5G Mobile Communication Systems Research Articles

Joint wireless energy transmission and dynamic power management for full-duplex relay system

The rapid deployment of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems demands sustainable power solutions. This paper introduces a novel joint design for wireless energy transmission and dynamic power management in full-duplex relay systems, aiming to ensure a continuous power supply for relay nodes. Our approach integrates energy harvesting from RF signals and dynamic battery management, focusing on optimizing throughput via energy allocation and precoding design. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme significantly outperforms conventional non-battery half-duplex schemes in system throughput. Notably, we observe performance increments in throughput compared to all mentioned traditional methods, highlighting the efficacy of our design in enhancing 5G network sustainability and efficiency. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for effective power management in next-generation mobile networks.

Enhanced Indoor Path Loss and RSRP of 5G mmWave Communication System with Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm

The signal strength in 5G mobile communication systems is significantly influenced by the surroundings, with key factors including the path difference, operating frequency, and obstructions at specific locations. Consequently, planning a communication system that can deliver improved signal strength becomes highly challenging. To address this issue, indoor path loss models are employed to estimate signal loss in different environments, frequencies, and distances. This paper introduces an intelligent multi-objective genetic algorithm aimed at enhancing path loss and received signal power. A comparative analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed intelligent optimization algorithm against the traditional approach. The path loss and received power of various scenarios are estimated using various path loss models. The 5GCM indoor officce, 5GCM InH shopping mall, 3GPP TR 38.91 InH office, mmMAGIC InH office, METIS InH shopping mall, and IEEE 802.11 ad InH office indoor path loss models estimates the path loss of 62.37 dB, 62.15 dB, 63.12 dB, 50 dB, 55.18 dB, and 52.89 dB in traditional approach and 36.87 dB, 35.86 dB, 36.84 dB, 68.80 dB, 36.23 dB and 33.94 dB using GA approach and received powers of -12.17dBm,-11.37dBm,-12.17dBm,-5.80dBm,\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$-12.17~dBm, -11.37~dBm, -12.17~dBm, -5.80~dBm,$$\\end{document}-12.24dBm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$-12.24~dBm$$\\end{document} and -8.68dBm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$-8.68~dBm$$\\end{document} in traditional approach and 26.13 dBm, 27.14 dBm, 26.15 dBm, -5.80dBm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$-5.80~dBm$$\\end{document}, 26.75 dBm and 29.05 dBm using GA approach repectively. The 5GCM and 3GPP models produces the path loss difference above 25 dB and mmMAGIC, METIS and IEEE models produces a path loss below 19 dB. Except mmMAGIC model, all models produces the recceiver power difference above 37 dBm. Therefore, the highest path loss difference of 26 dB is observed in 5GCM InH shopping mall model and the highest reccieved power difference of 39.01 dBm is observed in METIS InH shopping mall model. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed intelligent optimization approach outperforms the traditional approach across various indoor scenarios.

An architecture for control plane slicing in beyond 5G networks

To accommodate various use cases with differing characteristics, the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile communications system intends to utilize network slicing. Network slicing enables the creation of multiple logical networks over a shared physical network infrastructure. While the problems such as resource allocation for multiple slices in mobile networks have been explored in considerable detail in the existing literature, the suitability of the existing mobile network architecture to support network slicing has not been analysed adequately. We think the existing 5G System (5GS) architecture suffers from certain limitations, such as a lack of slice isolation in its control plane. This work focuses on the future evolution of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5GS architecture from a slicing perspective, especially that of its control plane, addressing some of the limitations of the 3GPP 5GS architecture. We propose a new network architecture which enables efficient slicing in beyond 5G networks. The proposed architecture results in enhanced modularity and scalability of the control plane in sliced mobile networks. In addition, it also brings slice isolation to the control plane, which is not feasible in the existing 5G system. We also present a performance evaluation that confirms the improved performance and scalability of the proposed system viz-a-viz the existing 5G system.

