5G Wireless Communication Systems Research Articles

Electromagnetic compatibility study of trackside antenna array miniaturization in the subway tunnel

Abstract To improve the compatibility of the subway tunnel’s electromagnetic environment and reduce the radiation impact of trackside antennas on subway workers. This paper proposes a miniaturized dual-band trackside antenna array by using metamaterial units. Its operation bandwidth is 2.33 ∼ 2.56 GHz and 3.24 ∼ 3.45 GHz, which could simultaneously satisfy the signal cover demands of the communications-based train control (CBTC) and the civil 5G wireless communication system. The proposed miniaturized antenna array has a maximum gain of 14.4 dBi and a maximum channel capacity of 13.9 bps Hz−1 at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 20 dB, which can effectively improve the quality of wireless communication systems. The number of trackside antennas with a single operation frequency band is reduced, and the distance between the antennas is enlarged at the same time. Besides that, we analyze the radiation impact on the tunnel electromagnetic environment of the proposed trackside antenna array. In particular, the electromagnetic dose absorbed by the human model of a tunnel worker is quantized. The results show that the electric field strength in the tunnel reduces by 4.11% at least after antenna array miniaturization, and the specific absorption rate (SAR) absorbed by the worker model’s trunk, skull, brain, heart, and liver is reduced by a maximum of 19.02%, 33.16%, 28.27%, 41.75%, and 74.54%, respectively, further lowering the human electromagnetic exposure risk. Therefore, a miniaturized trackside antenna array could reduce the interference from other radiation sources in the tunnel while providing a new idea for electromagnetic protection for subway workers.

Design of a high-gain, low-ECC 2x2 MIMO antenna for 28 GHz 5G wireless communication system

In this paper, a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna with inset feed is designed for the frequency Range 2 (FR2) millimeter wave frequencies such as n257 (26-29.5 GHz), n258 (24.25-27.5 GHz), and n261 (27.5-28.35 GHz). The MIMO antenna is designed and fabricated using low loss Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate having dimension of 1.4λ 0×2.8λ 0×0.073λ 0, where λ 0 is the free-space wavelength operating at 28 GHz.The defected ground structure (DGS) minimized the surface waves current. Thus DGS are used to increased the gain and the isolation of the proposed MIMO antenna design. The gain of the MIMO antenna reported is 10.3 dBi with 97.01% radiation efficiency at 28 GHz resonant frequency. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth lies between 26.95-29.50 GHz, which covers the 5G frequency bands. The isolation is ≥28 dB and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is 10 −5, respectively, in the complete operating band.

Two Energy-Efficient Backhauling Solutions for Small Cell Networks of 5G Using Green Communications

To meet the problem of ever-increasing wireless data congestion, the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system is projected to employ tiny cellphone networks for the needs of consumers heavily. One of the most significant elements of 5G networks will be sustainable interactions, as the quantity of power utilized by the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is expected to rise significantly by the end of the century. Therefore, scientists have focused much attention in recent years on developing strategies for designing small cell networks that use electricity optimistically. In addition, service providers need energy-efficient backing-up technologies to aid in using packed tiny cells. This research presents an interaction model that is well-suited to 5G HetNets and has a low power footprint. The model here accounts for an internet connection’s contact and backup portions. We create and present a mathematical framework to calculate the optimum number of tiny mitochondria that need to be maintained active at numerous hours of the day to minimize power consumption while still satisfying quality of service requirements set by customers. Our investigation into the backhaul’s electrical consumption led us to discover and put forward two energy-saving backing-up methods for 5G HetNets. Computer simulations show that the provided sustainable communication framework can reduce energy consumption by as much as 49% compared to the status quo.

