5G Industry Research Articles

The Process of Ecosystem Emergence for an Enabling Technology: The 5G Case

This study aims to investigate how the process of ecosystem emergence occurs with the advent of 5G technology, focusing on the challenges and opportunities for Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in the enterprise market. For this purpose, an exploratory and qualitative multiple-case study was conducted, involving key players in the Italian 5G industry. The research analyses the roles and interactions necessary for creating a 5G ecosystem, emphasising the importance of cooperation among numerous stakeholders due to the complexity and specificity of 5G applications. The results indicate that 5G can be defined as an Enabling Technology (ET), However, it is still lacking the pervasiveness in terms of wide applicability associated with General-Purpose Technologies (GPTs). The successful development of a 5G ecosystem requires dual co-orchestrators: MNOs and intermediaries. MNOs alone are unable to properly manage the ecosystem due to the diverse and specific nature of 5G applications. Intermediaries by their side, provide essential technical and business expertise, supporting MNOs in creating value across various sectors. The study provides insights into the evolution of business models for companies leveraging 5G technology. It emphasises the need for strategic collaboration among stakeholders to maximise the potential of 5G, offering guidance for businesses on how to adapt and thrive in this emerging ecosystem. The originality of this study lies in its integration of two literature streams, the ecosystem one and the enabling technologies one. This research contributes to both literature streams by highlighting the co-orchestration model necessary for 5G. It underscores the challenges and characteristics of orchestrating an ecosystem driven by enabling technology, offering valuable perspectives for both academia and industry practitioners.

Factors Influencing Consumer Purchase Intention and Adoption Onwards of 5G Mobile Phone in Malaysia

The use of 5G technology signifies a significant progression in mobile telecommunications, offering improved speed, connection and efficiency. The objective of this research is to determine the variables that impact customer purchase intention and subsequent adoption of 5G mobile phones, specifically from the viewpoint of popular shopping platforms in Malaysia. The theoretical framework can be found pursuant to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory. Utilising quantitative surveys to collect extensive data from a varied sample of Malaysian customers who are Shopee subscribers. A total of 413 samples was successfully collected using convenience sampling of Malaysians in the Klang Valley. Findings suggest that factors such as perceived ease of use, subjective norm, and attitude serve a crucial role in determining purchase intention. The online purchasing of 5G mobile phones is greatly influenced by both intention and actual behaviour. The study emphasises the need of using targeted marketing tactics that specifically target these diverse characteristics. Online merchants and mobile phone manufacturers may greatly boost customer trust and adoption rates by improving user experience, offering comprehensive product information, and implementing strong security measures. The study offers vital information for competitors seeking to take advantage of the continuously growing 5G industry in Malaysia.

Extension of simple multi-attribute rating technique in uncertainty environment for 5G industry evaluation: Egyptian new administrative capital as a case study

As is well-known, multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches can aid decision-makers in identifying the optimal alternative based on predetermined criteria. However, it is a big challenge to apply this approach in complex applications such as 5th generation (5G) industry assessment because criteria are challenging and trade-offs between them are hard. Also, assessment of the 5G industry involve strong uncertainty. So, this study is the first to evaluate the 5G industry using a new neutrosophic simple multi-attribute rating technique (N-SMART). Since neutrosophic set considers truth-degree, indeterminacy-degree, and falsity-degree, it is a more accurate instrument for evaluating uncertainty. The 5G assessment issue exemplifies the validity and great performance of our proposed method as: (1) its ability to deal with uncertainty phenomena; (2) its simplicity; and (3) its enhanced capacity to discern alternatives. Also, by considering the 5G service provided in the Egyptian New Administrative capital as a case study, the results showed that Ericsson 5G is the best choice and Nokia 5G is the worst choice.

Ohio’s 5G and Broadband Workforce: Assessing the Current Landscape Using Skillshed Analysis

Ohio’s 5G and broadband industry is rapidly changing. In this study, we assess the current skills and skills gaps of the state’s workforce and the supply and demand of labor within the 5G and broadband industry. We use a skillshed analysis to determine declining occupations with easy and challenging transitions into 5G and broadband occupations. Based on the analysis, we determine where skills gaps exist and where additional resources are needed to prepare the state’s workforce for the 5G and broadband industry.

