4G Long Term Evolution Research Articles

Electric field distribution and SAR inside a human eye exposed to VR glasses

The aim of this study is a numerical analysis of the electric field and the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution within a realistic 3D-human eye model exposed to electromagnetic (EM) wave of virtual reality (VR) glasses at the frequency of third generation, long-term evolution-4G, and the frequency of the latest generation of mobile networks - 5G. To obtain the values of the electric field and SAR, the numerical solution of equations of EM waves propagation has been used. A new realistic 3D-human head and human eye model has been created. The obtained results are shown for different biological tissues of the eye exposed to EM radiation from VR glasses at different frequencies. The maximum absorption of EM energy will be discussed for the following frequencies: 900 MHz, 2.6 GHz, and 28 GHz. The maximum values of electric field strength in the human eye tissue at the frequencies 28 GHz and 900 MHz are 94.43 and 137.3 V/m, respectively (higher than referent values), whereas for 2.6 GHz amounts 8.62 V/m (lower than referent limits). The obtained SAR peaks do not overcome prescribed safety values.

Dual-band circularly polarized textile antenna with split-ring slot for off-body 4G LTE and WLAN applications

The design of a dual-band circularly polarized wearable textile antenna is presented. The antenna consists of a slotted split-ring textile patch with a full ground plane. It features a 46 × 46 mm2 square patch over 70 × 70 mm2 ground plane using a 3-mm felt substrate. The proposed square radiator is modified using slotted split-ring to cater for dual-band resonance. The antenna is capable of providing dual-band coverage for the entire 1.8 and 2.6 GHz for the Fourth-Generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE), and for the 2.45-GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The antenna featured an impedance bandwidth of 70 MHz (1.76–1.83 GHz) in the 4G LTE (Band 3) and 400 MHz (2.36–2.76 GHz) in the Industrial, Medical and Scientific (ISM) band. The measured 3-dB axial-ratio bandwidths are 2.8% (in the lower band) and 4.2% (in the upper band) with a maximum realized gain of 3.2 dB at 2.45 GHz. Simulations and measurements indicated a good agreement with suitability to be applied in the 4G and WLAN bands.

Image Transmission in 4G LTE using DWT based SC-FDMA System

In recent trends, the image transmission over wireless communication system in 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) grow into a challenging task. OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) plays a key role in data transmission (text, image and video) over wireless systems. In OFDMA several transformation techniques have been used for the transmission of images. But they have some drawbacks such as increased number of carriers, increased delay estimation, high ISI and ICI. Hence, to overcome these drawbacks, an image transmission over wireless communication is proposed using DWT technique. OFDMA has several benefits like less complexity, high flexibility and high spectral efficiency. However, still, it lacks in noise reduction and increased error rates. To avoid these issues, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) techniques is introduced in this work for the image transmission over wireless communication systems. In this proposed work, a DWT based SC-FDMA system is implemented to reduce the noise and interference using wavelet transform analysis. The performance measure of SNR, PSNR, BER and MSE for the proposed DWT based SC-FDMA system is evaluated using MATLAB. The results indicate that the proposed technique affords superior performance with a reduced BER.

Security Requirement and Standards for 4G and 5G Wireless Systems

In this article, we give an overview on the security requirements and standards for the fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE) and the fifth generation (5G) wireless systems. Compared with the third generation (3G) universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), the LTE system not only improves the network capacity and coverage but also provides better performance of data rate, access latency, energy efficiency (EE), and spectrum efficiency (SE) [1]. With the increasing data usage and the new multimedia applications, LTE technologies have been proposed by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) as the broadband mobile wireless networks with packet switched, IP-based technology solely, fully inter-working with different access technologies, different types of base stations and relay nodes. To support more use cases with unique service requirements, 5G wireless systems are developed. There are eight advanced features for 5G wireless systems, 1-10 Gbps connections to end points in the field, 1 millisecond latency, 1000x bandwidth per unit area, 10-100x number of connected devices, 99.999% availability, 100% coverage, 90% reduction of network energy usage and up to ten years battery life for low power devices [2]. These advanced features make 5G wireless systems capable of supporting many new use cases, new industry applications, a multitude of devices and applications to connect society at large. Due to the introduction of new characteristics, there are many new security requirements in the design of the security architectures of the 4G LTE and 5G wireless systems.