Dual‐port circular patch antenna array: Enhancing gain and minimizing cross‐polarization for mm‐wave 5G networks

SummaryThis paper presents the design and performance evaluation of a single‐layer, high‐gain, millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave), corporate–series‐fed, 16‐element circular patch array antenna tailored for the 28 GHz frequency band, pertinent to fifth‐generation (5G) wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna configuration employs a dual‐port feeding technique, where consecutive junction patches are interconnected with two separate feed networks. By simultaneously exciting the two ports with identical amplitude but opposite phases, the antenna achieves high gain directed towards the broadside. The proposed structure is fabricated on a grounded substrate, enabling accurate performance measurement of the prototype. Close agreement between simulated and measured results validates the precision of the designed structure. The measured performance of the proposed antenna configuration demonstrates an impedance bandwidth of 3.79% within the desired frequency band of 27.6‐28.7 GHz for S11 ≤ −10 dB. Experimental measurements demonstrated that the mutual coupling between the two distinct ports is <−30 dB, with a diversity gain exceeding 9.99 dB. Simulated radiation efficiency exceeds 90% at the 28 GHz center frequency, while the measured peak gain approaches 17.7 dBi. Measured stable radiation plots specify that the proposed array exhibits broadside patterns with half‐power beamwidths (HPBWs) of 30.4° and 11.3°, sidelobe levels (SLLs) below −25 and −10 dB, and cross‐polarization levels <−25 dB in both the E and H planes, respectively. The superior performance characteristics of the proposed array antenna make it well‐suited for 28 GHz mm‐wave 5G applications, facilitating efficient and reliable long‐range communication in the mm‐wave spectrum.

Implementation of Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 5G Communication System using Modified Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Adaptive Filters Algorithm

The massive MIMO systems are the more popular field in the present era for the 5G wireless communication system. The MIMO system is a demanding research topic for the last four decades. This topic is under implementation and observation from the last few years. These systems have many advantages and many research sub-areas but this paper investigates the modified model of the massive MIMO receiver system. The traditional receiver system model of massive MIMO system reduces the channel noise using a linear filter in the receive combiner bank (RCB) but the proposed model removes the channel noise before the RCB using an adaptive filter bank (AFB). The AFB is the combination of LMS adaptive filters. The analysis parameters are channel noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and bit-error-rate (BER) using the hybrid precoder and combiner computation algorithms – Quantized Sparse Hybrid Beamforming (QSHB) and Hybrid Beamforming Peak Search (HBPS). Therefore, the proposed massive MIMO system model gives the less channel noise in the received signal, higher SNR and lower BER as compared to the traditional massive MIMO receiver systems.

Retraction Note: A comprehensive survey 5G wireless communication systems: open issues, research challenges, channel estimation, multi carrier modulation and 5G applications

Retraction Note: A comprehensive survey 5G wireless communication systems: open issues, research challenges, channel estimation, multi carrier modulation and 5G applications

Information Theory and Coding Techniques for 5G Wireless Communication Systems: Towards Efficient Spectrum Utilization

The introduction of 5G wireless communication networks has initiated a new period of connectivity, offering extremely high data rates, minimal delay, and extensive device compatibility. However, in order to fully use the capabilities of 5G, it is crucial to prioritize the effective exploitation of spectrum. Efficiency in data transmission is achieved by the optimization of data transmission, error minimization, and maximization of throughput, which are facilitated by information theory and coding techniques. This work examines the convergence of information theory and coding methods in the context of 5G wireless communication systems, with an emphasis on improving the efficiency of spectrum usage. The core of information theory is centered around the notion of entropy, which measures the level of uncertainty linked to a random variable. Information theory offers valuable insights into the underlying constraints of communication networks by utilizing concepts like channel capacity and error-correcting codes. When it comes to 5G, it is crucial to comprehend these limitations in order to develop transmission strategies that effectively utilize the spectrum resources at hand. Coding techniques, such as forward error correction (FEC) and channel coding, are essential for reducing the impact of noise, interference, and fading in wireless channels. Forward Error Correction (FEC) is a technique that enhances the reliability of transmitted data by introducing redundancy. This allows receivers to repair errors without requiring retransmissions, thus increasing the efficiency of the available spectrum. Advanced coding techniques such as low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and polar codes are crucial for delivering high data transfer rates and reliability in 5G networks. By combining various access strategies, such as orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), along with advanced coding schemes, we can achieve higher spectral efficiency and increase the capacity for users. These strategies facilitate the optimal distribution of resources, enabling multiple users to efficiently share the same spectrum while satisfying their quality-of-service demands. Information theory and coding.

