5G Communication Technology Research Articles

Application and Research of 5G Communication Technology in Intelligent Coal Mine

In recent years science and technology in China has been developing rapidly and various industries have begun to undergo changes due to the development. Coal mining is a highly dangerous industry. Therefore proper technology is needed to improve the quality and safety of coal mining. The application of 5G communication technology allowed for the development of intelligent coal mines with broad application prospects and research value. This article aims to thoroughly analyze the application of 5G communication technology in intelligent coal mines considering the practical context. The goal is to offer insights and guidance for future endeavors in this domain.

ДІДЖИТАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЕКОНОМІК ТА СУСПІЛЬСТВА: СВІТОВІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ

The article examines global trends in the digitalization of economies and society. The current state and level of digitalization of the world's countries is studied using modern tools for determining its level, namely the digitalization index, the index of digital economy and society, and the network readiness index. The experience of the leading countries, in particular Denmark, Finland and the United States, in securing leading positions is analyzed, and further prospects for their development are identified. The main trends in the digitalization of economies and society are determined, namely the development of 5G communication technology, the use of data analytics, increasing the level of cybersecurity, automation of business processes, and the introduction of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems. The dynamism of the digitalization process today covers all aspects of society, including economic and cultural, which form the prerequisites for transformational changes in global economic systems. It is quite difficult to imagine the life of a modern citizen or business entity without the tools and means of digital technologies, namely highspeed Internet, various gadgets and services that speed up most household and management processes. All of this causes instability and variability in the external environment in which businesses operate and the internal environment in which society participates. Digitalization is fundamentally changing the economy and society as a whole, which stimulates the development of entrepreneurial innovations, productivity, labor market growth, and intensifies globalization processes and regional economic growth. All of this requires new skills and abilities, improving the level and adaptation of information and communication technologies to new requirements. The identified technological trends of digitalization will lead to a further process of digital transformation, which will ensure the introduction of significant innovative solutions to the market and improvement of various processes of life of society, business and the country. That is why the role of further research of digitalization trends and tendencies that will have a significant impact on everyday life of society, business processes and the economy as a whole remains.

A Study on the Design of Auxiliary Equipment for Life Saving Using 5G Communication Technology - Focused on Marine Rescue Drone -

A Study on the Design of Auxiliary Equipment for Life Saving Using 5G Communication Technology - Focused on Marine Rescue Drone -

Design of a miniature rectangular patch antenna for 5G applications

The demands of tiny, high data rates and wide bandwidth systems have led to the development of the fifth generation (5G) communication technology. In this paper, a compact rectangular patch antenna employing amalgam method (AM) is developed to fulfill these requirements. The AM is formed by combining a slotted patch with a faulty partial ground structure. The operating frequency is selected as 3.5 GHz for 5G applications (2.9 to 4.4 GHz). FR4_epoxy dielectric substrate material having a size of 30 mm × 20 mm is used to design the proposed antenna, which has a dielectric constant of 4.4, a thickness of 0.8 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.02. A microstrip feedline method with a characteristics impedance of 50 Ω is used to excite the patch. The antenna is designed and simulated by utilizing high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software. The outcomes of the simulation show that the antenna achieves a bandwidth of more than 1.2 GHz, VSWR of 1.18, peak gain of 2.50 dB with a directivity of 2.67 dB, and efficiency of 96.25%

Simulation of the microwave five-band a perfect metamaterial absorber for the 5G communication‏

This study proposes a five-band perfect metamaterials absorber (MMA) for 5G communication in the K- and Ka-bands of the microwave range. The MMA design is based on a folded arms resonator (FAR) with a novel shape, forming the fundamental unit of the absorber. This absorber demonstrates a reasonably wide range of absorption capabilities for 5G communication in the K and Ka bands of the microwave region. The absorptivity of the MMA was examined for both normal and oblique incidence of waves in the frequency range of 20–26 GHz. According to a theoretical analysis, five absorption peaks at resonance frequencies of 20.38, 21.75, 23.1, 24.22 and 25.12 GHz exhibit absorption rates of 97.8%, 92.9%, 97.2%, 99.3% and 96.8%, respectively. The overall average absorption rate is 95.53%, taking into account the presence of two perfect absorption peaks. By adjusting the structural parameters, it is possible to influence the absorption peaks and resonant wavelengths. Additionally, the absorber demonstrates a high level of symmetry, resulting in insensitivity to TE mode polarisation angle and incident angle. The fractal resonators exhibited a capacitive effect at lower frequencies, while the SRRs demonstrated a capacitive effect at higher frequencies. This MMA design is expected to have practical applications in 5G communication technology.