Offloading in fog computing for IoT: Review, enabling technologies, and research opportunities

The digital world is expanding rapidly and advances in networking technologies such as 4G long-term evolution (LTE), wireless broadband (WiBro), low-power wide area networks (LPWAN), 5G, LiFi, and so on, all of which are paving the way for the emergence of sophisticated services. The number of online applications is increasing along with more computation, communication, and intelligent capabilities. Although current devices in use today are also getting more powerful in terms of features and capabilities, but they are still incapable of executing smart, autonomous, and intelligent tasks such as those often required for smart healthcare, ambient assisted living (AAL), virtual reality, augmented reality, intelligent vehicular communication, as well as in many services related to smart cities, Internet of Things (IoT), Tactile Internet, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and so on. For many of these applications, we need another entity to execute tasks on behalf of the user’s device and return the results - a technique often called offloading, where tasks are outsourced and the involved entities work in tandem to achieve the ultimate goal of the application. Task offloading is attractive for emerging IoT and cloud computing applications. It can occur between IoT nodes, sensors, edge devices, or fog nodes. Offloading can be performed based on different factors that include computational requirements of an application, load balancing, energy management, latency management, and so on. We present a taxonomy of recent offloading schemes that have been proposed for domains such as fog, cloud computing, and IoT. We also discuss the middleware technologies that enable offloading in a cloud-IoT cases and the factors that are important for offloading in a particular scenario. We also present research opportunities concerning offloading in fog and edge computing.

ANALYSIS OF VOIP TRAFFIC SERVICE IN 4G LTE CELLULAR NETWORKS

Background: In these days, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology is in great demand because one cannot bear delay in voice communication. To present the services of VoIP in Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems with appropriate services of quality, it is obligatory to investigate the effectiveness of such administrations and advance the system parameters. Objectives: To study and review 4G LTE cellular networks; to analyze the performance of VoIP throughput in 4G LTE cellular networks by incorporating voice codecs and to evaluate the VoIP latency, and jitter in 4G LTE cellular networks inside voice codecs. Methods / Analysis: The projected study highlighted the examination of VoIP traffic service in 4G LTE cellular networks, using three Quality of Service (QoS) parameters; throughput, latency, and jitter by contrasting the value with three promising voice codecs (G.711, G.729, and EVS). The metrics performance was measured using simulation tool NS2. After running TCL scripts for different network scenarios trace files are formed. These trace files are so large in size and occupy more memory space. The PERL scripts are used to extract these trace files. Results achieved from simulations have been plotted on graphs with the help of MS-Excel. Findings: The overall performance analysis of VoIP traffic carrier has been analyzed by way of comparing three different codecs (G.711, G.729, and EVS) in three different network scenarios based on three key performance indicators: Throughput, Latency, and Jitter by varying the network density and varying call load. Results achieved from simulations demonstrate how a number of performance metrics such as throughput, latency, and jitter are affected by change in factors like number of nodes, voice codecs, distance between BS and SS. With all these conclusions and considering the different scenarios under which the graphs have been plotted, Environmental Studies (EVS) codec is better than other codecs in terms of higher throughput, lower latency, and lower jitter over VoIP traffic in LTE networks by stabilizing the quality of service requisites for multimedia services. Novelty / Improvement: Earlier, the overall efficiency of VoIP changed into measured over the 3G systems. On the other hand, currently there is a need to suit the necessities for higher-speed data. Thus, new standards are intended to meet these prospects that led to the promising of LTE systems. In this study, LTE module is patched with NS2 that is not supported or included by default in NS2. Another novelty is the use of EVS voice codec that is launched as a result of 3GGP. EVS codec is compared with other voice codecs such as G.711, G.729. After all, it is suggested that EVS codec is better than other codecs when using multimedia services. Keywords: EVS, LTE, VoIP, G.711, G.729

DC ground compact wideband omnidirectional vertically polarised slot loop antenna for 4G long‐term evolution applications

A compact, wideband, omnidirectional, vertically polarised antenna without electrostatic discharge problems is proposed in this study for 4G long-term evolution applications. The proposed antenna is composed of three identical basic radiators separated by an angle of 120°. The basic radiator is based on a slot loop which is a wideband and DC ground structure. By bending the basic radiators, the antenna achieves better impedance matching and lower gain variation in the horizontal plane in a compact size. The proposed antenna reaches a fractional bandwidth of 45.5% for the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) <;1.5, a peak gain from 2.4 to 3.8 dBi with a gain ripple around 2 dB in the omnidirectional plane. It operates from 1700 to 2700 MHz, covering most 4G long-term evolution frequency bands. Both simulation and measurement of a prototype is done in this study to verify the antenna performance.

