4th Set Research Articles

Conceivability, possibility and essence: Arnauld's revenge

AbstractIn this paper, I examine two connected strands of the 4th Set of Objections and Replies to Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy. On the one hand, I look at Arnauld's defence of the view that real distinction proofs require adequate knowledge and Descartes' view that they only require complete understanding. On the other hand, I engage Arnauld's famous right‐angled triangle, T, and Pythagorean property, P, counterexample to Descartes that vivid and clear thought of separability entails knowledge of separability by God. Following a comment in Almog, I extend out the exchange over the counterexample by considering non‐Euclidean geometries. I argue that while at first it seems that Descartes has a plausible response to Arnauld's counterexample by considering T in a non‐Euclidean space where P does not hold. However, Arnauld actually has a powerful response when we consider what is the essence of T across geometries, Euclidean or otherwise.

Acute Effect of Oral N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation on Fatigue Effect and Isometric Force Production in Physically Active People

The main objective of this study was to assess the ergogenic effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on myotendinous isometric force production in physically active people after being subjected to a fatigue protocol. Twenty-three physically active people were randomly divided into the following two groups: NAC (n = 12; age = 26.8 ± 4.5 years, height = 173.1 ± 7.2 cm, and weight = 75.5 ± 7.5 kg), who received 2400 mg oral NAC, and control (n = 11; age = 23.4 ± 5.8 years, height = 175.9 ± 4.5 cm, and weight = 72.3 ± 9.9 kg), who received a placebo, for eight days. The isometric force production was assessed pre- and post-NAC supplementation during a maximal voluntary contraction test (MVC) and also during a fatigue protocol composed of seven sets of ten maximal isometric contraction repetitions of 5 s, with 5 s of rest between repetitions and 20 s between sets. No differences were observed between the groups in the force production values at any moment, and no side effects were found after NAC supplementation. After supplementation, a significant decrease in force was observed in both groups, but this significant loss of force started one set later in the NAC group compared to the control group (4th set vs. 5th set), which could be an ergogenic effect of the treatment. Therefore, oral daily supplementation with 2400 mg of NAC for eight days, could delay the decrease in force production during an isometric exercise protocol and without adverse side effects.

Abstract MP08: Effects of Arm Position and Support on the Accuracy of Blood Pressure Readings: The Arm Rest and Support (ARMS) Trial

Background: Based on studies using mercury sphygmomanometers, arm support is recommended when measuring blood pressure (BP) to keep the cuff at heart level and prevent flexion of arm muscles. Still, BP is commonly measured without arm support, e.g. with the arm resting on the lap or hanging on the side, and the impact when using automated BP devices is unknown. Methods: We conducted a randomized crossover trial of among community dwelling adults in Baltimore, MD. Participants were randomly assigned to sets of triplicate BP measurements with the arm positioned in 3 ways: supported on a desk (desk1 [reference]); hand supported on lap (lap), and arm hanging at side unsupported (side). To account for intrinsic BP variability, all participants underwent a 4th set of BP measurements with the arm supported on a desk (desk2). Between each set of triplicate measurements participants walked for 2 minutes, then rested for 5 minutes prior to BP measurement with a WelchAllyn ProB 2000, using an appropriately sized cuff. We conducted difference-in-difference analysis overall and stratified by baseline systolic BP (SBP≥ vs. < 130mmHg) and age (≥ vs. <60yrs) Results: N=134, mean age 56 (SD 17) years, 78% Black race, and 52% female. 48 participants had SBP ≥130mmHg, 53% were ≥60 years. Overall, mean desk1 and desk2 BP was 126/74 each (Δ= -0.12; Table). Lap and side were greater than desk1 (Table) with the difference in differences significantly greater for both conditions [lap: SBP Δ 3.8 mmHg (95% CI:2.5, 5.2)/ DBP Δ 4.1 (95% CI:3.1, 5.0); side: SBP Δ 6.4 (95% CI:5.0, 7.9)/ DBP Δ 4.6 (95% CI:3.6, 5.5)]. The patterns were generally consistent across subgroups by SBP and age. Conclusion: Commonly used arm positions, i.e. the arm resting on the lap or hanging on the side, resulted in substantial overestimation of BP reading when using an automated device which may lead to patient misdiagnosis and overestimation of the population prevalence of hypertension. Every effort should be made to optimize arm support, even in resource-limited settings.