Dual Protective Porous Ti3 C2 Tx MXene/Polyimide Composite Film for Thermal Insulation and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

The thriving 5G communication technology leads to the high demand for EMI shielding materials and thermal management materials. Particularly, portable thermal-sensitive electronic devices have more stringent requirements for thermal insulation performances. In most cases, ultrathin EMI shielding materials integrated with ultralow thermal conductivity are not easy to be achieved. To overcome this obstacle, dual protective porous composite films based on Ti3 C2 Tx MXene and polyimide are fabricated by sacrificing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) templates. By optimizing the contact thermal resistance and Kapitza resistance, the composite film presents superior thermal insulation performances with a thermal conductivity of 0.0136 W m-1 K-1 . Moreover, the hybrid porous film maintains superior EMI shielding effectiveness of 63.0 dB and high SSE/t of 31651.2 dB cm2 g-1 . Nevertheless, the excellent active and passive heating ability based on Joule heating and photothermal conversion makes the composite film an ideal portable material for thermal management. This work sheds light on designing thermal management materials and EMI shielding materials for cutting-edge electronic devices.

Blockchain technology applications in waste management: Overview, challenges and opportunities

Rapid population growth and urbanisation have accelerated waste generation, and effective waste management has become a major challenge worldwide. With advances in technology and management methods, waste management strategies have begun embracing digitalisation, leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, cloud/edge computing, machine learning, 5G communication, and blockchain technologies. Amongst them, the blockchain technology has the structural features of achieving information security and integrity without central guarantees. Blockchain also meets the data record/storage needs of waste management and the design of new mechanisms for effective waste management. These benefits make blockchain an attractive technology in the field of waste management, with researchers and practitioners alike investigating its broad applications to support sustainable waste management. However, this emerging technology has not yet been widely accepted by potential users. To further champion the application of blockchain technology, this review paper provides a systematic overview of the various pathways in which the technology has been applied in the waste management industry and further discusses its related challenges and opportunities via considering the promising prospect of combining blockchain technology with IoT, artificial intelligence (AI) and life cycle assessment (LCA). This review also provides insights for interpreting some emerging applications of blockchain in the field of waste management and clarifying the research paths in the context of blockchain, digitalised waste management, and circular economy.

Digital Forensics for E-IoT Devices in Smart Cities

With the global expansion of urban infrastructure and development of 5G communication technology, advanced information and communications technology has been applied to power systems and the use of smart grids has increased. Smart grid systems collect energy data using Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, such as data concentrator units (DCUs) and smart meters, to effectively manage energy. Services and functions for energy management are being incorporated into home IoT devices. In this paper, the IoT for energy management in smart cities and smart homes is referred to as the E-IoT. Systems that use the E-IoT can efficiently manage data, but they present many potential security threats, because the E-IoT devices in such homes and enterprises are networked for energy management. Therefore, in this study, to identify vulnerabilities in the E-IoT device systems, digital forensics is applied to the E-IoT device systems. E-IoT devices supplied to Korean power systems were used to build a digital forensic test bed similar to actual E-IoT environments. For digital forensics application, E-IoT data acquisition and analysis methodology was proposed. The proposed methodology consisted of three methods—network packet data analysis, hardware interface analysis, and mobile device paired with E-IoT—which were applied to a DCU, smart meter, smart plug, smart heat controller, smart microwave, and smart monitoring system. On analyzing the user and system data acquired, artifacts such as the device name and energy consumption were derived. User accounts and passwords and energy-usage logs were obtained, indicating the possibility of leakage of personal information and the vulnerabilities of E-IoT devices.

