Gentisic Acid Research Articles

A complex biostimulant based on plant flavonoids enhances potato growth and commercial yields

IntroductionPotatoes are one of the world’s most important agricultural crops, with potential for making a major contribution to global food security. This study shows how a biostimulant derived from a plant extract can improve potato crop yield and global food supply. Successful potato production currently requires significant levels of inputs including fertiliser, pesticides and irrigation, however non-microbial plant biostimulants or mixtures of biostimulants with synergistic actions, have the capacity to reduce inputs and improve the sustainability of intensive agriculture.MethodsA complex biostimulant containing a number of flavonoids including protocatechuic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, coumaroyl quinic acid and gentistic acid was tested against three potato varieties for its efficacy in improving plant growth characteristics and tuber production in controlled and field environments.ResultsIn containers, complex biostimulant treatment enhanced photosynthetic ability, with elevated levels of chlorophyll, higher specific leaf areas and significantly larger leaf assimilation areas. Treatment also significantly increased tuber yield by an average of 33% in tuber weight across three potato varieties and shifted tuber production toward larger sized tubers. The biostimulant derived from flavonoids was also assessed in 6 commercial potato crops and consistently increased total yield (average 5.2%) and marketable yield, representing an increase in margins of UK£700 per hectare across the 6 crops. Similar increases in yield were seen when comparing chitted and unchitted seed potatoes and both types of seed responded positively to biostimulant application. Biostimulant treatment had no significant effects on tuber specific gravity, dry matter percentage and starch content, except at one location where these quality characteristics were higher in the control plants.ConclusionThe flavonoid based complex biostimulant produced significant effects on potato yield and quality in both container experiments and in field trials indicating its potential for contributing to sustainable potato production.

Identification of Phenolic Compounds Present in Three Speedwell (Veronica L.) Species and Their Antioxidant Potential.

Extracts from Veronica species (speedwells) are known for the various biological activities they show, such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Also, the plants from this genus are known as medicinal plants used in traditional medicine worldwide. Phenolic compounds are specialized metabolites that contribute to biological activity the most. Therefore, the aim of this research is identification and quantification of phenolic compounds present in three Veronica species (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L., Veronica persica Poir., and Veronica polita Fr.) using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. All extracts were tested for antioxidant activity with two methods: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). Also, standards for compounds that were detected in the highest amount in all species were also tested for antioxidant activity. Three different solvents (pure methanol, 80% ethanol, and water) were used for the extraction of phenolic components and their comparison in order to test their antioxidant activity as a final goal. The main compounds present in the tested Veronica extracts were: p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, gentisic acid, and apigenin. V. anagallis-aquatica contained the highest amount of phenolic components in comparison with the two other tested species, V. persica and V. polita. Caffeic acid showed the highest antioxidant activity in both studied methods with an IC50 value for DPPH activity of 1.99 µg/mL. For the plant extracts, in general, methanolic/ethanolic extracts showed higher activity than water extracts in both methods which was expected, as organic solutions extract more phenolic compounds. This research points to the potential application of extracts of different Veronica species for antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of nutritional composition, biochemical, and quality attributes of different varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Due to the wide variety and great quality differences, it is very confusing for consumers and growers to choose the best variety. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse test to focus on the nutrients and bioactive substances of diverse varieties of tomato. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we analyzed 28 quality traits across the nine tomato varieties. The results revealed significant variations in quality attributes of nine varieties, such as naringenin and cinnamic acid content, ranging from 0 to 2.02 and 0.97 μg/g, respectively. Similarly, sucrose, malic acid, lycopene, β-carotene, and gentisic acid exhibited high coefficients of variation of 31.60 %, 74.82 %, 30.94 %, 39.59 %, and 86.32 %, respectively. For the comprehensive evaluation of quality and difference among tomato varieties, we used Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) combined with membership function methods. Notably, strawberry tomato (S2) and Yuanwei No.1 (S1) exhibited the highest quality, and Pink Belle No.2 (S7) showed lowest. The above metabolites show different accumulations potential among different varieties. In addition, we explored the nutritional variations in tomatoes different parts at various growth stages of two varieties. Overall, study result investigated metabolic differences of nutrients at different growth stages, especially ripening stage affecting fruit quality. Thus, these useful findings will provide useful information for consumers and researchers.