Designing quantum blockchain system integrated with 6G network

The sixth-generation (6G) network utilizes state-of-the-art machine learning technology and obtains high attention, while the fifth-generation (5G) industry is still developing globally. Unfortunately, 6G encounters challenges to achieve performance superiority, such as scalability, massive connection, integrity, and trust. As a result, future network technologies are migrating away from centralized management entities and toward decentralized and distributed ledger technology, such as blockchain. However, the security of the blockchain is based on the computational complexity of solving specific mathematical problems that are impossible to solve on existing computers in real-time. On the other hand, quantum computers can effortlessly translate such problems with easy decryption. As a result, this study presents an architecture demonstrating the integration of quantum blockchain (QBC) with 6G networks. To show the quantum advantage, highly entangled/secured QBC of 5-, 6-, and 7-qubits are used to create the above system’s quantum circuits. After circuit optimization, mitigation is executed with the efficiency analysis to show the advantage of the error mitigation approach in recreating the state of the QBC circuit and executing on quantum hardware. Furthermore, quantum algorithms of blockchain smart provenience contracts for the cloud-centric Internet of Things (IoT) are proposed, and corresponding quantum circuits are designed. The possible outcomes from these circuits based on the input transaction information are verified.

Tapered high-gain Fabry–Perot cavity antenna with high sidelobe suppression for 5G industry

We propose a Fabry–Perot cavity (FPC) antenna to suppress a sidelobe level (SLL) while maintaining a reasonably high gain. Generally, conventional FPC antennas (FPCAs) produce a high SLL because waves in their FPC leak considerably through lateral openings, which is a primary reason for lowering antenna gains. We propose two design approaches to solve this problem: the reflection magnitude tapering of a partially reflective surface (PRS) and considering different incident modes for the PRS design. First, the proposed tapering can remarkably reduce an SLL by providing the PRS with more radiation opportunities. Second, the different incident modes of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) can increase an antenna gain by considering a more realistic illumination environment of the PRS. We have proven that our antenna provides 19.8 dBi realized gain with high sidelobe suppression (SLS) of more than 23 dB. Consequently, the proposed FPCA can suppress sidelobes significantly while maintaining a high gain. Good agreement between simulations and experiments demonstrates the usefulness of our proposal.

Does Geopolitics Affect the Development of China’s 5G Industry?

Does Geopolitics Affect the Development of China’s 5G Industry?

China's 5G and supercomputing industrial policies: A critical (comparative) analysis

AbstractThe Chinese central government has greatly supported two strategic high‐tech industries: 5G and supercomputing. However, when both encountered similar U.S. sanctions, the 5G industry failed to make crucial upstream components while the supercomputing industry could. This article argues that the central government‐level industrial policies contributed to these divergent outcomes. Using natural language processing and qualitative content analysis of meticulously collected official documents and secondary sources, key policy differences were identified. Before the U.S. sanctions in May 2019, China's 5G industrial policies were significantly unbalanced, with inadequate attention given to research and development of vital upstream components, contributing to a lack of upstream investment. Although recent attempts to rebalance 5G industrial development since 2021, the policy focus remains largely on the mid and downstream segments. In contrast, before the U.S. sanctions in 2015, the supercomputing industrial policies emphasised the development of the entire industrial chain, including crucial upstream components, resulting in China's possession of entirely homegrown supercomputers. Leveraging a tri‐level analysis framework rooted in political economics, this study also offers possible explanations for the policy divergence and discusses implications. It contributes to the existing literature and ongoing debate on China and industrial policy amidst great power high‐tech competition.

Nternational legal and foreign advanced experience in the legal regulation of agricultural machinery using ultrafast mobile communications (5G) for Kazakhstan

Ultra-fast mobile technologies are rapidly entering our lives. Fifth-generation mobile communication is a key factor in the further development of these technologies. The proposed article is about international best practices in the development of 5G technologies in agricultural engineering and its legal regulation. The author of the article notes the importance of international cooperation for the benefit of 5G development not only in the Republic of Kazakhstan but also around the world. The article also discusses the existing legal problems of the 5G industry and a certain attempt was made to predict the emergence of future legal challenges. The main method of research was the method of comparative legal analysis of foreign best practices in the development of 5G communications. The central task of this article is to familiarize the circle of experts and specialists of the legislative body with the global trends taking place in the world of telecommunications technologies and their impact on certain sectors of the economy.

