3G Multimedia Research Articles

Retracted: A 5G Multimedia Network-Based Analysis of an Intelligent Physical Education Teaching Method

Retracted: A 5G Multimedia Network-Based Analysis of an Intelligent Physical Education Teaching Method

Retracted: Research on the Blended Teaching Mode Reform of University Physical Education Curriculum Based on the Integration of 5G Cloud Computing and Multimedia

Retracted: Research on the Blended Teaching Mode Reform of University Physical Education Curriculum Based on the Integration of 5G Cloud Computing and Multimedia

Application of 5g multimedia technology in Vocational Education Management based on BGP anomaly detection

Application of 5g multimedia technology in Vocational Education Management based on BGP anomaly detection

Effective scheduling mechanism for a mixture of 5G multimedia use cases

This paper proposes a novel mechanism to address the challenging scheduling problem which is to maximize the ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC) and enhanced Mobile Broad Band (eMBB) capacity at the desired Quality of Service (QoS) in the downlink Fifth Generation (5G) network. Though some packet scheduling mechanisms that can maximize the network capacity at the desired QoS are available, they were developed for before 5G mobile communication networks. These mechanisms may not perform well in the unique 5G framework that holds distinct characteristics. Conversely, the available 5G packet scheduling mechanisms were mostly developed to maximize capacity when the network contains only one 5G multimedia use case, assumed an ideal simulation environment in the performance evaluation, considered the legacy fixed numerology of 1 ms slot length and make use of mathematical analysis to maximize the desired metrics. Extensive performance evaluations conducted via computer simulations suggest the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism. At the desired uRLLC QoS which is Packet Error Rate (PER) at 10−5 threshold, the proposed mechanism maximizes the network capacity by 52.5% over a benchmark mechanism known as Virtual Token Modified-Largest Weighted Delay First (VTM) when an equal distribution of uRLLC and eMBB users are available.

Design of a 5G Multimedia Broadcast Application Function Supporting Adaptive Error Recovery

The demand for mobile multimedia streaming services has been steadily growing in recent years. Mobile multimedia broadcasting addresses the shortage of radio resources but introduces a network error recovery problem. Retransmitting multimedia segments that are not correctly broadcast can cause service disruptions and increased service latency, affecting the quality of experience perceived by end users. With the advent of networking paradigms based on virtualization technologies, mobile networks have been enabled with more flexibility and agility to deploy innovative services that improve the utilization of available network resources. This paper discusses how mobile multimedia broadcast services can be designed to prevent service degradation by using the computing capabilities provided by multiaccess edge computing (MEC) platforms in the context of a 5G network architecture. An experimental platform has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of a MEC application to provide adaptive error recovery for multimedia broadcast services. The results of the experiments carried out show that the proposal provides a flexible mechanism that can be deployed at the network edge to lower the impact of transmission errors on latency and service disruptions.

A 5G Multimedia Network-Based Analysis of an Intelligent Physical Education Teaching Method

This paper examines the delivery of intelligent physical education using a 5G multimedia network. The pupils in four classes have improved significantly in their abilities to “cross,” “drill,” “climb,” and “circle” in the obstacle course once the course is complete after studying the situational teaching approach. The average favorable rate for class 1 is 58.23%, while for class 2 it is 53.83% when the time index is 50. Class 4 has a 57.14 percent average favorable rate, while the average favorable rates for the other three classes are nearly identical. As can be seen, the majority of pupils have a basic understanding of technical motions, and no student has mastered the obstacle course technique. The new mission and new focus of intelligent service research is how to use 5G multimedia network technology, build the application scene model of intelligent physical education teaching, innovate and reconstruct the overall ecological chain of intelligent services, and continuously promote the transformation and upgrading of physical education teaching. With the aid of the 5G multimedia network, a virtual skill training or vocational training environment may be created, allowing students to experience the genuine training setting indoors while also better learning vocational skills.

