a diverse set of services, a wide range of spectra, and a variety of deployment scenarios, while being forward compatible. Expansion to vertical domain services [e.g., vehicle to everything (V2X), non-terrestrial networks (NTN)] was introduced in Release 16. Such an expansion was further accelerated in Release 17, with the standardization work being completed despite the extreme challenges due to COVID-19.

Traffic-Aware Resource Allocation for Multi-User Beamforming

5G New Radio has been proposed to enhance the flexibility, scalability, and efficiency of 5G networks. By leveraging phased-array antennas, a BS can adaptively form multiple directional beams to serve geo-distributed UEs concurrently. However, the imperfect beam pattern of a phased-array antenna may create side lobes. While recent efforts have focused on beam selection that mitigates inter-beam interference and maximizes the sumrate, we notice that the selected beams may not be fully utilized in an OFDMA-based system. The root cause is that only a fixed set of beams can be configured at a time to serve a wide frequency band but some resource blocks may not be able to be allocated to any UEs due to limited traffic demands. To address the above problem, this paper presents traffic-aware joint beam configuration and resource allocation, which explicitly considers user traffic demands and configures beams that can optimally utilize the spectrum resources. We derive an approximation model that produces a suboptimal solution solvable by open-source solvers and further develop a low-complexity greedy algorithm for large-scale networks. Our simulation results show that the proposed traffic-aware allocation and beam configuration scheme achieves better utilization, especially when users have heterogeneous traffic demands.

Radio Resource Allocation for 5g Network using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Abstract: 5G is poised to support new emerging service types that help in the realization of futuristic applications. These services include enhanced Mobile BroadBand (eMBB), ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC), and massive MachineType Communication (mMTC). 5G New Radio (NR) is envisioned to efficiently support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) for new services and application with high reliability, availability and low latency such as factory automation and autonomous vehicles. 5G promises massive increases in traffic volume and data rates. Next generation wireless networks are expected to be extremely complex due to their massive heterogeneity in terms of the types of network architectures they incorporate, the types and numbers of smart IoT devices they serve, and the types of emerging applications they support. In such large-scale and, radio resource allocation and management (RRAM) becomes one of the major challenges encountered during system design and deployment. In this context, emerging Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques are expected to be one of the main enabling technologies to address the RRAM in future wireless networks. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the impact of various parameters on the system performance, including the number of users, the signal-tointerference-plus-noise ratio, and. The proposed approach has the potential to significantly improve the performance of 5G networks and enable new applications and services that require high data rates, low latency, and reliable communication. We propose an algorithm for data bearers in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band.

Wideband Decoupled 8-Element MIMO Mobile Phone Antenna for Sub-6GHz 5G NR Bands

A broadband decoupled dual antenna pair suitable for sub-6G mobile terminal application is proposed and designed. The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna pair is arranged on the metal frame of the mobile phone, with two antenna pairs on each metal frame. The slotted antenna element structure and defect ground decoupling structure are used to achieve wide band and high isolation. Based on the decoupled antenna pair, an eight-element MIMO antenna is designed. Similarly, the coupling between antenna pairs is effectively reduced by etching the decoupled defect structure of a zigzag shape on the system surface. The prototype of the antenna array is successfully fabricated and tested. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed eight-element MIMO antenna can fully cover the n77/n78/n79 band of 5G New Radio and 5 GHz band of WLAN. The overall efficiency of the antenna is 50%-75%, the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is below 0.08, and the isolation between any two ports is better than 11 dB.

Design and Implementation of a High-Efficiency 45 W Compact Class-J Power Amplifier Based on a Simplified Real Frequency Technique for n77 5G New Radio Applications

Design and Implementation of a High-Efficiency 45 W Compact Class-J Power Amplifier Based on a Simplified Real Frequency Technique for n77 5G New Radio Applications