Extreme learning machine and correntropy criterion-based hybrid precoder for 5G wireless communication systems

Extreme learning machine and correntropy criterion-based hybrid precoder for 5G wireless communication systems

The Evolution of Mobile Communication: A Comprehensive Survey on 5G Technology

This comprehensive survey meticulously navigates the evolution of mobile communication, focusing on the revolutionary strides introduced by 5G technology. The study elucidates primary objectives, research methodology, pivotal findings, and implications inherent in the trajectory of mobile communication. It aims for a detailed examination of the technological landscape, outlining features that distinguish 5G from its predecessors. The research methodology involves an exhaustive literature review, culminating in a comprehensive overview of 5G technology. Key findings highlight 5G's transformative capacities, spanning unparalleled data transfer speeds, low-latency communication, and applications like IoT, augmented reality, and autonomous vehicles. The study underscores 5G's far-reaching impact across various sectors. Serving as both a retrospective analysis and a valuable resource, the survey guides researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers through the intricate landscape of 5G technology. Addressing the imperative of accommodating increasing mobile data traffic, the 5G network strives for improved spectrum utilization, energy efficiency, and QoS parameters. Notable innovations include Massive MIMO, promising high spectral efficiency. The focus on efficacy, accuracy, and channel estimation techniques is evident. The article explores specific requirements of 5G wireless communication systems, addressing challenges faced by earlier mobile generations. The advent of 5G emerges as a pivotal solution, aiming for a 1000-fold capacity gain and assuring quality-of-service, higher spectral efficiency, ultra-reliable communication, and facilitating massive machinetype communication. Challenges in traffic load and resource consumption necessitate innovative approaches. The research reviews emerging wireless technologies, including an analysis of Massive MIMO as an efficient solution. The paper promises to be a valuable resource, contributing to the seamless development of state-of-the-art 5G and B5G networks, recognizing the importance of continued research and innovation in the dynamic landscape of mobile communication technologies.

A broadband dual-polarized antenna for 5G wireless communication systems

This article presents a broadband dual-polarized antenna for the 5G wireless communication technology. A ring resonator is chosen with the purpose of enhancing the axial ratio (AR) and impedance bandwidth. Partial ground plane is chosen with a slot placed beneath the feedline. The dimensions of the antenna are 50 mm × 50 mm × 1.6 mm, and it is fabricated on a dielectric substrate made of FR4 material. The variation of antenna polarization is achieved through the function of PIN diode. When the diode is in the ON state, the antenna functions as a wideband antenna that exhibits right hand circular polarization (RHCP). The frequency range covered by this system spans from 4.5 GHz to 7.5 GHz. Conversely, it provides linear polarization (LP) within a frequency range that spans from 4.3 GHz to 5.3 GHz. The metrics of the prototype antenna are measured and tested. The CST full wave simulator is utilized for conducting simulations.

A Survey of PAPR Techniques Based on Machine Learning.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the modulation technology used in Fourth Generation (4G) and Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication systems, and it will likely be essential to Sixth Generation (6G) wireless communication systems. However, OFDM introduces a high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in the time domain due to constructive interference among multiple subcarriers, increasing the complexity and cost of the amplifiers and, consequently, the cost and complexity of 6G networks. Therefore, the development of new solutions to reduce the PAPR in OFDM systems is crucial to 6G networks. The application of Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as a promising avenue for tackling PAPR issues. Along this line, this paper presents a comprehensive review of PAPR optimization techniques with a focus on ML approaches. From this survey, it becomes clear that ML solutions offer customized optimization, effective search space navigation, and real-time adaptability. In light of the demands of evolving 6G networks, integration of ML is a necessity to propel advancements and meet increasing prerequisites. This integration not only presents possibilities for PAPR reduction but also calls for continued exploration to harness its potential and ensure efficient and reliable communication within 6G networks.