Simulation-based joint user assignment and edge resource allocation optimization for hybrid tasks in vehicular edge computing

With the swift advancement of 5G communication technology and the widespread prevalence of intelligent connected vehicles, a multitude of applications for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) have been steadily burgeoning. Nevertheless, owing to vehicular mobility and the variety of tasks generated by IoV applications competing for restricted edge resources, the task of assigning users to edge nodes, in addition to appropriating edge node resources to hybrid tasks within edge environments, persists as a formidable challenge. In addressing this predicament, we establish a model delineating the execution duration of hybrid tasks engendered by IoV applications, and introduce a joint mechanism for user assignment and edge resource allocation. Within this mechanism, we architect an optimal strategy for edge resource allocation, predicated upon given user assignment outcomes. In order to ascertain the user assignment strategy, we employ an enhanced genetic algorithm in scenarios of a large user base, and utilize the branch-and-bound algorithm when dealing with a small user base. Finally, we design and implement an experimental setup for joint user assignment and edge resource allocation. The comprehensive simulation results provide robust verification of the effectiveness of our proposed mechanism.

SCWOMP Recovery Algorithm for 5G MIMO Communication Symbol Detection

In order to solve the problem of small capacity and high energy consumption in China’s 5G communication technology system, the research proposes that based on the segmented weakly orthogonal matching pursuit (SWOMP) algorithm, it is combined with the compressed sensing matching pursuit algorithm to form a segmented backtracking weak selection positive algorithm and Cross Match Tracking (SCWOMP) algorithm. First, the sparseness of MIMO system technology and its transmission structure is analyzed. Then, the new model is built after comparing with other algorithms, and the problem of overestimating the low recovery probability in the calculation process is improved by the backtracking of the algorithm and the improvement of the angle of the atomic column selection, so as to reduce the number of iterations and improve the performance of the algorithm. The results show that, in the performance comparison of different sampling points under different compressed sensing recovery algorithms, the recovery probability of the SCWOMP algorithm is the best, and when the number of sampling points is 80, although the fixed step size of the SCWOMP algorithm is different, there is recovery. The probability has a maximum value, close to 1. Then, the improved compressed sensing recovery algorithm is simulated and analyzed. When the pruning coefficient is 0.5 and the number of sampling points is 80, the reconstruction rate has a maximum value, and when other algorithms reach the maximum reconstruction rate, the number of sampling points (M) is significantly greater than that of the SCWOMP algorithm. An increase in the rate of reduction of the reconstruction probability of the SCWOMP algorithm is significantly lower than that of other algorithms; when sparsity is equal to 70, the reconstruction probability becomes 0, indicating that SCWOMP has a wider reconfigurable range and has a significant performance effect. This shows that the proposed SCWOMP algorithm has the best detection performance for 5G communication symbol detection, which can effectively increase the capacity of the system and better promote technology.

Emergency task offloading strategy based on cloud-edge-end collaboration for smart factories

The realization of smart factories is becoming increasingly possible due to the rapid development of edge computing technology and 5G communication technology. Smart devices in smart factories can perform tasks such as environmental monitoring, production scheduling, and autonomous mobility. These tasks cannot be completed on time depending only on the computing power of smart devices. Therefore, some tasks need to be performed on edge servers and cloud servers. However, events such as natural disasters, network attacks, and hardware failures will cause server computing resource failures. These threats bring hidden dangers to the normal operation of smart factories. This paper proposes an emergency offloading strategy based on cloud–edge-end collaboration for smart factories. In this strategy, the total task execution delay and the key task execution delay constitute an objective function, which is solved by a Fast Chemical Reaction Optimization (Fast-CRO) algorithm. The algorithm follows the principle of prioritizing the offloading of key tasks in emergency situations, and it quickly makes emergency offloading decisions for the system. Simulation results show that this strategy outperforms the other five baseline algorithms and existing priority based CRO algorithms.

Exploration of MgTiO3-CaTiO3 Ceramic-Based Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Communication Application

There has been extensive research on microwave dielectric materials considering their applications in 5G communication technologies. In this work, the microwave dielectric performances of 0.95MgTiO3−0.05CaTiO3 (MCT) ceramic for sub-6 GHz frequency 5G application have been reported. The solid-state reaction technique was used to develop the MCT ceramic. The structural as well as dielectric properties of MCT were systematically examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the crystalline phase of the MCT sample. The microwave dielectric properties, including relative permittivity, temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, and quality factor of MCT were measured. Using MCT ceramic as the resonator, a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has been simulated using HFSS software, which realizes that the S11 curve is in good accordance and that efficiency is high at 5.22 GHz. The extraordinary performances indicate that MCT ceramic is a potential candidate for 5G application.