Effects on quality characteristics of ultrasound-treated gilaburu juice using RSM and ANFIS modeling with machine learning algorithm

Gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) is a red-colored fruit with a sour taste that grows in Anatolia. It is rich in various antioxidant and bioactive compounds. In this study, bioactive compounds and ultrasound parameters of ultrasound-treated gilaburu water were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). As a result of RSM optimization, the independent ultrasound parameters were determined as an ultrasound duration of 10.7 min and an ultrasound amplitude of 53.3, respectively. The R2 values of the RSM modeling level were 99.93%, 98.54%, and 99.80%, respectively, and the R2 values of the ANFIS modeling level were 99.99%, 98.89%, and 99.87%, respectively. Some quality parameters of gilaburu juice were compared between ultrasound-treated gilaburu juice (UT-GJ), thermal pasteurized gilaburu juice (TP-GJ), and control group (C-GJ). The quality parameters include bioactive compounds, phenolic compounds, minerals, and sensory evaluation. Bioactive compounds in the samples increased after ultrasound application compared to C-GJ and TP-GJ samples. The content of 15 different phenolic compounds was determined in Gilaburu juice samples, and the phenolic compound of UT-GJ samples increased compared to TP-GJ and C-GJ samples, except for gentisic acid. Ultrasound treatment applied to gilaburu juice enabled its bioactive compounds to hold more in the juice.

Unveiling the antibreast cancer mechanism of Euphorbia hirta ethanol extract: computational and experimental study

Breast cancer, the most prevalent cancer in women globally, is characterized by a low survival rate. Euphorbia hirta is predicted to exhibit promising antibreast cancer properties. This study aimed to explore the active compounds present in the ethanol extract of E. hirta and elucidate their mechanism for countering breast cancer using computational and experimental methodologies. The active components of the E. hirta ethanol extract were determined using Liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the identified active compounds were subjected to computational analysis involving drug-likeness screening, membrane permeability, bioactivity, toxicity assessment and protein target prediction using QSAR principles followed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. In vitro experimental investigations included toxicity, rhodamine, apoptosis, cell migration and colony formation assays. These findings indicated that six compounds with drug-like properties and physicochemical features exhibited bioactivity relevant to breast cancer. These compounds, namely, quercetin, luteolin, gallic acid, gentisic acid, quinic acid and caffeic acid, target proteins associated with breast cancer progression, including EGFR, KDR, SRC, FASN, CDK4 and ERBB2. According to molecular docking and dynamics studies, these active compounds bind securely, potentially inhibiting their target protein activity. The ethanol extract of E. hirta was toxic and selective for T47D cells. The extract induced apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in T47D cells, restraining their migration and colony formation. The research findings demonstrate that the extract of E. hirta effectively antagonizes breast cancer by inducing apoptosis, suppressing cellular migration, and inhibiting cell colony formation through the targeted modulation of associated proteins.

Effectiveness of different antioxidants in suppressing the evolution of thermally induced peroxidation products in hemp seed oil

Several scientific studies have warned that the ingestion of dietary lipid oxidation products (LOPs) may initiate or exacerbate the development of several chronic non-communicable diseases in humans. Indeed, the constantly increasing consumption of culinary oils by larger global populations indicates the need for scientific techniques to suppress the evolution of LOPs in thermo-oxidised oils. This study employed a 600.13 MHz frequency NMR spectrometer in evaluating the effect of 10, 50, and 100 ppm concentrations of chemical compounds reported to have antioxidant properties in continuously-stirred and thermally stressed polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich hemp seed oil at a frying temperature of 180℃ for 180 min. Research data acquired showed that the antioxidants α- and γ-tocopherol, γ-oryzanol, β-carotene, eugenol, resveratrol, ascorbyl palmitate, gentisic acid, and L-ascorbic acid all played a vital role in suppressing the evolution of secondary aldehydic lipid oxidation products in hemp seed oil. However, the most ineffective LOP-suppressing agent was L-lysine, an observation which may be accountable by its poor oil solubility. Nonetheless, trends deduced for compounds acting as antioxidants were mainly unique for each class of agent tested. Conversely, the antioxidant capacity of resveratrol was consistently higher, and this effect was found to be independent of its added amounts. This report provides a direct approach in developing scientific methods for the suppression of LOPs in thermo-oxidatively susceptible PUFA-rich cooking oils.

Derivative Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Quercetin and Gentisic acid in Capparis spinosa L.