Photonics-based all-dielectric horn antenna for millimeter waves in 5G and 6G applications

This work introduces a cost-effective photonics-based approach for fast-implementing horn antennas operating in millimeter-wave frequencies (mm-waves). Instead of using conventional metallic guiding structures, we employed an all-dielectric quarter-wave stack Bragg mirror photonic design. As a proof-of-concept, we used five semi-spherical air-polylactic acid bilayers stacked with a conical (horn-like) aperture fabricated through a one-step 3D printing process. The prototype, with a bandwidth of 2.6 GHz (from 24.96 to 27.50 GHz), was fed by the WR28 standard waveguide mechanism with measured gain ranging from 10.6 to 13.9 dBi (between 25 and 27 GHz). These outcomes demonstrate our idea's suitability for alternative design of high-frequency antennas for future 5G and 6G wireless communications systems, overcoming the precision constraints of traditional manufacturing methods.

Blockage loss and shadow fading behavior of millimeter‐wave signals due to human bodies at 28 GHz

AbstractAs the millimeter‐wave (mm‐Wave) spectrum is considered to be an essential enabler to the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems. Human movements are one of the most significant factors that cause transient blockage in indoor mm‐wave channels. In this letter, human blockage measurements and shadow fading statistics due to human body movements in an indoor office environment are reported for the 28 GHz band. The effect of human bodies on the channel is measured for several scenarios including a variety of population and using diverse antenna heights. The reported shadow fading statistics include both the duration and the depth of the blockage fade, and accordingly, we propose several empirical models that cater for such blockage events. The findings reported in this letter could improve the modeling of indoor radio channels at 28 GHz bands by considering the presence of humans, as well as their movements.

The Design of Low-Profile, High Gain Meta-Surface Based Microstrip Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication Systems

The Design of Low-Profile, High Gain Meta-Surface Based Microstrip Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication Systems

The Trends, Challenges, and Key Technologies of Beam-Space Multiplexing in the Integrated Terristrial-Satellite Communication for B5G and 6G

Along with the development of beam-space multiplexing theory, multi-layer beamforming has been applied successfully in 4G and 5G terrestrial wireless communication systems to increase the system capacity. For the future Integrated Terrestrial-Satellite Communication (ITSC), beam-space multiplexing is also expected to improve beamforming gain, wireless link quality and data transmission rate. This paper explores beam-space multiplexing in the ITSC towards B5G and 6G, including its application scenarios, evolution trends, technical challenges and key technologies. Based on the analysis of system capacity, performance evaluation is obtained by the simulation of several scenarios, and exposed the promising gain of beam-space multiplexing of the ITSC.

Spectrum-Energy-Economy Efficiency Analysis of B5G Wireless Communication Systems With Separated Indoor/Outdoor Scenarios

In this paper, we study the spectrum efficiency (SE), energy efficiency (EE), and economic efficiency (ECE) for a heterogeneous cellular architecture that separates the indoor and outdoor scenarios for beyond 5G (B5G) wireless communication systems. For outdoor scenarios, massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technologies and distributed antenna systems (DASs) at sub-6 GHz frequency bands are used for long-distance communications. For indoor scenarios, millimeter-wave (mmWave) and beamforming communication technologies are deployed at wireless indoor access points (IAPs) to provide high-speed short-range services to indoor users. Mathematical expressions for the system capacity, SE, EE, and ECE are derived using a proposed realistic power consumption model. The results shed light on the fact that the proposed network architecture is able to improve SE and EE by more than three times compared to those conventional network architectures. The analysis of system performance in terms of SE, EE, ECE, and their trade-off results in the observation that the proposed network architecture offers a promising solution for future B5G communication systems.