Abstract P319: Effects of Environment and Noise on Blood Pressure Readings: The (Decibel(s)) Trial

Background: While guidelines emphasize quiet settings for blood pressure (BP) measurement, large-scale hypertension screening is often conducted in noisy, public spaces (e.g., health fairs). However, the influence of noise and environment on BP readings is unknown. Methods: We conducted a randomized crossover trial of community dwelling adults in Baltimore, MD to determine the BP effect of noise and public environment. Participants were randomly assigned to the order of triplicate BPs in 3 spaces: private quiet office (private quiet 1 [reference]); noisy public space (public loud); noisy public space + earplugs (public quiet). To account for intrinsic BP variability, all participants underwent a 4th set of BP measurements in a private quiet office (private quiet 2 ). Between each set of triplicate BPs with a WelchAllyn ProB 2000 device and appropriately sized cuff, participants walked for ≥2 minutes, rested for 5 minutes, and had arm/back/feet supported. We conducted difference in difference analysis, overall and stratified by baseline SBP (≥ vs. < 130mmHg) and age (≥ vs. <60yrs). Results: N=108, mean age 56 (SD 17) yrs (55% ≥60 years), 91% Black race, and 44% female. 45% had SBP≥130mmHg. Mean private quiet 1 and private quiet 2 BP was 129/74 and 127/74 mmHg (SBPΔ -1.6 (SD 7.1)/DBPΔ -0.2 (SD 4.0)). The average noise level in public loud was 74 db and in private quiet was 37 db. Public loud and public quiet BPs were slightly different than private quiet 1 BPs, with difference in differences minimal (Table): [Public loud: SBPΔ 0.97 mmHg (95%CI: -0.61, 2.55)/DBPΔ 1.86 mmHg (95%CI: 0.94, 2.78); Public quiet: SBPΔ 1.72mmHg (95%CI: 0.05, 3.39)/DBPΔ 1.66 mmHg (95%CI: 0.79, 2.54)]. The patterns were generally consistent across subgroups by SBP and age. Conclusion: BP readings in noisy public spaces resulted in small overestimation of BP compared to readings in a quiet private office, but the difference was minimal. Large-scale hypertension screening programs in public loud places may be an acceptable option, especially in low resource settings.

Dramaturgical Tricks in the Clementine Literature

The Clementine novel (written in the 4th century CE and set in the 1st century CE) incorporates a palette of comic features. Using the “Taxonomy of ” and the “Script Theory” developed by Attardo and Raskin within the framework of the General Theory of Verbal Humour, this essay examines some of these comic features, focussing on the so called “meta-textual comic” – i.e., the comic effect that uses a manipulation of the plot’s structure to elicit laughter from the reader.

Research on Mechanism of FePt Nanoparticles at Varied Concentrations in Regulating DNA Injury and Inactivation of Hela Cells Through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Pathway

FePt nanoparticles were in this study prepared at varied concentrations to assess their mechanism in regulating DNA injury and inactivation of Hela cells through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway. The cells were divided into following 5 group sets: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th, which were randomly intervened by following varied concentrations of FePt nanoparticles; 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg/mL. Their action on cellular toxicity, proliferation and inactivation of cells was detected with CCK-8 method, while apoptotic condition was detected with flow cytometry (FCM). The degree of DNA double chains fracture was detected with neutral single cell gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescence staining. The protein expressions of of EKR1/2, p-ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in every set were detected with Western Blot assay, while proliferative activity in the 4th and 5th sets was lower than in the 1st set, and inhibiting action in the 4th set was best. There was no notable difference between 4th and 5th sets, and apoptotic rate in the 1st set was lower than in the other sets. The DNA percentage in the Hela cells was reduced and Tial length was lengthened along with increased concentration of adopted FePt nanoparticles. The proliferation of Hela cells was restrained by FePt nanoparticles through restraining of the MAPK signal pathway, but growth of Hela cells was not affected, and DNA double-strand break (DSB) was increased. The FePt nanoparticles could therefore be adopted as one kind of effective anti-tumor drug through increased DNA DSB in tumor cells based on killing effect of tumor cells and good compatibility for normal cells.