الشفلح هو أحدی النباتات الطبية الذي یستخدم في الطب التقليدي و یتضمن المواد الكيميائية النباتية العديدة مثل المركبات بوليفينولیة. تعتبر كلتا المركبتين، كویرستین وحامض الجینتسیك، کمركب فينولية مهمة اللتان توجدان في النباتات ولهما الخصائص الطبية الکثیرة مثل مضاد الالتهابات، مضاد الميكروبات، مضاد الأكسدة ومضاد للسرطان. لم يتم التحقق بعد من تحديد كلا المركبين معًا في مزیج ثنائي باستخدام طرق القياس الطيفي. في هذه الدراسة، تم تطوير طريقتين طيفيتين مشتقتين بسيطتين سريعتين و دقيقتين لاستخدامهما للتقدير الكمي الآنی لمادة كویرستین وحامض الجینتسیك في المزيج الثنائية وخلاصة أوراق الشفلح. الطريقة الأولی تعتمد على استخدام طریق العبور الصفري (المشتق الأول والرابع) ، بينما الطريقة الثانية هي المشتق الأول لأطياف النسبة. الخطية لمنحنيات المعايرة لكلتا الطريقتين الطيفية المشتقة يتراوح تركيزهما بين 2.0-30 ميكروغرام / مل و 4.0-80 ميكروغرام / مل لكویرستین وحامض الجینتسیك، على التوالي، في حين تراوحت نسب الاسترداد من 94.06٪ الی 105.98٪ (كویرستین) و 94.29٪ الی 113.37٪ (حمض الجینتسیك). تم استخدام الطرق المطورة بشكل فعال في التقدیر الكمي لكل من المركبات الفينولية في أوراق الشفلح..

Nature and Stability of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) Complexes with 5-Hydroxysalicylic Acid in DMSO-Water Mixtures: An Electrometric Investigation

The main objective of the present study is to conduct an experiment to analyze the variation of protonation-deprotonation equilibria with regards to the dielectric constants of an organic medium, influence of errors on protonation constants and effect of pH chemical species distribution. The present investigation was carried out by using pH meter, processing of data was done by Gran titration. To obtain best fit chemical models, a modelling strategy such as SCPHD was used and a computer program was used for the refinement of results. In the present study, we studied the influence of dielectric constants of a medium DMSO on stability constants of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with 5-hydroxysalicylic acid (5-HSA). The species distribution diagrams were presented. The metal-ligand equilibria of the ligands revealed the calculated statistical parameters such as χ2, skewness, kurtosis and R-factor. Significant influence of co-solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-Water mixtures on the stability constants of metal-ligand complexes was observed.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Effects of Prunella vulgaris in Experimental Acute Inflammation.

Prunella vulgaris (PV) is one of the most commonly used nutraceuticals as it has been proven to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition of PV and its in vivo antioxidant properties. A phytochemical analysis measuring the total phenolic content (TPC), the identification of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD-ESI, and the evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay of the extract were performed. The antioxidant effects on inflammation induced by turpentine oil were experimentally tested in rats. Seven groups with six animals each were used: a control group, the experimental inflammation treatment group, the experimental inflammation and diclofenac sodium (DS) treatment group, and four groups with their inflammation treated using different dilutions of the extract. Serum redox balance was assessed based on total oxidative status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiols, and an oxidative stress index (OSI) contents. The TPC was 0.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/mL extract, while specific representatives were represented by caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, gentisic acid, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin-glucuronide, hesperidin, kaempferol-glucuronide. The highest amount (370.45 μg/mL) was reported for hesperidin, which is a phenolic compound belonging to the flavanone subclass. The antioxidant activity of the extracts, determined using the DPPH assay, was 27.52 mmol Trolox/mL extract. The PV treatment reduced the oxidative stress by lowering the TOS, OSI, NO, and MDA and by increasing the TAC and thiols. In acute inflammation, treatment with the PV extract reduced oxidative stress, with lower concentrations being more efficient and having a better effect than DS.

Exploring the Efficacy of Hydroxybenzoic Acid Derivatives in Mitigating Jellyfish Toxin-Induced Skin Damage: Insights into Protective and Reparative Mechanisms.

The escalation of jellyfish stings has drawn attention to severe skin reactions, underscoring the necessity for novel treatments. This investigation assesses the potential of hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, specifically protocatechuic acid (PCA) and gentisic acid (DHB), for alleviating Nemopilema nomurai Nematocyst Venom (NnNV)-induced injuries. By employing an in vivo mouse model, the study delves into the therapeutic efficacy of these compounds. Through a combination of ELISA and Western blot analyses, histological examinations, and molecular assays, the study scrutinizes the inflammatory response, assesses skin damage and repair mechanisms, and investigates the compounds' ability to counteract venom effects. Our findings indicate that PCA and DHB significantly mitigate inflammation by modulating critical cytokines and pathways, altering collagen ratios through topical application, and enhancing VEGF and bFGF levels. Furthermore, both compounds demonstrate potential in neutralizing NnNV toxicity by inhibiting metalloproteinases and phospholipase-A2, showcasing the viability of small-molecule compounds in managing toxin-induced injuries.