Assessment of local temperature elevation at the surface of tissue exposed to radiation of milimeter waves using simplified analytical approach

Dominant effect of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in GHz frequency range corresponding to operation of 5G mobile communications systems is tissue heating i.e. local temperature elevation at the body surface, i.e. skin, ear and eyes. For the frequencies below transition frequency of 6GHz specific absorption rate (SAR) is used to quantify the volume heating. On the other hand, the surface heating above 6GHz is quantified via absorbed power density (Sab ). Once these quantities are determined by means of internal field dosimetry procedures it is possible to determine the local surface temperature increase by solving the bio-heat transfer equation. The present paper deals with the calculation of tissue surface heating due to exposure to millimeter waves. Internal dosimetry is based on the planar tissue model exposed to dipole antenna radiation. Electromagnetic model is based on the analytical solution of Pocklington integro-differential equation while the assessment of tissue surface heating in planar tissue model has been carried by analytically solving a simplified variant of the bio-heat transfer equation. Some illustrative results for power density and temperature elevations will be presented for different antenna parameters.

Simulation of High-Gain Microstrip Patch Antennas for 5G Applications

This paper presents a single-band Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) with L, T, and other suitable slots, specifically designed for high-gain performance in fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems. Incorporating these innovative slots onto a single rectangular patch antenna yielded substantial improvements in gain and bandwidth, addressing the requirements of 5G applications. The investigation was conducted within the Computer Studio Suite (CST) simulation environment, utilizing simulated structures to identify optimized slot dimensions. The performance and dimensions of the newly modified patch antennas are systematically assessed and compared against those of a previously developed single microstrip patch antenna and an array designed for operation at 28 GHz. The results of the proposed antennas exhibited significant gain and directivity, noticeable bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and efficiency at the selected resonance frequency. The successful implementation of this proposed design holds the potential to greatly simplify the integration of 5G applications into handheld devices.

Massive MIMO Precoding and Beamforming Techniques for Future Generation Communication System

Massive MIMO, which was initially suggested, is a critical technique for meeting the rapidly growing data demand of 5G networks. MIMO technology may provide the propagation channel with a greater degree of flexibility in terms of multiplexing gain or diversity gain. New disruptive technologies have been developed in response to the large increase in data traffic that the forthcoming 5G mobile communication system. This is a critical research area for 5G wireless communication since massive MIMO has the possible system to significantly boost throughput and data transmission charges, as well as residual energy and energy efficiency. As a result of three years of fast development in massive MIMO technology, spectrum efficiency has been enhanced to an unprecedented level by the combination of growing antennas and adopting an extremely duplex communication mechanism. It is achieved by modeling the interference signal first and then constructing an exactly opposite signal added to a pre-distorted signal to cancel it. Additionally, this article discusses precoding methods and energy efficiency.

Experimental Investigation of Characteristics and Development of Nonlinearity Models for FR1-Range Radio-Frequency Amplifiers

Experimental studies of nonlinear properties of low-power radio-frequency amplifiers similar to those used in 4G/5G mobile communication equipment of the FR1 frequency range are carried out. The measurements of the characteristics of the amplifiers are performed by using the double-frequency testing technique at frequencies of the n7 band (2500–2570 / 2620–2690 MHz), which is allocated in Belarus for 4G mobile communication systems, and the n78 band (3300–3800 MHz), which is planned to be used in Belarus for 5G mobile communications. Based on the results of the measurements of double-frequency characteristics of the amplifiers, their single-tone amplitude characteristics, as well as two-tone characteristics and values of the dynamic range of 3-, 5-, 7-, and 9th order intermodulation in the first harmonic zone, high-order polynomial models of transfer characteristics of the investigated amplifiers are synthesized. The synthesized models are suitable for use in a wide dynamic range of input signals in case of simultaneous modeling of nonlinear effects of all kinds that pose a danger to radio reception in a complex electromagnetic environment created in the frequency bands of mobile (cellular) communications: both “subtle” effects (intermodulation) and “rough” effects (desensitization, cross-modulation). When using the technology of discrete nonlinear analysis of the behavior of radio equipment in a complex electromagnetic environment, the obtained models provide high efficiency of simulation and quantitative analysis of nonlinear processes and radio interference occurring in 4G/5G/6G radio equipment and networks in a complex electromagnetic environment.