Brain oxygenation during multiple sets of isometric and dynamic resistance exercise of equivalent workloads: Association with systemic haemodynamics

ABSTRACT Brain function relies on sufficient blood flow and oxygen supply. Changes in cerebral oxygenation during exercise have been linked to brain activity and central command. Isometric- and dynamic-resistance exercise-(RE) may elicit differential responses in systemic circulation, neural function and metabolism; all important regulators of cerebral circulation. We examined whether (i) cerebral oxygenation differs between isometric- and dynamic-RE of similar exercise characteristics and (ii) cerebral oxygenation changes relate to cardiovascular adjustments occurring during RE. Fourteen men performed, randomly, an isometric-RE and a dynamic-RE of similar characteristics (bilateral-leg-press, 2-min×4-sets, 30% of maximal-voluntary-contraction, equivalent tension-time-index/workload). Cerebral-oxygenation (oxyhaemoglobin-O2Hb; total haemoglobin-tHb/blood-volume-index; deoxyhemoglobin-HHb) was assessed by NIRS and beat-by-beat haemodynamics via photoplethysmography. Cerebral-O2Hb and tHb progressively increased from the 1st to 4th set in both RE-protocols (p < 0.05); HHb slightly decreased (p < 0.05). Changes in NIRS-parameters were similar between RE-protocols within each exercise-set (p = 0.91–1.00) and during the entire protocol (including resting-phases) (p = 0.48–0.63). O2Hb and tHb changes were not correlated with changes in systemic haemodynamics. In conclusion, cerebral oxygenation/blood-volume steadily increased during multiple-set RE-protocols. Isometric- and dynamic-RE of matched exercise characteristics resulted in similar prefrontal oxygenation/blood volume changes, suggesting similar cerebral haemodynamic and possibly neuronal responses to maintain a predetermined force.

Muscle Oxygenation, Neural, and Cardiovascular Responses to Isometric and Workload-matched Dynamic Resistance Exercise.

Differences in blood flow patterns and energy cost between isometric and dynamic resistance exercise may result to variant cardiovascular, neural, and muscle metabolic responses. We aimed to compare the cardiovascular, baroreceptor sensitivity, and muscle oxygenation responses between workload-matched, large muscle-mass isometric and dynamic resistance exercises. Twenty-four young men performed an isometric and a dynamic double leg-press protocol (4 sets×2 min) with similar tension time index (workload). Beat-by-beat hemodynamics, baroreceptor sensitivity, muscle oxygenation, and blood lactate were assessed. The increase in blood pressure was greater (p<0.05) in the 1st set during dynamic than isometric exercise (by ~4.5 mmHg), not different in the 2nd and 3rd sets, and greater in the 4th set during isometric exercise (by ~5 mmHg). Dynamic resistance exercise evoked a greater increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and contractility index (p<0.05), and a greater decline in peripheral resistance, baroreceptor sensitivity, and cardiac function indices than isometric exercise (p<0.05). Participants exhibited a greater reduction in muscle oxyhemoglobin and a greater increase in muscle deoxyhemoglobin in dynamic versus isometric exercise (p<0.001-0.05), with no differences in total hemoglobin and blood lactate. In conclusion, large muscle-mass, multiple-set isometric exercise elicits a relatively similar blood pressure but blunted cardiovascular and baroreceptor sensitivity responses compared to workload-matched dynamic resistance exercise. Differences in blood pressure responses between protocols appear small (~5 mmHg) and are affected by the number of sets. The muscle oxidative stimulus is greater during dynamic resistance exercise than workload-matched isometric exercise.

Understanding the Benefits of Standing and Sitting Baduanjin Based on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: An Observational Study.

Objectives: Although Baduanjin (a traditional Chinese physical activity) has been reported to promote general health, the optimal exercise intensity and kinematic characteristics of this intervention remain poorly understood. This investigation aimed to quantify and compare the exercise intensities of traditional standing Baduanjin (TB) and sitting Baduanjin (SB) using cardiopulmonary exercise testing, to further clarify the sources of the previously observed benefits of this modality.Study design: Observational study.Interventions: Healthy individuals were recruited to perform TB, SB, and cycling (in order) until they reached their ventilatory threshold. Intensity-relevant parameters based on type of exercise and specific time points (exercise start and the end of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th set of motion) were compared between TB and SB with ventilatory threshold as control.Results: Forty individuals (18 male and 22 female) completed the trial. Significant differences in peak oxygen uptake, metabolic equivalent of task, and Borg scale existed among the three exercise types, indicating a decreasing overall exercise intensity in the order of ventilatory threshold, TB, and SB. All parameters except the respiratory exchange ratio fluctuated significantly across the time points.Conclusions: Both TB and SB resulted in a significantly lower exercise intensity when compared with the ventilatory threshold established through cycling exercise. The benefits of Baduanjin might be explained partly by its appropriate exercise intensity and intermittent intensity pattern. Baduanjin might be a potential alternative to existing schemes for exercise rehabilitation.