An Energy and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Distributed and Federated Learning

Classical and centralized Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods require moving data from producers (sensors, machines) to energy hungry data centers, raising environmental concerns due to computational and communication resource demands, while violating privacy. Emerging alternatives to mitigate such high energy costs propose to efficiently distribute, or federate, the learning tasks across devices, which are typically low-power. This paper proposes a novel framework for the analysis of energy and carbon footprints in distributed and federated learning (FL). The proposed framework quantifies both the energy footprints and the carbon equivalent emissions for vanilla FL methods and consensus-based fully decentralized approaches. We discuss optimal bounds and operational points that support green FL designs and underpin their sustainability assessment. Two case studies from emerging 5G industry verticals are analyzed: these quantify the environmental footprints of continual and reinforcement learning setups, where the training process is repeated periodically for continuous improvements. For all cases, sustainability of distributed learning relies on the fulfillment of specific requirements on communication efficiency and learner population size. Energy and test accuracy should be also traded off considering the model and the data footprints for the targeted industrial applications.

Evaluate and Analysis Multimedia Traffic with QoS-Based Multiple Access Protocol for Wireless Communication

In the past decade, billions of devices and smartphones as terminals have been connected and managed by the wireless networks. Multimedia traffics in high performance wireless network utilities work on QoS-base multiple access protocols, specifically in 5G wireless networks or Industry 4.0. These protocols can enhance utility and effectiveness by increasing throughput, reducing delay, and lessening the loss ratio while the terminals communicate with other terminals in the wireless networks. In this paper, we will present a novel multiple-access protocol in the wireless network and evaluate and analyze the performances of multimedia traffic on the wireless network. Furthermore, administrators or IT regulators can use the protocol as an opportunity to create healthier network environments, which will definitely encourage continuing investment in wireless network and next-generation technology.

Nanoscale grain sizes in BNT-based ceramics with superb energy storage performances via coating boron nitride nanosheets

Electronic devices impose higher requirements on the energy storage performances of ceramic capacitors toward miniaturization and integration application in 5G industry. The micron ranges grain size of bulk ceramics severely constrains the improvement of the breakdown strength (BDS), which restricts the applicability of ceramic capacitors in terms of energy storage. However, it is still a long-standing challenge to achieve nanoscale ranges grain size of bulk ceramics. Herein, a novel strategy of all-inorganic nanocomposites ceramics by introducing BN nanosheets (BNNSs) is first time proposed to sharply reduce the grain sizes, leading to significantly enhance BDS. The BNNSs encircling BNST ceramic particles form the nano coating structure, which contributes to the record value of grain sizes ∼68.86 nm and ultrahigh BDS ∼640 kV/cm in Na0.325Bi0.395Sr0.245TiO3-0.005 BNNSs (BNST-0.005BN) ceramic. A combined phase-field simulation and experimental research is further performed to specifically investigate the effect of the ultrafine grain sizes on the BDS. Accordingly, the superior total energy density of 7.34 J/cm3 and recoverable energy density of 5.28 J/cm3 are attained at 640 kV/cm. More importantly, the present work provides an effective solution for the improvement of the energy storage performances of dielectric ceramics as well as the reduction of the co-fired temperature, which is anticipated to achieve extensive application in MLCCs field.

Application of Computer Vision in Intelligent Manufacturing under the Background of 5G Wireless Communication and Industry 4.0

With the development of 5G wireless communications and the arrival of Industry 4.0, computer vision has further penetrated the manufacturing sector. This paper makes a comprehensive study on the field of intelligent manufacturing. By constructing a model analysis method, the current situation of computer vision intelligent manufacturing under the background of 5G wireless communication and industry 4.0 is comprehensively analyzed. It is found that today 's computer vision technology is developing rapidly, while the Industry 4.0 stage and 5G communication technology have helped the field of intelligent manufacturing. At the same time, the author deeply analyzes the characteristics of intelligent manufacturing enterprises supported by computer vision and finds that it has the problem of unbalanced distribution of enterprises. After that, the author demonstrates the application of computer vision re-intelligent manufacturing from multiple dimensions. The application of computational optimization methods provides more diverse and comprehensive algorithms for labor saving and resource utilization improvement. Computer vision technology drives and promotes the development of intelligent applications and promotes a more comprehensive development of intelligent manufacturing.