Gentisic acid exerts neuroprotective effects in neurotoxin-induced Parkinson's disease model in zebrafish: Cross-talk between pathways related with neurodegeneration in the gut-brain axis

Given that global prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is expected to rise over the next few decades, understanding the mechanisms and causes of PD is critical. With emphasis on gut-brain axis, we sought to assess the impact of gentisic acid (GA), a diphenolic compound generated from benzoic acid, in rotenone (Rot) induced PD model in zebrafish. For thirty days, adult zebrafish were exposed to GA and rotenone. Tox-Track program was used to analyze locomotor behaviors in the control, GA, Rot, and Rot + GA groups. LC-MS/MS was performed in brain and intestinal tissues. Proteome Discoverer 2.4 was used to analyze raw files, peptide lists were searched against Danio rerio proteins. Protein interactions or annotations were obtained from STRING database. Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) staining was performed immunohistochemically in the brain. PD-related gene expressions were determined by RT-PCR. Lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase were measured spectrophotometrically. Improved locomotor behaviors were observed by GA treatment in Rot group as evidenced by increased average speed, exploration rate, and total distance. 5214 proteins were identified in intestinal tissues, 4114 proteins were identified in brain by LC-MS/MS. Rotenone exposure altered protein expressions related to oxidative phosphorylation in brain and intestines. Protein expressions involved in ferroptis and actin cytoskeleton changed in brain and intestines. Altered protein expressions were improved by GA. GA ameliorated Th-immunoreactivity in brain, improved park2, park7, pink1, and lrrk2 expressions. Our results show that GA may be a candidate agent to be evaluated for its potential protective effect for PD.

Nanoparticles based on polyferylic and polygentisic acids as new carriers of anticancer drugs

Lignin polymers and their derivatives are actively used in various fields of biomedicine to create biocompatible materials, as medications, and to form nanoparticles. However, natural polymeric compounds derived from plant materials or monomers are defined as a mixture of compounds having a high heterogeneity in chemical structure, which greatly complicates the determination of their biological activity. This paper describes a new method of controlled synthesis using the enzyme laccase, which can be applied to obtain polymers with a specific structure. Based on enzymatically synthesized lignin-like polymers from ferulic and gentisiс phenolic monomers, nanoparticles with stable properties under physiological conditions were formed. The nanoparticles can differ in morphology from globular to fibrillar structures, depending on monomers used in the enzymatic reaction and the method of their formation. Nanoparticles obtained from lignin-like polymers of ferulic and gentisic acids can be loaded with low molecular weight hydrophobic compounds, including the anticancer drug doxorubicin. It has been shown that polyferulic nanoparticles are actively penetrate in tumor cells growing both in a monolayer culture and as part of spheroids, and, compared with a free compound, doxorubicin in the composition of nanoparticles has a greater cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells. These data indicate the possibility of effective use of these carriers as passive targeted drug delivery in the treatment of tumors.

Metabolic cross-feeding between the competent degrader Rhodococcus sp. strain p52 and an incompetent partner during catabolism of dibenzofuran: Understanding the leading and supporting roles

Microbial interactions, particularly metabolic cross-feeding, play important roles in removing recalcitrant environmental pollutants; however, the underlying mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which metabolic cross-feeding occurs during synergistic dibenzofuran degradation between a highly efficient degrader, Rhodococcus sp. strain p52, and a partner incapable of utilizing dibenzofuran. A bottom-up approach combined with pairwise coculturing was used to examine metabolic cross-feeding between strain p52 and Arthrobacter sp. W06 or Achromobacter sp. D10. Pairwise coculture not only promoted bacterial pair growth but also facilitated dibenzofuran degradation. Specifically, strain p52, acting as a donor, released dibenzofuran metabolic intermediates, including salicylic acid and gentisic acid, for utilization and growth, respectively, by the partner strains W06 and D10. Both salicylic acid and gentisic acid exhibited biotoxicity, and their accumulation inhibited dibenzofuran degradation. The transcriptional activity of the genes responsible for the catabolism of dibenzofuran and its metabolic intermediates was coordinately regulated in strain p52 and its cocultivated partners, thus achieving synergistic dibenzofuran degradation. This study provides insights into microbial metabolic cross-feeding during recalcitrant environmental pollutant removal.