Longitudinal Effects of Fathers’ Rearing Involvement During Early Childhood on First Graders’ School Adjustment: Mediating Role of Executive Function Difficulties

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine longitudinal effects of father involvement in child-reaering during early childhood on first graders’ school adjustment, focusing on the mediating role of executive function difficulties. By doing so, the present study attempted to investigate the importance of fathers’ involvement in childcare during early childhood. Methods This study used the 4th, 5th, and 8th data sets from the Panel Study on Korean Children. A total of 1,711 data were analyzed. Descriptive statistics analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, structural equation modeling analysis, and bootstrapping were conducted. Results Fathers’ rearing involvement during early childhood was found to have a positive effect on first graders’ school adjustment by reducing levels in the children’s executive function difficulties, with socioeconomic status and children’s gender being considered as a confounder. However, fathers’ rearing involvement during early childhood did not have a direct effect on first graders’ school adjustment. Conclusion The present study suggests that fathers’ rearing involvement in early childhood is important for first graders’ cognitive development and school adjustment in the long term. This study is meaningful in that it did not simply reveal the longitudinal influences of fathers’ rearing involvement on children’s elementary school adjustment, but also explained these influences through the development of children’s executive skills. Keywords: fathers’ rearing involvement, school adjustment, executive function difficulty, first grade, Panel Study on Korean Children

A Study on the Effect of Mental Practice Using Motor Evoked Potential-Based Neurofeedback.

This study aimed to investigate whether the effect of mental practice (motor imagery training) can be enhanced by providing neurofeedback based on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced motor evoked potentials (MEP). Twenty-four healthy, right-handed subjects were enrolled in this study. The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups: a group that was given correct TMS feedback (Real-FB group) and a group that was given randomized false TMS feedback (Sham-FB group). The subjects imagined pushing the switch with just timing, when the target circle overlapped a cross at the center of the computer monitor. In the Real-FB group, feedback was provided to the subjects based on the MEP amplitude measured in the trial immediately preceding motor imagery. In contrast, the subjects of the Sham-FB group were provided with a feedback value that was independent of the MEP amplitude. TMS was applied when the target, moving from right to left, overlapped the cross at the center of the screen, and the MEP amplitude was measured. The MEP was recorded in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. We evaluated the pre-mental practice and post-mental practice motor performance in both groups. As a result, a significant difference was observed in the percentage change of error values between the Real-FB group and the Sham-FB group. Furthermore, the MEP was significantly different between the groups in the 4th and 5th sets. Therefore, it was suggested that TMS-induced MEP-based neurofeedback might enhance the effect of mental practice.

Reliable Early Breast Cancer Detection using Artificial Neural Network for Small Data Set

This paper proposes a breast cancer detection module using Artificial Neural Network for small data set. The developed system consists of hardware and software. Hardware included UWB transceiver and a pair of home- made directional sensor/antenna. The software included a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and k-fold based feed-forward back propagation Neural Network module to detect the tumor existence, size and location along with soft interface between software and hardware. Forward scattering technique is used by placing two sensors diagonally opposite sides of a breast phantom. UWB pulses are transmitted from one side of phantom and received from other side, controlled by the software interface in PC environment. Firstly feed forward backpropagation neural network (FFBNN) is developed. Then, k-fold is combined with developed FFBNN for testing purpose. Four data sets are created where contains 125, 95, 65 and 30 data samples in 1st,2nd,3rd and 4th data set respectively. Collected received signals were then fed into the NN module for training, testing and validation. The process is done for all data sets separately. The system exhibits detection efficiency of tumor existence, location (x, y, z), and size were approximately 87.72%, 87.24%, 83.93% and 80.51% for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th data set respectively. The proposed module is very practical with low-cost and user friendly. The developed breast cancer detection module can be used for large data samples as well as for minimum data samples.