Technological topic analysis of standard-essential patents based on the improved Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model

ABSTRACT Standard-essential patents (SEPs) are an important technological resource for firms in the telecommunication industry. The utilisation of technological topic analysis to reveal the global development dynamics of SEPs has significant theoretical and practical implications. First, this study defines the phrase extraction rules and constructs a phrase importance evaluation model to extract key technical phrases in the patent text. Second, the extracted key phrases are used as input for the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model, and the relative independence (RI) model is proposed to determine the optimal number of topics based on two dimensions of coherence and similarity. Finally, the technological topic analysis based on the improved LDA model is performed on 30,154 texts of declared 5G SEPs. The results show that (1) the RI model can better identify the optimal number of topics for the LDA model; (2) 23 key technologies and four hot spots in 5G are identified based on the improved LDA model; (3) different firms have different technological layouts, and the diversification trend of technology development appears; and (4) the forecasting results also reveal the dynamics of emerging and declining technical areas in the 5G industry.

Supply Chain Coordination of Product and Service Bundling Based on Network Externalities

Since the commercialization of 5G, the government has actively encouraged 5G industry chain enterprises to accelerate the progress of 5G. Bundling is a popular means to expand 5G subscribers and improve 5G market coverage. Considering the characteristics of bundling, this study establishes a secondary supply chain composed of a terminal manufacturer and a telecom operator under the condition of network externality strength. In this supply chain, the product quality of the terminal manufacturer is complementary to the service quality of the telecom operator. Using Steinberg’s theory, we derive the optimal value of each decision variable in a centralized mode and a decentralized mode and take profit maximization as the goal. This paper also designs a contract of bidirectional cost sharing and revenue compensation for supply chain coordination. Finally, the influence of network externality strength and a mass-additive factor on the supply chain is discussed using numerical analysis. The results show that higher network externality strength has a significant impact on product pricing, the quality of each entity and the profit of the supply chain. At the same time, the degree of complementarity between the terminal product quality and the telecommunications service quality affects whether consumers choose to buy contract products. A higher degree of complementarity promotes the market inflow into high-end consumers.

Industry 4.0 and 5g technology on firms network

Goal: This study aims to explore the relationship between companies leveraged by the use of 5G technologies and Industry 4.0 to develop a model that explains the impacts on the ecosystem. Design / Methodology / Approach: This study applies a bibliometric research utilizing scientometric review to provide an understanding of the status quo and the trend for research on the tripod theme in the world: (a) Firm Network, (b) Industry 4.0 and (c) 5G Technology. The study is extended by a qualitative research applying critical incident technique to experts´ interviews looking for the gap in the bibliometric review and insights on the tripod theme to develop a Conceptual Model based on grounded theory. Results: A conceptual model of balanced competitive expansion of the market was developed regarding the bibliometric and qualitative research. The model, based on 5 hypotheses - related to Partnership, Competition and Products and Services – highlights that while the 5G technology and Industry 4.0 impact the relationship among companies (competition, partnerships, product and services) this impact is balanced with a market expansion. Limitations of the investigation: This proposed conceptual model must be evaluated with quantitative research to validate the variables and hypothesis developed based on grounded theory. Practical implications: This paper shows methodological steps and basis to develop a conceptual model to be validate with broadly quantitative survey. Originality / Value: The paper demonstrates its originality and relevance by presenting a model relating innovative technology trends and their impact in the ecosystem

Security Requirements and Challenges of 6G Technologies and Applications.