Performance Analysis of Analog IF Over Fiber Fronthaul Link With 4G and 5G Coexistence

Fifth generation (5G) mobile communications will require a dense deployment of small cell antenna sites and higher channel bandwidth, in conjunction with a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architecture. This necessitates low latency and high-capacity architecture in addition to energy- and cost-efficient fronthaul links. An efficient way of achieving such connectivity is to make use of an opticalfiber- based infrastructure where multiple wireless services may be distributed over the same fiber to remote radio head (RRH) sites. In this work, we demonstrate the spectral containment of fourth generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) signals and 5G candidate waveforms—generalized frequency division multiplexing and universally filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UF-OFDM) through a directly modulated link. Seventy-five bands of LTEand 10 bands of 5Gwaveforms are successfully transmitted over a 25 km analog intermediate frequency signal over fiber (AIFoF) link through our setup, limited only by the bandwidth of the laser. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate the fronthaul network for providing simultaneous 4G and 5G services by propagating LTE signals in coexistence with UF-OFDM.

Dual‐band meander‐line MIMO antenna with high diversity for LTE/UMTS router

A dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is presented. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of two elements of meander-line antenna with an isolation improvement structure located between the two radiating antenna elements. The antennas operate in the 4G long-term evolution (LTE) (699-798 MHz) band, and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) (Digital Cellular System (DCS)/Personal Communications Service (PCS)) bands (1920-2170 MHz) with | S 11 | = -6 dB (voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) = 3) matching criteria. The measured mutual coupling is lower than -15 and -22 dB at the LTE 700 bands, and UMTS bands, respectively. The diversity performance of the envelope correlation coefficient and the mean effective gain meets the diversity criteria for mobile communications. Total radiation efficiencies range between 60 and 90% over the operating frequency bands. A prototype antenna was fabricated and tested for design verification. The simulated results are in good agreement with the measurements.

Performance Evaluation of Scheduling Algorithms for 4G (LTE)

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is designed to revolutionize mobile broadband technology with key considerations of higher data rate, improved power efficiency, low latency and better quality of service. This work analyzes the impact of resource scheduling algorithms on the performance of LTE (4G) and WCDMA (3G) networks. In this paper, a full illustration of LTE system is given together with different scheduling algorithms. Thereafter, 3G WCDMA and 4G LTE networks were simulated using Simulink simulator embedded in MATLAB and performance evaluations were carried out. The performance metrics used for the evaluations are average system throughput, packet delay, latency and allocation of fairness using Round Robin, Best CQI and Proportional fair Packet Scheduling Algorithms. The results of the evaluations on both networks were analysed. The results showed that 4G LTE network performs better than 3G WCDMA network in all the three scheduling algorithms used.

Performance Evaluation of a Deployed 4G LTE Network

In Ghana and many countries within Sub-Sahara Africa, Long Term Evolution (LTE) is being considered for use within the sectors of Governance, Energy distribution and transmission, Transport, Education and Health. Subscribers and Governments within the region have high expectations for these new networks and want to leverage the promised enhanced coverage and high data rates for development. Recent performance evaluations of deployed WiMAX networks in Ghana showed promising performance of a wireless broadband technology in supporting the capacity demands needed in the peculiar Sub-Saharan African terrain. The deployed WiMAX networks, however could not achieve the optimal quality of service required for providing a seamless wireless connectivity demands needed for emerging mobile applications. This paper evaluates the performance of some selected key network parameters of a newly deployed LTE network in the 2600 MHz band operating in the peculiar Sub-Saharan African terrain under varied MIMO Antenna Configurations. We adopted simulation and field measurement to aid us in our evaluation. Genex Unet has been used to simulate network coverage and throughput performance of 2X2, 4X4 and 8X8 MIMO configurations of the deployed networks. The average simulated throughput per sector of 4X4 MIMO configuration was seen to be better than the 2X2 configuration. However, the percentage coverage for users under the 2x2 MIMO simulation scenario was better than that of the adaptive 4x4 MIMO configuration with 2x2 MIMO achieving 60.41% of coverage area having throughput values between 1 - 40Mbps as against 55.87% achieved by the 4x4 MIMO configuration in the peculiar deployment terrain.