Erratum for Beskrovnaya et al., "Comparative Genomics Identified a Genetic Locus in Plant-Associated Pseudomonas spp. That Is Necessary for Induced Systemic Susceptibility".

Volume 11, no. 3, e00575-20, 2020, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00575-20][1]. In Fig. 3B, the labels for the 3rd and 4th data sets previously labeled Δ speE2 +pSpeE2 and Δcluster+vector, respectively, were swapped. The correctly labeled figure appears below. There are no corresponding changes to

Glucose Mouth Rinse And Mouth Spray Enhance Prolonged Exercise Performance In Healthy Male College Students

PURPOSE: Research supports the ergogenic effects of glucose mouth rinse (GMR) during prolonged performance, however, the effects of glucose mouth spray (GMS) is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GMR and GMS on prolonged exercise. METHODS: Nine male college students (age, 22.2 ± 1.1 years; height, 172.0 ± 4.7 cm; body weight, 66.4 ± 6.1 kg; VO2peak, 3014.9 ± 251.6 ml/min) performed constant load exercise using an electromagnetic brake-type bicycle ergometer (PowerMax VIII; Combi Wellness, Japan). The participants performed constant load exercise for 60 min (intensity 40% VO2max) and then, four sets of the Wingate test (three 30-s Wingate tests with 4 min recovery period between each test) while they were performing constant load exercise for 30 min (intensity 40% VO2max). Each trial lasts for 4.8 hrs. All participants completed a total of four experimental trials: (1) ingesting glucose (G) solution (500 ml) at the beginning, (2) 15 GMR, (3) 15 GMS - 5 times rinse or spray during each 30 min constant load, and (4) water (control) ad libitum during the entire trial. The exercise max power value, blood glucose levels, and rating of perceived exertion, were measured. Repeated two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison of the data among G, GMR, GMS and water. RESULTS: The % value of the average max power at the 3rd and 4th sets for each trial (G, GMR, and GMS) were significantly higher compared to the control (water): 3rd set; 95.0 ± 1.5%, 96.9 ± 1.5%, 96.5 ± 1.4%, and 90.2 ± 1.5% (control), p < 0.01, respectively, and 4th set; 89.8 ± 1.5%, 92.8 ± 1.5%, 92.9 ± 1.5%, and 85.1 ± 1.5% (control), p < 0.01, respectively. Blood glucose level at the 3rd and 4th sets of G, GMR, GMS were significantly higher compared to the control: 3rd set; 80.7 ± 4.5mg/dl, 81.4 ± 2.5 mg/dl, and 78.3 ± 2.9 mg/dl, 71.3 ± 3.7 mg/dl (control), p < 0.05, respectively, and 4th set; 81.8 ± 5.9mg/dl, 81.4 ± 2.5mg/dl, 78.3 ± 2.9ml/dl, and 71.0 ± 2.8 mg/d (control), p < 0.01, respectively. During the 3rd and 4th sets, all G, GMR and GMS showed significantly lower rating of perceived exertion compared to water (control), p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: GMR and GMS resulted in improved endurance performance. The role of G receptors in the mouth during prolonged exercise warrants further investigation.

Changes in Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition of Processed Tigernut (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cyperus esclentus L&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;)

The study investigated Changes in Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition of Processed Tigernut (<i>Cyperus esclentus L</i>). Tiger nut also known as Earth-almond was purchased as dried Earth-almond tubers; carefully selected to remove dust particles and shared into four sets. The first set designated as Earth-almond air dried (EAA_d) was further air-dried for four days and blended using laboratory miller. The second, third and fourth sets were soaked in water for four days to rehydrate. After which, the following processing methods were applied to sets 2, 3 and 4; blanching at 80°C for 10 minutes (Earth-almond blanch - EAB), allowed to ferment for 4 days (Earth-almond fermented - EAF) and dehydrated (Earth-almond dehydrated - EAD) by oven drying at 60°C for 3hrs after rehydration respectively. The 2nd – 4th sets were then oven dried at a temperature of 60°C for 17 hours before milling into flour. Results of proximate analysis shows that EAF had the highest protein (8.37 ±0.12), carbohydrate (49.01 ±0.17) and ash (6.20 ±0.12). The highest lipid (7.55 ±0.06) and crude fibre (19.50 ±0.23) was recorded for EAD, while the highest moisture content was recorded for EAB (19.71 ±0.35). EAF had significantly (p<0.05) improved mineral and amino acid contents; while processing generally reduced the phytochemical content when compared with the air- dried sample (EAA_d).