Re-shaping the Gaming Industry after 5G

Abstract: The fifth generation of wireless communications (5G) is a revolutionary technology that plays a key role in the development of all sectors, including multimedia and entertainment. These systems have become an existential part of our society, industry, science, and more. On the other hand, intensive research is underway in many aspects of the 5th generation wireless communication network. This network has features with a higher mobile data volume, typical user data rate, number of connected devices, and lower end-to-end latency. There is a growing demand for the development and design of 5G multimedia and entertainment communication applications, technologies, and theories. In the context of 5G wireless communication networks, new theories and technologies support a variety of multimedia applications such as entertainment, gaming and social media, audio and video, medical imaging, surveillance videos, business transactions, and Internet-based streams of things. This paper focuses on the possibilities and outcomes of how 5G makes drastic changes in the gaming sector. Keywords: 5G, gaming, lower end-to-end latency, higher mobile data volume, typical user data rate

5G Hybrid System Design and Energy Efficient Resource Allocation Deployment

5G communication provide a promising platform for new, innovative and diverse enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and massive device connectivity applications, such as streaming media, machine vision and Internet of Things (IoT), real-time and dynamic data processing, intensive computation. However, 5G multimedia devices deployment relies on the coverage of base stations, which is inefficient and costly in wide-area coverage and physical penetration. In this paper, a 5G and wide-area Ad Hoc network fusion architecture is proposed to flexibly provide scalable 5G and extensible low-power devices interconnection liberated from geographical restriction, which consists of a low-power wide-area network and an edge processing gateway. Moreover, the intelligent edge gateway near a specific base station can support real-time ultra-high-definition video streams access and achieve traffic optimization by compressing, intelligent identification and preprocessing of the video streams to alleviate traffic congestion. The coverage capacity efficiency of wide-area Ad Hoc networks is restricted by the "funnel effect" in multihop cascading, and adaptive resource allocation strategies will present a promising approach to realize energy-efficient deployment. A non-convex optimization problem is formulated to maximize the energy-efficient deployment of Ad Hoc network. Then, a coordination and optimization strategy of internal resource allocation in deployed multihop nodes based on Lagrange relaxation algorithm was presented to solve the optimization problem. The actual system deployment and real measurement proved that the system function is running normally and stably. The experimental simulation test results show that the proposed 5G wide-area Ad Hoc network can effectively make up for the adaptive streaming needs of 5G coverage blind spots. Compared with static resource allocation, the proposed resource allocation and deployment scheme reduces energy consumption by 42.31%.

5G multimedia communications for vehicular, industry and entertainment applications

5G multimedia communications for vehicular, industry and entertainment applications

Multimedia Conferencing at the Network Edge

The fifth generation (5G) mobile system provides enhanced data rates, ultra-low latency, and better network resource usage for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in a dense environment. The integration of 5G IoT and multimedia conferencing enables collaboration between humans and devices by launching new capabilities. In this paper, an approach to define Application Programming Interfaces (API) for multimedia conference control is presented. The API design follows the principles of Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and features the inherent advantages of MEC. The API is described by resource structure, data types, and sequence diagrams that illustrate the API functionality. Some implementation issues are discussed, and the injected latency is evaluated.

Research on the Blended Teaching Mode Reform of University Physical Education Curriculum Based on the Integration of 5G Cloud Computing and Multimedia