A symmetric T-H shape wideband negative index metamaterial for 28-GHz millimeter-wave applications

One of the leading candidates for the next fifth generation of (5G) and body-centric wireless communications is millimeter-wave frequencies. In this study, a wideband tunable metamaterial (MTM) consisting of T-H shaped symmetric resonator is presented for body-centric applications operating in the millimeter-wave frequency band centered at 28 GHz. The characteristics of the proposed MTM are examined through wave propagation in both Z and X directions. It has a wide operating frequency range of 5.6 GHz for waves travelling along the Z-axis, with DNG characteristics at 26.2 GHz resonance frequency. However, it represents a negative epsilon metamaterial (ENG) range during X-axis wave propagation in the 25–29.4 GHz frequency range. The metamaterial is constructed on a Rogers (RT-5880) substrate and has a compact size, with overall dimensions of 0.420 λo × 0.420 λo. A proposed Y-shaped antenna is developed with a compact size of 1.36 λo × 1.82 λoto cover the 5G at 28 GHz. The single-Y-shaped antenna consists of aradiating patch, Rogers substrate, full ground plane, air bandgap (ABG), and array of DNG MTM.Thus, the array of MTM has been applied to validate the effect in the overall antenna performance such as gain which has been increased from 5.5 dBi to 8.5 dBi. The experimental, simulated results, and equivalent circuit model using Advanced Design Software (ADS) for validation functions showed that the completed results are comparable. The proposed mm-wave metamaterial is expected to be a good candidate for modern 5G wireless communication system components, especially to enhance the antenna gain and isolation. The proposed antenna loaded with MTM is a suitable contender for the upcoming 5G mm wave mobile handheld devices.

Optimization of Broadband Microstrip Antenna Device for 5G Wireless Communication Systems

Abstract The paper proposes a new method for finding the optimal design of complementary split ring resonator cells for a microstrip antenna, which makes it possible to purposefully optimize the parameters of resonator cells, which significantly improve the electrical characteristics of the antenna. This antenna is designed for cellular communication 5G. The proposed method combines a regression model using a deep network based on fully connected neural layers with a search based on the conditional optimization algorithm COBYLA to find the optimal design parameters of resonator cells. This approach fully automates the process of creating microstrip antennas with resonator cells based on metamaterials and makes it possible to find the parameters of complementary split ring resonator cells that provide the optimal operating mode as a whole and gives the maximum level of antenna radiation while maintaining the bandwidth. The small size of complementary split ring resonator cells opens up the possibility of using this peculiar configuration to create compact and efficient microstrip antennas.

Inferring Travel Modes from Cellular Signaling Data Based on the Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network

Cellular signaling data have become increasingly indispensable in analyzing residents’ travel characteristic. Especially with the enhancement of positioning quality in 4G-LTE and 5G wireless communication systems, it is expected that the identification accuracy of fine-grained travel modes will achieve an optimal level. However, due to data privacy issues, the empirical evaluation of the performance of different identification methods is not yet sufficient. This paper builds a travel mode identification model that utilizes the gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network. With 24 features as input, this method can identify four traffic modes, including walking, bicycle, car, and bus. Moreover, in cooperation with the operator, we organized an experiment collecting cellular signaling data, as well as the corresponding GPS data. Using the collected dataset as ground-truth data, the performance of the method presented in this paper and other popular methods is verified and compared. The results indicate that the GRU-based method has a better performance, with a precision, recall, and F score of 90.5%. Taking F score as an example, the outcome of the GRU-based method is about 6% to 7% higher than methods based on other machine learning algorithms. Considering the identification accuracy and model training time comprehensively, the method suggested in this paper outperforms the other three deep learning-based methods, namely, recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), and bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM). This study may provide some insights for the application and development of cellular signaling-based travel information collection technology for residents in the future.

Higher Order MIMO Antenna Design Using Capacitively Coupled Meandered Loop Element for 5G Smartphone Applications

In this paper, a compact 10-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for fifth generation (5G) wireless communication system is presented. The antenna structure has a T-shaped feeding element and a reduced size capacitively coupled meandered loop radiating element. The proposed MIMO antenna system is operating at 3.5 GHz. The MIMO antenna element is self-isolated and it has a compact size of 13.45×6 mm2. It exhibits very good isolation of more than 15 dB without using any external decoupling structure like a neutralization line or slot technique. Furthermore, performance parameters like total efficiency are around 40-64%, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is below 0.02, while gain of all antennas is between 3-3.4dBi. The performance of the proposed MIMO antenna is also verified through the measurement of its fabricated prototype. In this paper, a compact 10-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for fifth generation (5G) wireless communication system is presented.