Physiological demands of archery: effect of experience level

Abstract The understanding of fatigue development during Archery competition would guide sports scientists, coaches and athletes on how to optimize the training routines of athletes from different competitive levels. This study investigated the effect of expertise level on physiological responses, during simulated archery competition (double-round 70m, 12 series, 6 arrows for an elite Brazilian Archer (EA) and a Novice Archer (NA). Ratings of perceived exertion, blood lactate and glucose, handgrip strength and electromyography were registered at the beginning, after each set from the 2nd to the 12tharrow and, 30-min after the competition simulation. The EA showed a greater handgrip strength for both arms, a constant lower mean RMS value (Baseline 0.279V and 12th set 0.221V, -20.7%), and a stable MF value throughout the competition (Baseline 146Hz to 12th set 140Hz). The NA showed a smaller handgrip strength, an increase in RMS after the 6th set towards the end of the competition (Baseline 0.387V, 6th 0.576V, and 12th set 0.720V, +46.2%) and a minor decrease in MF from the 6th to the end of 12th set (2nd set 122Hz, 4th set 127Hz, 6th set 112Hz and 12th set 117Hz, - 4.1%). In summary, all the fatigue-related markers showed a mild response to the Archery competition simulation, although a greater magnitude was observed in the NA, compared to the EA. This study reported the physiologic demands of an Archery simulated competition, in an official format, allowing coaches and sport scientists to draw more confident decisions on competition strategy and training design.

The Effect of Workload on Exercise Volume during Exhaustive Anaerobic Treadmill Running

Anaerobic capacity has implications in health and sport performance. Sprint interval training improves anaerobic capacity, aerobic factors as well as performance. Optimal durations for taxing anaerobic capacity have been shown to be 60 seconds, and have been elicited using Anaerobic Speed Test (AST). In order to maintain this optimal duration for multiple sets, a decreasing workloads method must be used as fatigue increases following each set. These workloading methods must be compared to determine which protocol allows for the maximum exercise volume to be achieved. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three different workload protocols on exercise volume completed during multiple sets of exhaustive anaerobic running on a treadmill. METHODS: Twelve male subjects (mean ± SD; age = 22.7 ± 4 yr, height:172.9 ± 6.9 cm, weight:75.9 ± 10.3 kg, VO2 max: 57.3 ± 6 ml/kg/min) completed three sessions of high intensity running on a graded treadmill with three different protocols using parameters adopted from the AST (20% grade, 8 mph to exhaustion). Four sets were completed during each protocol. Protocols included: 1) constant sets (CS): no descending workload in all four sets, 2) descending speed (DS): the speed is decreased by 10% for each subsequent set, 3) descending grade (DG): the grade is decreased by 10% for each subsequent set. RESULTS: Total exercise volume achieved during the four sets of the DS protocol was significantly higher than both the CS (p<0.01) and DG (p<0.01) protocols. Time to exhaustion achieved during the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sets of the DS protocol were significantly higher than the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sets of the CS protocol, all under p<0.01. Cadence during the 3rd set of the DS protocol was significantly lower than the 3rd set of the CS protocol (p<0.01). Additionally, cadence during the 4th set of the DS protocol was significantly higher than the 4th sets of the CS and DG protocols (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The longer times per set and greater volume achieved during the DS protocol, in comparison to the DG and CS protocols, suggests the potential for a greater training effect. Differences in cadence values among the protocols could help explain differences in performance implicating muscle fiber type recruitment and fatigue.

The effects of core and skin temperatures and dehydration on heart rate response during interval exercise in warm and cool conditions