Gentisic acid prevents colorectal cancer metastasis via blocking GPR81-mediated DEPDC5 degradation

BackgroundMetastasis driven by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remains a significant contributor to the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), and requires more effective interventions. GPR81 signaling has been linked to tumor metastasis, while lacks an efficient specific inhibitor. PurposeOur study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Gentisic acid on colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. Study designA lung metastasis mouse model induced by tail vein injection and a subcutaneous graft tumor model were used. Gentisic acid (GA) was administered by an intraperitoneal injection. HCT116 was treated with lactate to establish an in vitro model. MethodsMC38 cells with mCherry fluorescent protein were injected into tail vein to investigate lung metastasis ability in vivo. GA was administered by intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by survival rates, histochemical analysis, RT-qPCR and live imaging. The mechanism was explored using small interfering RNA (siRNA), Western blotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence. ResultsGA had a therapeutic effect on CRC metastasis and improved survival rates and pathological changes in dose-dependent manner. GA emerged as an GPR81 inhibitor, effectively suppressed EMT and mTOR signaling in CRC induced by lactate both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, GA halted lactate-induce degradation of DEPDC5 through impeding the activation of Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). ConclusionCMA-mediated DEPDC5 degradation is crucial for lactate/GPR81-induced CRC metastasis, and GA may be a promising candidate for metastasis by inhibiting GPR81 signaling.

NaCl elicitation enhances metabolite accumulation and stress resilience in Inula crithmoides L. shoot cultures: implications for its nutritional and medicinal value

This study explored the impact of sodium chloride (NaCl) elicitation on the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites and the oxidative stress responses of Inula crithmoides L. (golden samphire) in vitro shoot cultures. Elicitation involved applying different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, and 200 mM) for 4 weeks. This was followed by assessing its impact on plant growth, physiological parameters (pigments, hydrogen peroxide content, total soluble sugars and proteins, and proline), and secondary metabolism (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, shikimic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids) in the shoots. The extracts were also analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The NaCl elicitation did not affect shoot growth but increased physiological functions such as photosynthesis and oxidative stress management under moderate salinity levels. In addition, NaCl treatments increased the synthesis of soluble sugars and proteins, particularly proline, as well as bioactive phenolics such as gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and naringenin-7-O-glucoside. The NaCl elicitation in golden samphire shoot cultures offers a significant method for enhancing the production of important nutritional and bioactive compounds. This underscores the species’ potential for cultivation in saline environments and provides valuable prospects for its utilization in the health and nutrition sectors.

Evaluation of black grape pomace, a fruit juice by-product, in shalgam juice production: Effect on phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, resveratrol, tannin, and invitro antioxidant activity.

The aims of this research were to investigate the usability of black grape pomace in the production of shalgam juice, which is a traditional fermented Turkish beverage, to transform the pomace into the high value-added product and to enrich the shalgam juice with phenolic compounds. Black grape pomace and black carrot were used as the sources of polyphenols and five different formulations were obtained according to the amounts of black carrot and black grape pomace. During the fermentation, the samples were taken at different periods and analyzed for anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and tannin content. Gentisic, caffeic, ferulic, coumaric, and chlorogenic acids, catechin, glucosides of kaemferol and isorhamnetin, resveratrol, rutin, cyanidin-3-xylosylglucosylgalactoside, cyanidin-3-xylosylgalactoside, cyanidin-3-xylosylglucosylgalactoside acylated with sinapic acid, ferulic acid, or coumaric acid, and glucosides of cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin were identified in the shalgam juices that contained both black grape pomace and black carrot in their formulation. Some of these polyphenols were not detected detect in the shalgam juices that were produced from only the black carrot or black grape pomace. During the fermentation, a decrease in the amount of anthocyanins originated from black carrots and an increase in the amount of anthocyanins orginated from black grape pomace were determined. Black grape pomace addition to the formulation before the fermentation caused an increase in the amount of tannin in the shalgam juice samples. Consequently, it is thought that black grape pomace can be fruitfully evaluated in shalgam juice production and can be enhanced by polyphenolic profile of shalgam juice.

Phytochemical profiles and evaluation of the biological potential of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the aerial parts of Cistus albidus L.