An Efficient Live TV Scheduling System for 4G LTE Broadcast

Traditional live television (TV) broadcasting systems are proven to be spectrum inefficient. Therefore, researchers propose to provide TV services on fourth-generation (4G) long-term evolution (LTE) networks. However, static broadcast, a typical broadcasting method over cellular network, is inefficient in terms of radio resource usage. To solve this problem, the audience-driven live TV scheduling (ADTVS) framework is proposed, to maximize radio resource usage when providing TV broadcasting services over LTE networks. ADTVS, a system-level scheduling framework, considers both available radio resources and audience preferences, in order to dynamically schedule TV channels for broadcasting at various time and locations. By conducting a simulation using real-life data and scenarios, it is shown that ADTVS significantly outperforms the static broadcast method. Numerical results indicate that, on average, ADTVS enables substantial improvement to broadcast efficiency and conserves considerable amount of radio resources, while forgoing less than 5% of user services compared to the benchmark system.

A Study on Big Data Thinking of the Internet of Things-Based Smart-Connected Car in Conjunction with Controller Area Network Bus and 4G-Long Term Evolution

A smart connected car in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging topic. The fundamental concept of the smart connected car is connectivity, and such connectivity can be provided by three aspects, such as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X). To meet the aspects of V2V and V2I connectivity, we developed modules in accordance with international standards with respect to On-Board Diagnostics II (OBDII) and 4G Long Term Evolution (4G-LTE) to obtain and transmit vehicle information. We also developed software to visually check information provided by our modules. Information related to a user’s driving, which is transmitted to a cloud-based Distributed File System (DFS), was then analyzed for the purpose of big data analysis to provide information on driving habits to users. Yet, since this work is an ongoing research project, we focus on proposing an idea of system architecture and design in terms of big data analysis. Therefore, our contributions through this work are as follows: (1) Develop modules based on Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, OBDII, and 4G-LTE; (2) Develop software to check vehicle information on a PC; (3) Implement a database related to vehicle diagnostic codes; (4) Propose system architecture and design for big data analysis.

Mobile Data Offloading in FiWi Enhanced LTE-A Heterogeneous Networks

This paper proposes to empower capacity- and coverage-centric fiber-wireless (FiWi) enhanced 4G Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with computation- and storage-centric mobile cloud computing to cope with the unprecedented growth of mobile data traffic. Minimizing energy consumption and maximizing revenue while offloading mobile data in such highly converged and hierarchical networks is not trivial, where multiple players (i.e., cloud service providers, macrocell and small cells, users) with multiple objectives coexist. This paper proposes a mobile data offloading framework using a noncooperative multi-level game-theoretic approach from an end-to-end perspective in the envisioned network. More specifically, we design three-level Stackelberg games, in which a single-leader multi-follower game, a multi-leader multi-follower game, and a single-leader multi-follower game are modeled in the introduced network such that individual players selfishly optimize their local payoff functions and collectively solve the large complex network-wide optimization problem. Further, we develop distributed mobile data offloading algorithms to reduce the complexity of the hierarchical games and to achieve a unique Nash equilibrium condition in each subgame. Simulation results show that by reaching the Nash equilibrium condition, the proposed solution helps minimize energy consumption, interference price, and processing cost, while maximizing revenues of the players in the envisioned network. In addition, the efficiency of the equilibria in terms of price of anarchy and price of stability is quantified for the best/worst case of the Nash equilibrium.

DSP for Mobile Wireless LTE System: A Review

Long term evolution (LTE) is the last step towards the 4G of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of cellular networks. With the appearing of 4G LTE networks, there has been increasing interests and special attention is paid to the performance and power characteristics as compared with 3G networks. This paper provides detailed information about mobile wireless MIMO-LTE system. It is also presents a brief explanation of the characteristics, performance and state of art techniques used within mobile wireless MIMO-LTE system. There are several types of commercial digital signal processing (DSP) chips available in marks which can be used with MIMO- LTE system. Therefore, this work will be focuses on the applications of commercial DSPs in MIMO-LTE system and taking into consideration types and characteristics where can enables efficient baseband processing for 3G,4G and MIMO-LTE wireless system equipment with its scalable, highperformance architecture.