Sixth Generation 6G to the Waying Seventh 7G Wireless Communication Visions and Standards, Challenges, Applications

The increasing need for next-generation wireless networks becomes apparent as the Internet of Everything (IoE) gains prominence in smart services, projecting widespread popularity in the future. While sixth generation (6G) networks have the capability to support a diverse range of IoE services, their potential limitations in meeting the demands of innovative applications prompt consideration for seventh generation (7G) wireless systems. This article seeks to compare the characteristics of 6G and the planned 7G wireless systems. The commercial development of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems is currently underway, introducing new services and enhancing user experiences. Despite these advancements, 5G encounters challenges that require on-going improvements. With the International Telecommunication Union Radio communication Sector (ITU-R) actively envisioning 6G and anticipating a consensus on 7G by October 2024, numerous unresolved questions persist in global discussions. This paper delivers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of 7G, exploring the vision, technical requirements, and application possibilities. It presents a critical evaluation of the 7G network architecture and essential technologies. Furthermore, the article provides an in-depth examination of advanced 7G verification platforms and existing test beds, unveiling these aspects for the first time. Future research directions and lingering issues are emphasized to contribute to the on-going global discourse on 7G networks. Discussions on lessons learned from 7G networks culminate in the suggestion that 7G systems signify the pinnacle of mobile communication technology. The ongoing research on 7G, an intelligent cellular technology, holds promise for the future of wireless communication.

Retracted: Radio Frequency Link and User Selection Algorithm for 5G Mobile Communication System

Retracted: Radio Frequency Link and User Selection Algorithm for 5G Mobile Communication System

Formalization and modeling of turbocode encoding/decoding processes for 5G communication systems

Improving the energy characteristics in 4G and 5G mobile communication systems is provided by the use of adaptive control technology for encoding, modulation and power parameters. The paper considers promising adaptive coding schemes in mobile communication systems. The article formalizes the process of optimizing the operation of the turbo code encoder and decoder by using adaptive selection of the size of state diagrams based on the proposed decoding uncertainty indicator. In contrast to the known methods of TC adaptation, the size of the TC encoder/decoder state diagram is adaptive depending on the signal-to-noise ratio in the channel and the values of the normalized number of changes in the sign of the a posteriori-a priori logarithmic relations of the likelihood functions about the transmitted data bits of the turbo code decoder. Analysis of the simulation results shows that the reliability of transmission is increased by choosing a rational size of the TC encoder/ decoder state diagram. The proposed formalization of the model of the TC functioning process is a further development of adaptive coding technologies while preserving the transmission system bandwidth and differs from those known in that various TC MLRS polynomials are used for adaptation, which determine the necessary structure and size of the TC encoder and decoder state diagram. The interleader parameters are selected as fixed. Simulation modeling was used to analyze the efficiency of optimizing the operation of the encoder and decoder of the turbo code by using adaptive size selection of state diagrams. For comparison, the fourth-generation LTE-Advanced Mobile Communication Standard was chosen. The simulation was carried out in Visual Studio 2019 the data transmission system with Turbo codes, modulator (demodulator) OFDM, channel with additive Gaussian white noise (ABGN) was modeled. The results of the work can be used in conjunction with other adaptation methods, such as coding rate adaptation, based on polynomials of TC component codes, in systems with multiparametric adaptation that function under conditions of complete or partial a priori uncertainty.

QoS-based handover approach for 5G mobile communication system

QoS-based handover approach for 5G mobile communication system

Comprehensive review of isolation techniques in MIMO antennas for 5G mobile devices

Recently, due to the fast development in multimedia applications of wireless communication systems and the urgent demands of increasing the capacity and data rates to meet the requirements of 5G mobile communication systems, new transmission techniques are needed. One of the powerful enabling tools of the 5G communication systems is the Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna system employing multiple antennas and utilizing the multipath fading mobile environment to increase the channel capacity without any additional bandwidth and/or transmitted power. However, because of the limited space of the mobile devices, the distances between antennas are decreased. The mutual coupling between antennas severely affects the overall performance of the MIMO system. So, isolation improvement methods are applied to reduce these influences. In this review, the different isolation techniques and their features and drawbacks are presented, and the techniques for applying them in modern MIMO antenna systems are illustrated. Besides, the performance characteristics of these MIMO systems are compared. The review contains also the basic concepts of the MIMO antenna system and its performance metrics. Finally, the future directions and trends for the MIMO antenna system design are discussed briefly.