With the advent of the Internet+ era, the fifth generation of mobile communication technology (5G) will bring about new opportunities for the development of sports wisdom teaching and promote the new direction of sports wisdom teaching from offline teaching to multimedia integration of online and offline teaching. Students are more enthusiastic about multimedia than the course. Therefore, while catering to students’ interests and needs, we proposed a mixed teaching reform experiment of multimedia integration based on 5G cloud computing communication technology to observe the differences in students’ physical exercise behavior and body composition before and after the teaching reform. The methods of literature, questionnaire, teaching experiment, measurement, and quantitative statistics were adopted. The results show that the experimental results of multimedia fusion and mixed teaching reform based on 5G cloud computing communication technology show that the teaching reform experiment can effectively increase the number of college students’ sports population and promote the change of students’ body composition. The experimental results of mixed teaching reform with multimedia integration show that the experiment of teaching reform can effectively increase the number of college students’ sports population and promote the change of students’ body composition. The conclusions show that the increase in the sports population chiefly mirrors the stability of students’ physical exercise behavior and the betterment of sports participation, which effectively promotes the formation of students’ physical exercise habits. The changes of body composition showed significant changes in the basal metabolism (BM), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), visceral fat index (VFI), and other components, which indicated that the reform of teaching experiment could effectively promote students’ participation in sports, promote students to shape a healthy body, and promote students’ good physical health. At the same time, the experiment showed the difference between male and female. The muscle of male students began to increase significantly, while that of female students was still in the stage of decreasing water content and not increasing muscle significantly. It shows that girls need more time to exercise to bolster their body composition and achieve the effect of promoting physical health level effectively. China has entered a new era of 5G cloud computing, college students are relatively quick to accept new things, and the traditional teaching mode cannot fully stimulate students’ interest in physical exercise. Therefore, the multimedia integrated teaching mode based on 5G cloud computing communication technology is an inevitable trend of PE curriculum reform. It can not only deeply promote students’ physical exercise habits but also promote students’ physical health to a certain extent. Thereby, it boosts Chinese great strategy of health as well.

SDN Enabled QoE and Security Framework for Multimedia Applications in 5G Networks

The technologies for real-time multimedia transmission and immersive 3D gaming applications are rapidly emerging, posing challenges in terms of performance, security, authentication, data privacy, and encoding. The communication channel for these multimedia applications must be secure and reliable from network attack vectors and data-contents must employ strong encryption to preserve privacy and confidentiality. Towards delivering secure multimedia application environment for 5G networks, we propose an SDN/NFV (Software-Defined-Networking/Network-Function-Virtualization) framework called STREK , which attempts to deliver highly adaptable Quality-of-Experience (QoE), Security, and Authentication functions for multi-domain Cloud to Edge networks. The STREK architecture consists of a holistic SDNFV dataplane, NFV service-chaining and network slicing, a lightweight adaptable hybrid cipher scheme called TREK, and an open RESTful API for applications to deploy custom policies at runtime for multimedia services. For multi-domain/small-cell deployments, the key-generation scheme is dynamic at flow/session-level, and the handover authentication scheme uses a novel method to exchange security credentials with the Access Points (APs) of neighborhood cells. This scheme is designed to improve authentication function during handover with low overhead, delivering the 5G ultra-low latency requirements. We present the experiments with both software and hardware-based implementations and compare our solution with popular lightweight cryptographic solutions, standard open source software, and SDN-based research proposals for 5G multimedia. In the microbenchmarks, STREK achieves smaller hardware, low overhead, low computation, higher attack resistance, and offers better network performance for multimedia streaming applications. In real-time multimedia use-cases, STREK shows greater level of quality distortion for multimedia contents with minimal encryption bitrate overhead to deliver data confidentiality, immunity to common cryptanalysis, and significant resistance to communication channel attacks, in the context of low-latency 5G networks.

RETRACTED: Development path of basic education based on 5G technology and multimedia embedded system

At the moment, the reason is given great interest, pioneering in various fields and point exposure to 5G technology in terms of e-learning. Online learning experience is about existing technology and online bachelor's degree. The survey is about what students are offered that can be carried out with the development of 5G technology in the future just provided. For this purpose, the main multimedia application properties are considered. An analysis of the literature and numerical evaluation is obtained, compared to LTE, which is based on the performance services provided in theory and 5G analysis and simulation results. Education K-12, higher education, trying to find the best way to educate students. The increased amount of data is accepted by 5G (or delayed) due to the lower latency, which can be an excellent capability for VR or other hyper-realistic support experience. Support for embedded systems, their language and culture extends to the platform provides an interface of building blocks needed by other developers.