After implementing 5G technology, academia and industry started researching 6th generation wireless network technology (6G). 6G is expected to be implemented around the year 2030. It will offer a significant experience for everyone by enabling hyper-connectivity between people and everything. In addition, it is expected to extend mobile communication possibilities where earlier generations could not have developed. Several potential technologies are predicted to serve as the foundation of 6G networks. These include upcoming and current technologies such as post-quantum cryptography, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), enhanced edge computing, molecular communication, THz, visible light communication (VLC), and distributed ledger (DL) technologies such as blockchain. From a security and privacy perspective, these developments need a reconsideration of prior security traditional methods. New novel authentication, encryption, access control, communication, and malicious activity detection must satisfy the higher significant requirements of future networks. In addition, new security approaches are necessary to ensure trustworthiness and privacy. This paper provides insights into the critical problems and difficulties related to the security, privacy, and trust issues of 6G networks. Moreover, the standard technologies and security challenges per each technology are clarified. This paper introduces the 6G security architecture and improvements over the 5G architecture. We also introduce the security issues and challenges of the 6G physical layer. In addition, the AI/ML layers and the proposed security solution in each layer are studied. The paper summarizes the security evolution in legacy mobile networks and concludes with their security problems and the most essential 6G application services and their security requirements. Finally, this paper provides a complete discussion of 6G networks’ trustworthiness and solutions.

Applications of a “Carry-Over” Enhanced DSBM Intertemporal Technical Efficiency Model on the Taiwanese 5G Industry

Abstract Taiwan has proven itself successful at both inventing the key technologies leading to the development of 5G (fifth generation wireless technology)-related industries and serving as an indispensable link in the burgeoning 5G-industrial global supply chain. This study analyzes the current state of Taiwan’s 5G industry via the utilization the purpose of this study is to the Dynamic Slacks-Based Measure (DSBM). To achieve this purpose, a dynamic-data production process model was developed to analyze the 5G industry’s overall relative efficiency. Results indicate that (1) key chip-producing companies typically experience increased efficiency following 5G R&D industry development investment, and that said companies’ relative efficiency is, indeed, affected positively by R&D investment; and (2) key chip companies’ relative increases of efficiency were higher than those of brand terminal and downstream-industry-category companies, while companies with higher levels of R&D investment exhibited relatively higher and more significant levels of efficiency. Finally, it was discovered that the relative efficiency of Taiwan's 5G-related industries’ R&D investment was, indeed, statistically significant in terms of the Taiwanese government’s industrial policies regarding 5G R&D investment. Keywords: Dynamic Slacks-Based Measure (DSBM), 5G Industry, R&D Inputs.

A digital twin network solution for end-to-end network service level agreement (SLA) assurance

With the gradual development of the 5G industry network and applications, each industry application has various network performance requirements, while customers hope to upgrade their industrial structures by leveraging 5G technologies. The guarantee of service level agreement (SLA) requirements is becoming more and more important, especially SLA performance indicators, such as delay, jitter, bandwidth, etc. For network operators to fulfill customer’s requirements, emerging network technologies such as time-sensitive networking (TSN), edge computing (EC) and network slicing are introduced into the mobile network to improve network performance, which increase the complexity of the network operation and maintenance (O&M), as well as the network cost. As a result, operators urgently need new solutions to achieve low-cost and high-efficiency network SLA management. In this paper, a digital twin network (DTN) solution is innovatively proposed to achieve the mapping and full lifecycle management of the end-to-end physical network. All the network operation policies such as configuration and modification can be generated and verified inside the digital twin network first to make sure that the SLA requirements can be fulfilled without affecting the related network environment and the performance of the other network services, making network operation and maintenance more effective and accurate.

Research on the Mode of Short Video Project Teaching and Media Talent Training in Colleges and Universities under 5G Industry Chain based on Multimedia Technology

5G technology has been an important technology remembered by the current network, which supports the rapid operation of network speed. Short video has become an important part of current life, which brings new thinking to film and television media talents. Financial media has become an important media development direction under the 5G industry chain. Through short video creation, we can cultivate suitable media fusion talents. With the application of short video, media talents have become the mainstream, which will become the future development direction of colleges and universities. First of all, this paper analyzes the important role of financial media compared with traditional media. Then, this paper puts forward the problem of talent training in the media. Finally, some suggestions are put forward.