Heart rate (HR) gradually increases during exercise at a constant work load, which is known as cardiovascular drift (CVD). The CVD is exacerbated when exercise is performed under condition with high ambient temperatures (Ta). It is suggested that increased esophageal temperature (Tes) is associated with the level of CVD. In the present study, we examined the effect of skin temperatures (Tsk) and the dehydration on CVD during high intensity interval exercise.METHODSEight healthy young men underwent interval exercise on a cycling ergometer for 72 min (8 sets of 4 min at 80% VO2max – 5 min at 20% VO2max) in cool (Ta of 20□, 40% relative humidity) and warm (Ta of 30□, 40% relative humidity) conditions. Tes, Tsk, heart rate (HR), sweat rate (SR) and skin blood flow (SkBF) at chest were measured continuously. Blood samples were taken before and at the end of exercise, and relative change in plasma volume (%ΔPV) after exercise were determined from hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration of the blood samples.RESULTSHR increased during exercise at 80% VO2max while decreased during exercise at 20% VO2max in both trials. HR in warm condition was higher than cool condition (p &lt; 0.05) throughout trial. More importantly, HR at the end of each set was gradually increased during exercise and the increase was significantly higher in warm than in cool condition. Tes increased during exercise at 80% VO2max while decreased during exercise at 20% VO2max in both trials, it reached the peak value at the end of the 4th set of exercise at 80% VO2max (37.93 ± 0.04□ (means ± SE) in cool and 37.84 ± 0.04□ in warm), then kept these values until the end of trial. There was no significant difference in Tes between trials throughout trial. Tsk was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in warm than cool condition throughout trial. SR at chest was higher (p &lt; 0.05) in warm than cool condition from 9 min to the end of exercise, while SkBF at chest was not significantly different between conditions throughout trial. The %ΔPV was not different among conditions (−13.9 ± 1.0 % in cool, −12.7 ± 1.5 % in warm).CONCLUSIONSExercise in a warm condition increased HR during interval exercise compared to a cool condition despite the level of esophageal temperature and dehydration were same between conditions. The increased HR would be associated with an increased skin temperatures.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by a Grant‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research (B) and a Grant‐in‐Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (K. Okazaki) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Qualitative and Quantitative Feasibility of Biogas Production from Kitchen Waste

This study focuses on production of biogas from kitchen waste using modified digester. The digester has been placed in four different conditions. As the result shows, production of gas gradually increased and peaked to 0.360, 0.260, 0.150 and 0.116m3 at 9th, 12th, 17th and 23th days of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sets respectively. Due to depletion of the developed culture and organic content of the waste, gas production becomes decreased and then nearly zero at 22th and 29th days of the 1st and 2nd sets. But For the last two cases production is not completed within thirty days. Finally, 10kg of food waste has been produced a total of 2.292, 1.783, 1.172 and 0.962m3 of biogas from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th sets respectively and the best waste/water ratio is 1:2. Temperature, particle size and pH are the main factors affecting microbial activity and then methane production. Of those, temperature is the most important factor. Low pH decrease’s the biogas production by facilitating hydrolysis and acidogenesis reactions and makes bacteria’s to utilize the waste more readily. Generally, production of biogas in Shoarobit is more feasible, and takes short time than in Debre Berhan town.

Evaluation of Effectiveness of Home Remedies for Toothbrush Decontamination using Vinegar and Vinegar with Common Salt

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of the study was to evaluate if vinegar and vinegar with 3.5% sodium chloride could be used as an alternative to chlorhexidine gluconate for disinfection of toothbrushes.Materials and methodsThe study consisted of three groups: group I: 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, group II: 38% white vinegar, and group III: 38% white vinegar with 3.5% sodium chloride. Two new toothbrushes were cultured to check their sterility before use. Eight children in the age group of 6 to 12 years were given oral hygiene instructions and four sets of oral hygiene kits. At the end of the 1st week, one set of used toothbrushes was cultured to check for total viable count. Again at the end of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sets of brushes were collected, subjected to respective decontamination treatment for 12 hours, and then cultured for microbial analyses. The obtained data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test.ResultsIn group I, three out of eight brushes showed 1 to 10,000 colonies, in group II, one out of eight cases showed &gt;10,000 colonies and two out of eight showed 1 to 10,000 colonies, and in group III, all the eight cases showed no colonies upon culturing.ConclusionOut of all the tested decontaminating agents, combination of 38% white vinegar and 3.5% sodium chloride was found to be the most efficient.Clinical significanceToothbrushes become contaminated upon use and act as a reservoir for microorganisms. Thus, toothbrush decontamination should become a routine practice. Testing the disinfecting efficacy of vinegar and common salt is, thus, beneficial as they are available in every kitchen.How to cite this articleMavani V, Mahabala KY, Suman E, Natarajan S, Nayak PA, Srikrishna SB, Rao A. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Home Remedies for Toothbrush Decontamination using Vinegar and Vinegar with Common Salt. World J Dent 2018;9(1):19-23.