5G Multimedia Precision Marketing Based on the Improved Multisensor Node Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithm

The rapid development of web technology has brought new problems and challenges to the recommendation system: on the one hand, the traditional collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm has been difficult to meet the personalized recommendation needs of users; on the other hand, the massive data brought by web technology provides more useful information for recommendation algorithms. How to extract features from this information, alleviate sparsity and dynamic timeliness, and effectively improve recommendation quality is a hot issue in the research of recommendation system algorithms. In view of the lack of an effective multisource information fusion mechanism in the existing research, an improved 5G multimedia precision marketing based on an improved multisensor node collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm is proposed. By expanding the input vector field, the features of users’ social relations and comment information are extracted and fused, and the problem of collaborative modelling of these two kinds of important auxiliary information is solved. The objective function is improved, the social regularization term and the internal regularization term in the vector domain are analysed and added from the perspective of practical significance and vector structure, which alleviates the overfitting problem. Experiments on a large number of real datasets show that the proposed method has higher recommendation quality than the classical and mainstream baseline algorithm.

Using Non-Orthogonal Multiplexing in 5G-MBMS to Achieve Broadband-Broadcast Convergence With High Spectral Efficiency

The development of 5G system provides a unique opportunity to implement a unified wireless transmission platform that can simultaneous deliver unicast, multicast and broadcast services using the same spectrum and the same infrastructure. This can be achieved by developing a more capable point-to-multipoint transmission (PTM) system component, also called 5G Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (5G-MBMS). A properly designed 5G-MBMS could achieve the convergence of terrestrial mobile broadband and TV broadcasting systems.By inherently allowing dynamic spectrum allocation among different types of services, this converged system could offer significant higher spectrum utilization. In this paper, the power-based non-orthogonal multiplexing (P-NOM) technology is proposed in addition to the existing orthogonal time-division-multiplexing (TDM) scheme. Significant capacity gains could be achieved by using P-NOM in a 5G-MBMS system for delivering different types of broadcast services, and for delivering mixed unicast and broadcast services. The capacity benefits of a 5G-MBMS with P-NOM is demonstrated by both theoretical analysis and computer simulations. A key finding is that using a two-layer P-NOM can essentially deliver a broadcast service on top of a unicast network, each achieving nearly full capacity. Next, a complexity analysis will reveal that implementing P-NOM in a 5G-MBMS system does not require significant additional complexity at consumer devices. Finally, it will be shown that, different from the non-orthogonal-multiple-access (NOMA) technologies, using P-NOM in 5G-MBMS system requires little or no change to the existing radio resource allocation mechanisms in LTE and 5G, when one power layer is used for broadcast services delivery.

Information-Centric Virtualization for Software-Defined Statistical QoS Provisioning Over 5G Multimedia Big Data Wireless Networks

The multimedia transmission represents a typical big data application in the fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks. However, supporting multimedia big data transmission over 5G wireless networks imposes many new and open challenges because multimedia big data services are both time-sensitive and bandwidth-intensive over time-varying wireless channels with constrained wireless resources. To overcome these difficulties, in this paper we propose the information-centric virtualization architectures for software-defined statistical delay-bounded quality of service (QoS) provisioning over 5G multimedia big data wireless networks. In particular, our proposed schemes integrate the three 5G-promising candidate techniques to guarantee the statistical delay-bounded QoS for multimedia big data transmissions: 1) information-centric network (ICN), to derive the optimal in-network caching locations for multimedia big data; 2) network functions virtualization (NFV), to abstract the PHY-layer infrastructures into several virtualized networks to derive the optimal multimedia data contents delivery paths; and 3) software-defined networks (SDNs), to dynamically reconfigure wireless resources allocation architectures through the SDN-control plane. Under our proposed architectures, to jointly optimize the implementations of NFV and SDN techniques under ICN architectures, we develop the three virtual network selection and transmit-power allocation schemes to: 1) maximize single user’s effective capacity; 2) jointly optimize the aggregate effective capacity and allocation fairness over all users; and 3) coordinate non-cooperative gaming among all users, respectively. By simulations and numerical analyses, we show that our proposed architectures and schemes significantly outperform the other existing schemes in supporting the statistical delay-bounded QoS provisioning over the 5G multimedia big data wireless networks.