The phytochemical profiles of the ethyl acetate (EAFCA) and n-butanol (BFCA) fractions of the aerial parts of Cistus albidus L., were characterised by a developed LC-ESI-MS/MS method, using 53 fingerprint phytochemicals, revealing the presence of 26 and 22 compounds, respectively with quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, gentisic acid, tannic acid, ellagic acid, quercitrin, astragalin as the major compounds of the EAFCA, in very higher amounts than in the BFCA. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using six methods (DPPH•, ABTS•+, GOR•, CUPRAC, FRAP and Phenanthroline). In agreement with its highest polyphenolic content (430.12 ± 1.02 µg GAE/mg of extract) and largest amounts of identified polyphenolics, the EAFCA exhibited a higher antioxidant activity than the BFCA. Additionally, the EAFCA showed the highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (IC50 of 25.1 ± 2.58 µg/mL). Moreover, both EAFCA and BFCA demonstrated high photoprotective activity, with sun protection factor (SPF) values of 36.49 and 36.52, respectively.

Growing Eucalypt Outside its Native Range: A Review on Suitability and Beneficial Role

Eucalypt is an industrial short rotation fast growing tree species (SRFGTs), having wide range regarding climatic and edaphic requirements in Indian subcontinent. Eucalyptus camaeldulensis, E. globulus, E. grandis, E. tereticornis and E. citriodora are the widely planted eucalyptus species for different purposes in the country. Oil extracted from E. globulus has medicinal value and used to inhibit the avian influenza virus H11N9, and has wide scope in cosmetics, perfume, food, beverages, phytotherapy and aromatherapy. Oil contain p-coumaric, gallic, gentisic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and vanillic acids and catechol are the responsible for retarding seed germination growth and survival of Parthenium, Solanum lycopersicum, Lactuca sativa and Agrostis stolonifera. Burning of eucalypt leaves used as mosquito repellent and compound 1, 8 cineole of eucalypt oil damage and kills Pediculus humanus capitis and lice. Aqueous solutions extracted from different parts of eucalypt showed nematocidal properties. Maize, wheat, mustard, berseem, potato, lentil are agricultural crops widely grown under eucalypt based agroforestry systems. Wider spacing of eucalypt in block plantations or boundary plantation mostly adopted in the agroforestry systems. Eucalypt sequester carbon 6 – 43 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 under plantations and agroforestry systems. The species has potential to reclaim waterlogged sites and escalate soil health through improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In case of economic returns from eucalypt based agroforestry systems, it gives nearly 1.5 B:C ratio.

Synergistic ultrasound pulsed electric field extraction of litchi peel polyphenols and determination of their properties

The effects of pulsed electric field combined with ultrasound (PEF-US) on the recovery of polyphenols from litchi peels were investigated. In addition, the optimal purification parameters for polyphenol extracts and their biological activities were also explored in this study. Single-factor and orthogonal experiments were used to optimize the extraction conditions of polyphenols. After optimization, the total phenol content (TPC) of the sample extracted by PEF-US was 2.30 times higher than that of the sample extracted by traditional hot-water extraction. The mechanism of PEF-US enhancing polyphenol recovery was also revealed by morphological analysis of the powder surface. LX-7 was the best resin by comparing the purification effect of nine macroporous resins. The optimum conditions for purification of litchi peel polyphenols by LX-7 resin were also optimized through adsorption and desorption experiments. UHPLC-MS and HPLC results revealed that gentisic acid, catechin, procyanidin A2 and procyanidin B1 are four main substances in purified samples. The results of bioactivity experiments showed that the purified polyphenol samples had strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Overall, PEF-US is an efficient method for recovering polyphenols from litchi peels. Our study also provides a strategy for the comprehensive utilization of fruit processing waste.

Production of a functional confectionary cream containing licorice root extract and double coated Lactobacillus plantarum by alginate and malva mucilage

Due to the increasing interest in the healthy foods, in this research, a dietary and functional confectionary cream (DFCC) was produced having licorice powder and encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic bacteria. Licorice extract (LE) had a total phenolic content of 1.97 mg/mL, composed mainly of 7 phenolic, flavonoid, and quercetin compounds including gentisic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, luteolin, apigenin, and sinapic acid at the same concentration (20 µg/mL). Incorporation of LE and malva mucilage (MM) resulted in the improvement of physicochemical properties (pH, overrun, syneresis, and texture) of DFCC. The viability of encapsulated probiotics was higher (compared to the free probiotics) in the functional product during 60 days of storage. Sensory evaluation results displayed that the elevated rates of LE (15 %), and MM (15 %) were not favorably accepted by the panelists; however, favorable scores were given to the samples having 10 % LE, 10% MM, and microcapsules.