Frame Structure Design and Analysis for Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems

The millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies have attracted considerable attention for fifth generation (5G) cellular communication as they offer orders of magnitude greater bandwidth than current systems. However, the medium access control (MAC) layer may need to be significantly redesigned to support the highly directional transmissions, and the demand for ultra-low latencies and high peak rates expected in mmWave communication. To address these challenges, we present a novel mmWave MAC layer frame structure with a number of enhancements, including flexible, highly granular transmission times, dynamic control signal locations, extended messaging, and the ability to efficiently multiplex directional control signals. Analytic formulas are derived for the utilization and control overhead as a function of control periodicity, number of users, traffic statistics, signal-to-noise ratio, and antenna gains. Importantly, the analysis can incorporate various front-end MIMO capability assumptions-a critical feature of mmWave. Under realistic system and traffic assumptions, the analysis reveals that the proposed flexible frame structure design offers significant benefits over designs with fixed frame structures similar to current 4G long-term evolution. It is also shown that the fully digital beamforming architectures offer significantly lower overhead compared with analog and hybrid beamforming under equivalent power budgets.

Optimization of Power Consumption in 4G LTE Networks Using a Novel Barebones Self-adaptive Differential Evolution Algorithm

The power consumption of wireless access networks is an important issue. In this paper, the power consumption of Long Term Evolution (LTE) base stations is optimized. We consider the city of Ghent, Belgium with 75 possible LTE base station locations. We optimize the network towards two objectives: the coverage maximization and the power consumption minimization. We propose a new Barebones Self-adaptive Differential Evolution. The results of the proposed method indicate the advantages and applicability of our approach.

Wideband antenna for 4G MIMO applications

ABSTRACTA small, wideband, multiple‐input‐multiple‐output antenna is presented for 4G long term evolution (LTE) applications. The proposed antenna consists of a vertically polarized wideband stepped slot, as well as a horizontally polarized narrowband, uniform slot, integrated on a single substrate and fed by two ports. A prototype of the proposed antenna was designed, fabricated, and measured. The stepped slot antenna achieves an enhanced bandwidth of 122% from 0.77 GHz to 3.12 GHz, covering the 2G, 3G, and 4G bands. The narrowband slot achieves a bandwidth of 35% from 2.11 GHz to 3.01 GHz, covering the 4G band frequencies only. The isolation between the two slots is greater than 21 dB over the entire band of interest. The radiation pattern of the wideband slot in the horizontal plane is omnidirectional in nature while the narrowband slot exhibits a bidirectional radiation pattern in the horizontal plane. The proposed antenna is suitable for indoor, ceiling‐mount, microcell 4G LTE applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:601–604, 2017

LTE-V: A TD-LTE-Based V2X Solution for Future Vehicular Network

Diverse applications in vehicular network present specific requirements and challenges on wireless access technology. Although considered as the first standard, IEEE 802.11p shows the obvious drawbacks and is still in the field-trial stage. In this paper, we propose long-term evolution (LTE)-V as a systematic and integrated V2X solution based on time-division LTE (TD-LTE) 4G. LTE-V includes two modes: 1) LTE-V-direct and 2) LTE-V-cell. Comparing to IEEE 802.11p, LTE-V-direct is a new decentralized architecture which modifies TD-LTE physical layer and try to keep commonality as possible to provide short range direct communication, low latency, and high reliability improvements. By leveraging the centralized architecture with native features of TD-LTE, LTE-V-cell optimizes radio resource management for better supporting V2I. LTE-V-direct and LTE-V-cell coordinate with each other to provide an integrated V2X solution. Performance simulations based on sufficient scenarios and the prototype system with typical cases are presented. Finally, future works of LTE-V are envisioned.

Secure and Privacy-Aware Cloud-Assisted Video Reporting Service in 5G-Enabled Vehicular Networks

Vehicular networks are one of the main technologies that will be leveraged by the arrival of future fifth-generation (5G) mobile cellular networks. While scalability and latency are the major drawbacks of IEEE 802.11p and fourth-generation (4G) Long-Term Evolution (LTE)-enabled vehicular communications, respectively, the 5G technology is a promising solution to empower the real-time services offered by vehicular networks. However, the security and privacy of such services in 5G-enabled vehicular networks need to be addressed first. In this paper, we propose a novel system model for a 5G-enabled vehicular network that facilitates a reliable, secure, and privacy-aware real-time video reporting service. This service is designed for participating vehicles to instantly report the videos of traffic accidents to guarantee a timely response from official vehicles and/or ambulances toward accidents. While it provides strong security and privacy guarantees for the participating vehicle's identity and the video contents, the proposed service ensures traceability of misbehaving participants through a cooperation scheme among different authorities. We show the feasibility and the fulfillment of the proposed reporting service in 5G-enabled vehicular networks in terms of security, privacy, and efficiency.