Research on cross-layer design and optimization algorithm of network robot 5G multimedia sensor network

Cross-layer optimization based on maximizing the utility of network robot 5G multimedia sensor network is a systematic method for cross-layer design of wireless networks. It abstracts the functional and performance requirements of the layers in the protocol stack into objective functions and constraints in mathematical optimization problems. In this article, the cross-layer optimization problem of wireless Mesh networks using multi-radio interface multi-channel technology is studied. The optimization problem is modelled based on the network utility maximization method, and the corresponding algorithm is proposed. Based on the random network utility maximization method, the cross-layer optimization model of network robot 5G multimedia sensor network is established. Aiming at the time-varying randomness of random data flow and wireless propagation environment in network robot 5G multimedia sensor network, a model of joint congestion control and power control based on chance constrained programming is proposed, and its genetic algorithm is used to verify it. Reforming research will help speed up the practical pace of the field, with certain theoretical forward-looking and practical value.

5G Multimedia Communications: Theory, Technology, and Application

The five papers in this special section focus on fifth generation mobile (5G) multimedia communications. Multimedia systems are becoming a part of daily life in our society, industry, and academia. Meanwhile, intensive research toward the fifth generation wireless communication networks is progressing in many fronts, addressing higher mobile data volume, typical user data rate, number of connected devices, and lower end-to-end latency. Due to the challenges of supporting such multimedia information in terms of compression, encoding, transmission, processing, synchronization, storage and mining, traditional multimedia communications, and processing schemes cannot handle effectively in the 5G environment. There is a growing demand of developing and designing theory, technologies and applications for 5G multimedia communications. In the context of 5G wireless communication networks, new theory and technologies will support a diversity of multimedia applications, such as surveillance video, entertainment and social media, voice and video, medical image, business transactions, and Internet-of-Things-based streams.

Scalable Virtualization and Offloading-Based Software-Defined Architecture for Heterogeneous Statistical QoS Provisioning Over 5G Multimedia Mobile Wireless Networks

As a crucial step moving towards the next generation of super-fast wireless networks, recently the fifth-generation (5G) mobile wireless networks have received a plethora of research attention and efforts from both the academia and industry. The 5G mobile wireless networks are expected to provision distinct delay-bounded quality of service (QoS) guarantees for a wide range of multimedia services, applications, and users with extremely diverse requirements. However, how to efficiently support multimedia services over 5G wireless networks has imposed many new challenging issues not encountered before in the fourth-generation wireless networks. To overcome these new challenges, we propose a novel network-function virtualization and mobile-traffic offloading based software-defined network (SDN) architecture for heterogeneous statistical QoS provisioning over 5G multimedia mobile wireless networks. Specifically, we develop the novel SDN architecture to scalably virtualize wireless resources and physical infrastructures, based on user’s locations and requests, into three types of virtual wireless networks: virtual networks without offloading, virtual networks with WiFi offloading, and virtual networks with device-to-device offloading. We derive the optimal transmit power allocation schemes to maximize the aggregate effective capacity, overall spectrum efficiency, and other related performances for these three types of virtual wireless networks. We also derive the scalability improvements of our proposed three integrated virtual networks. Finally, we validate and evaluate our developed schemes through numerical analyses, showing significant performance improvements as compared with other existing schemes.

5G Multimedia Standardization

In the past 10 years, the Smartphone device and its 4G Mobile Broadband Connection supported the now well-established era of video multimedia services. Future mass market multimedia services are expected to be highly immersive and interactive. This paper presents an overview of 5G multimedia aspects as specified by 3GPP for various services that will be provisioned over the 5G network. Specifically, we cover the evolution of streaming services for 5G, Virtual Reality 360∘ video streaming, real-time speech and audio communication services VR evolution and user generated multimedia content.