A Novel Opportunistic Access Algorithm Based on GCN Network in Internet of Mobile Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) will be widely used in all areas of life and transportation as the 5th Generation (5G) communication technology matures and becomes commercially available. Especially in the field of railway transportation, the IoT technology can alleviate the challenge caused by insufficient wireless spectrum resources and improve the railway communication performance. However, the existing IoT is made up of a large heterogeneous network. In such a super-dense heterogeneous network scenario, how to allocate the most appropriate access point (AP) according to the needs of users has become a problem demanding prompt solution, which also brings additional challenges for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to develop green and efficient network communication technology. Therefore, focusing on the selection and access of heterogeneous networks in the Railway IoT, this paper studies the spatial characteristics of the intelligent spectrum situation of the internet of mobile things in the railway scenario, and establishes the opportunistic access situation of Railway IoT based on the Graph Convolutional Neural (GCN) network. Furthermore, we utilize the GCN network to mine the spatial correlation between different APs, and propose a railway communication AP decision algorithm based on GCN network combined with the traditional heterogeneous network multi-attribute decision algorithm. Our experimental results prove that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce transmission delay and improve the throughput of the communication system.

Оценка проектных параметров группировки информационных спутников IoT 5G

The paper presents technique for evaluating design parameters of a satellite constellation operating on the Internet-of-Things principle and making it possible to determine the impact on the constellation general design parameters on characteristics of the fifth generation 5G communication technology used in data transmission between spacecraft, as well as in communication between a spacecraft and the ground stations. Examples of the satellite communication constellation with the data transfer rate of 24 Gbit/s operating in circular orbits with the height of 1000 km are considered. It is shown that the upper limiting parameter for selecting the signal transmission frequency from the satellite to the Earth is the spacecraft power consumption, and the lower limits are the data transfer rate and the signal level. Besides, it is necessary to consider the antenna gain, which depends on the signal transmission frequency and has limitations. Results of studying dependence of the distance between the satellites in the Earth orbit constellation on the power consumed on board the spacecraft are presented. It is shown that with an increase in the number of satellites in constellation and due to a decrease in the onboard equipment power, the mass of a single spacecraft would decrease by 1.4 times. However, total mass of the constellation grows by almost 1.5 times, which potentially increases the project total cost.

5G Key Technologies for Helicopter Aviation Medical Rescue.

Rapid global population growth and urbanization have heightened the demand for emergency medical rescue, with helicopter medical rescue emerging as an effective solution. The advent of 5G communication technology, characterized by large bandwidth, low latency, and high reliability, offers substantial promise in enhancing the efficiency and quality of helicopter rescue operations. However, the full integration of 5G technology into helicopter emergency medical services is still in its nascent stages and requires further development. In this viewpoint, we present our experience from the Shenzhen University General Hospital of the application of 5G low-altitude network communication technology, body area network disease sensing technology, and 5G air-ground collaborative rapid diagnosis and treatment technology in aeromedical rescue. We consider that the 5G air-to-ground collaborative rapid diagnosis and treatment technology enables high-quality remote consultation, enhancing emergency medical rescue and providing strong support for future rescue operations.

A Novel High Isolation 4-Port Compact MIMO Antenna with DGS for 5G Applications.

This paper presents the design and realization of a simple and low-profile, four-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna operating in a mm-wave band supporting 5G communication technologies. As part of the design methodology, the initial stage involved the development of a conventional monopole patch antenna optimized for operation at 26 GHz, which was matched to a 50 Ω stepped feed line. Afterward, a square-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) with semi-circle slots on the edges was placed on the ground to improve the isolation, and the circular and rectangular slots were incorporated as DGSs to optimize the antenna impedance bandwidth. Etching semi-circular-shaped slots on the ground plane achieved more than 34.2 dB isolation in the 26 GHz operating band. In addition, an arrangement of four symmetrical radiating elements was positioned orthogonally to minimize the antenna's physical size and improve the isolation. The proposed MIMO antenna's overall dimension was 25 × 25 mm2, which was printed on a Rogers 5880 substrate at a width of 0.787 mm and εr = 2.2. The proposed antenna covered the 5G mm-wave band with a 10 dB bandwidth ranging from 25.28-28.02 GHz, whereas the maximum gain attained for the proposed structure was 8.72 dBi. Additionally, the implementation of these slots effectively mitigated mutual coupling, resulting in reduced envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) values. Furthermore, other MIMO performance metrics, including channel capacity loss (CCL), mean effective gain (MEG), and diversity gain (DG), were analyzed for the proposed structure. The obtained results indicate its suitability for various usage areas, such as smart devices, mobile phones, and sensors in 5G applications.