6G‐edge support of Internet of Autonomous Vehicles: A survey

AbstractWith the commercial deployment of 5G mobile communication systems, 6G is proposed to meet the needs of new use cases including connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). In this article, we surveyed different 6G embracing technologies such as mobile edge computing, unmanned aerial vehicles, network function virtualization, software defined networking, and artificial intelligence that can enhance the Internet of Autonomous Vehicles (IoAV) network performance comparing to existing 5G enabled solutions. Then, we highlight the convergence path of 6G and IoAV to satisfy the next generation of CAV applications. Further, we propose 6G cellular communication to support the quality of next IoAV applications. Furthermore, the article attempts to study the serious challenges in the 6G‐IoAV research field and propose potential future directions.

Network slice allocation for 5G V2X networks: A case study from framework to implementation and performance assessment

Empowered by the capabilities provided by fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is heading from concept to reality. Given the nature of high-mobility and high-density for vehicle transportation, how to satisfy the stringent and divergent requirements for V2X communications such as ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliable connectivity appears as an unprecedented challenging task for network operators. As an enabler to tackle this problem, network slicing provides a power tool for supporting V2X communications over 5G networks. In this paper, we propose a network resource allocation framework which deals with slice allocation considering the coexistence of V2X communications with multiple other types of services. The framework is implemented in Python and we evaluate the performance of our framework based on real-life network deployment datasets from a 5G operator. Through extensive simulations, we explore the benefits brought by network slicing in terms of achieved data rates for V2X, blocking probability, and handover ratio through different combinations of traffic types. We also reveal the importance of proper resource splitting for slicing among V2X and other types of services when network traffic load in an area of interest and quality of service of end users are taken into account.

40-GHz Band Photodiode-Integrated Phased Array Antenna Module for Analog-Radio over Fiber toward Beyond 5G

In 5th generation (5G) and Beyond 5G mobile communication systems, it is expected that numerous antennas will be densely deployed to realize ultra-broadband communication and uniform coverage. However, as the number of antennas increases, total power consumption of all antennas will also increase, which leads to a negative impact on the environment and operating costs of telecommunication operators. Thus, it is necessary to simplify an antenna structure to suppress the power consumption of each antenna. On the other hand, as a way to realize ultra-broadband communication, millimeter waves will be utilized because they can transmit signals with a broader bandwidth than lower frequencies. However, since millimeter waves have a large propagation loss, a propagation distance is shorter than that of low frequencies. Therefore, in order to extend the propagation distance, it is necessary to increase an equivalent isotropic radiated power by beamforming with phased array antenna. In this paper, a phased antenna array module in combined with analog radio over fiber (A-RoF) technology for 40-GHz millimeter wave is developed and evaluated for the first time. An 8×8 phased array antenna for 40-GHz millimeter wave with integrated photodiodes and RF chains has been developed, and end-to-end transmission experiment including 20 km A-RoF transmission and 3-m over-the-air transmission from the developed phased array antenna has been conducted. The results showed that the 40-GHz RF signal after the end-to-end transmission satisfied the criteria of 3GPP signal quality requirements within ±50 degrees of main beam direction.

Review on 6G-oriented terahertz communication channel

With the large-scale commercialization of 5G mobile communication systems in the world, 6G technology is becoming a new hotspot of global information technology research. The terahertz band (300GHz to 3THz) has extremely rich frequency resources, which can support ultra-high speed wireless communication from 100Gbps to 1Tbps, improve the existing 5G peak transmission rate by one or two orders of magnitude, and meet the requirements of new applications such as ultra-high resolution holographic communication and meta-universe. An in-depth understanding of the propagation channel is crucial to the design of the communication system. This paper summarizes the research status of the terahertz channel, including its characteristics in the atmosphere, the current channel propagation model, and terahertz channel measurement. At the same time, the future research direction of terahertz communication is analyzed and prospected, and the possible challenges in the future research are discussed, which will help promote the application of terahertz communication technology to 6G communication. Due to technical limitations, terahertz channels have not been fully developed and utilized in the field of communication, and there are many technical bottlenecks that cannot be broken. In the future, new channel models may be built, and there will be opportunities for AI-assisted channel measurement.

Selective Mapping scheme based on Modified Forest Optimization Algorithm for PAPR reduction in FBMC system

Filter Bank Multicarrier(FBMC)is considered as one of the most standardized waveform for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system application FBMC endures lot of nonlinear effects which occurs because of high Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High value of PAPR due to the large dynamic range of multicarrier signal is one of the most significant issues in FBMC multicarrier based modulation technique. This paper presents one investigated PAPR reduction technique named as Selected Mapping (SLM) to minimize high PAPR by utilizing the complex signal divide into real and imaginary parts and then select minimum PAPR signal based on Modified Forest Optimization Algorithm (MFOA)to achieve good PAPR which can maintain the FBMC based system performance with a required Bit Error Rate (BER). The associated method was produced with the aim of optimize the phase factors so that the phase rotation operation is accomplished to minimize PAPR by fixing the MFOA into the conventional SLM. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique gives better performance in terms of BER and PAPR compared to other SLM based optimization techniques.

5G mobile communication systems application in smart cities

5G, the fifth generation of mobile communication systems, is expected to bring about a revolution in the world of wireless communication. Its key features include high data transmit rates, low latency, and high system capacity, which make it ideal for supporting a range of advanced technologies and applications. One of the most promising areas of application for 5G is in the development of smart cities. In this article, we provide an overview of the development of mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G, highlighting the key features and benefits of each generation. We also explore the specific features and applications of 5G that make it an ideal technology for building smart cities, including smart driving, smart healthcare, smart energy, and more. Additionally, we explain why 5G is critical for meeting the requirements of smart cities, such as the need for high-speed and reliable connectivity. Finally, we discuss the importance of 5G in constructing smart cities in the future, and the potential benefits that it could bring to society as a whole. With the potential to transform the way we live, work, and interact with our environment, 5G is set to play a critical role in shaping the cities of tomorrow.

Focal Region Ray Tracing of Conventional and Shaped Lens Antenna

Multibeam lens antennas are useful for 5G mobile communication systems. For multibeam design, feed position determination of specified lens becomes an important subject. The feed position data can be obtained from focal region ray tracing. In this paper, asimple and convenient ray tracing method by using the MATLAB function of “polyxpoly” is proposed. To evaluate the program, focal region ray tracing on conventional hyperbolic planar, spherical convex, and Abbe’s sine conditionlens arepresented in this paper. For focal region ray tracing, parallel incident ray is considered. The incident ray’s angle is changed from 0 degree to 30 degrees with an interval of 10 degrees. On hyperbolic planar and spherical convex lenses, ray concentration at the focal regionis distorted at incident angle of 10 degrees and above. On Abbe’s sine condition lens, good concentration is maintained until 20 degrees. Concentration points agree well with the theoretical value. Therefore, the correctness of the program is ensured.

Integrated Sensing and Communication Signals Toward 5G-A and 6G: A Survey

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has the advantages of efficient spectrum utilization and low hardware cost. It is promising to be implemented in the fifth-generation-advanced (5G-A) and sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication systems, having the potential to be applied in intelligent applications requiring both communication and high-accurate sensing capabilities. As the fundamental technology of ISAC, ISAC signal directly impacts the performance of sensing and communication. This article systematically reviews the literature on ISAC signals from the perspective of mobile communication systems, including ISAC signal design, ISAC signal processing algorithms and ISAC signal optimization. We first review the ISAC signal design based on 5G, 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems. Then, radar signal processing methods are reviewed for ISAC signals, mainly including the channel information matrix method, spectrum lines estimator method and super resolution method. In terms of signal optimization, we summarize peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) optimization, interference management, and adaptive signal optimization for ISAC signals. This article may provide the guidelines for the research of ISAC signals in 5G-A and 6G mobile communication systems.