Sodium molybdate‐hexagonal boron nitride composites enabled by cold sintering for microwave dielectric substrates

AbstractTo fulfill the demands of more bandwidth in 5G and 6G communication technology, new dielectric substrates that can be co‐fired into packages and devices that have low dielectric loss and improved thermal conductivity are desired. The motivation for this study is to design composites with low dielectric loss (tan δ) and high thermal conductivity (κ), while still limiting the electrical conductivity, for microwave applications involving high power and high frequency. This work describes the fabrication of high‐density electroceramic composites with a model dielectric material for cold sintering, namely sodium molybdate (Na2Mo2O7), and fillers with higher thermal conductivity such as hexagonal boron nitride. The physical properties of the composites were characterized as a function of filler vol.%, temperature, and frequency. Understanding the variation in measured properties is achieved through analyzing the respective transport mechanisms.

The Practical Application and Application Characteristics of Modern 5G Communication Technology

The Practical Application and Application Characteristics of Modern 5G Communication Technology

A critical review on composite solid electrolytes for lithium batteries: Design strategies and interface engineering

The rapid development of new energy vehicles and 5G communication technologies has led to higher demands for the safety, energy density, and cycle performance of lithium-ion batteries as power sources. However, the currently used liquid carbonate compounds in commercial lithium-ion battery electrolytes pose potential safety hazards such as leakage, swelling, corrosion, and flammability. Solid electrolytes can be used to mitigate these risks and create a safer lithium battery. Furthermore, high-energy density can be achieved by using solid electrolytes along with high-voltage cathode and metal lithium anode. Two types of solid electrolytes are generally used: inorganic solid electrolytes and polymer solid electrolytes. Inorganic solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability window, and mechanical strength, but suffer from large solid/solid contact resistance between the electrode and electrolyte. Polymer solid electrolytes have good flexibility, processability, and contact interface properties, but low room temperature ionic conductivity, necessitating operation at elevated temperatures. Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) are a promising alternative because they offer light weight and flexibility, like polymers, as well as the strength and stability of inorganic electrolytes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in CSEs to help researchers optimize CSE composition and interactions for practical applications. It covers the development history of solid-state electrolytes, CSE properties with respect to nanofillers, morphology, and polymer types, and also discusses the lithium-ion transport mechanism of the composite electrolyte, and the methods of engineering interfaces with the positive and negative electrodes. Overall, the paper aims to provide an outlook on the potential applications of CSEs in solid-state lithium batteries, and to inspire further research aimed at the development of more systematic optimization strategies for CSEs.

$\mathcal {R}$-Tracing: Consortium Blockchain-Based Vehicle Reputation Management for Resistance to Malicious Attacks and Selfish Behaviors

Empowered by 5G communication technology, high-speed information exchange can be realized on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) for future intelligent transportation applications. Since most applications require vehicles to report perceived information to nearby base stations, how to defend against malicious attacks and selfish behaviors of vehicles in reporting activities has become an essential security issue. Some researchers have attempted to encourage vehicles to actively report truthful information by establishing reputations for them, but these efforts have some shortcomings. In model design, they neither verify the basis and process of reputation evaluation nor pay attention to the diversity and intelligence of vehicle behaviors. In system construction, they not only fail to meet the management needs of multi-party participation but also fail to provide verifiable reputation management services. In this paper, we propose <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal{R}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -tracing, a consortium blockchain-based vehicle reputation management scheme. The main contribution of our work lies in three points. First, a vehicle reputation model is designed with a reward and punishment mechanism and a regular tax mechanism. Second, a vehicle reputation management system is constructed by using Hyperledger Fabric, in which all tasks of reputation value update are abstracted into three types of transactions. Finally, the effectiveness of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal{R}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -tracing is verified by extensive simulations running on a large-scale traffic scenario and performance evaluation on a prototype system. Compared with the typical linear reputation model, our model not only resists the usual malicious attack and selfish behavior but also effectively deals with the on-off attack and rational selfish behavior improved by intelligent vehicles. In the test of throughput, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal{R}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -tracing achieves 600/textittps, outperforming two state-of-the-art blockchain-based schemes.