5G Applications Research Articles

Blockchain-enabled Secure Data Communication Protocols for 5G Networks

With the further expansion of 5G networks, a main priority continues to shift towards secure and efficient protocols for data transmission. Traditional 5G security mechanisms, such as 3GPP AKA protocols, have limitations in scalability, latency, and resilience against cyber threats, making them quite unsuitable for complex high-density 5G environments. This study proposes a Secure Blockchain-based Data Transmission Protocol (SBDTP) with the decentralized and tamper-resistant feature of blockchain, combined with a hybrid consensus mechanism driven by Proof of Stake (PoS) or Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT). In this respect, this study contributes to state-of-the-art research efforts in the field of enhancing data integrity, authentication, and confidentiality with reduced latency and energy consumption in 5G applications. Extensive simulations showed that SBDTP outperformed previous solutions by a large margin. This protocol reduces latency to 50-80 ms, increases throughput to 900 pps, allows up to 1000 nodes without performance degradation, and reduces energy consumption to 0.8 J per node. It also maintains a very close-to-perfection data integrity check rate of ~100% and a very minimal privacy loss rate of less than 1%, showing strong security that could serve well for real-time 5G applications such as IoT networks, autonomous vehicles, and smart cities. These results show that SBDTP offers an efficient and secure solution for data transmission over 5G networks, outperforming traditional and blockchain-based methods while fulfilling the tight requirements posed by next-generation networks. In the future, the protocol should be optimized for scalability, including further advanced privacy techniques to widen its adaptability to diverse 5G applications.

Broadband Rectangular Microstrip Antenna with Slits for W-Band Applications

This work introduces a broadband rectangular patch antenna optimized for efficient data transmission in the W-band, particularly for 5G applications. By integrating two I-shaped slits with the radiating element, the antenna achieves an impressive performance, exhibiting wide bandwidth and excellent radiation characteristics. Utilizing Rogers RT5880 as the substrate material with a relative permittivity (εr) of 2.2, a small antenna with a size of 3.7 × 4.1 × 0.16 mm³ is realized. Extensive simulations are conducted using CST software in both frequency and time domains to optimize the antenna. The results show a notable 16% fractional bandwidth from 80.75 GHz to 94.79 GHz, with dual resonance frequencies at 84.5 GHz and 91.5 GHz, primarily a result of the incorporated slits. At 84.5 GHz, the antenna demonstrates an outstanding reflection coefficient of -66.37 dB, a Voltage Sanding Wave Ratio (VSWR) of 1.00096, a gain of 9.71 dBi, a directivity of 9.75 dB, and a high radiation efficiency of 91.8%. Similar trends are observed at 91.5 GHz, where the return loss remains at an impressive value of 55.92 dB and the VSWR maintains a very low value of 1.0032, indicating continued excellent impedance matching. While the gain (6.98 dBi) and directivity (7.05 dB) are slightly lower at this frequency, the radiation efficiency remains remarkably high at 94.9%, indicating efficient energy utilization. The wide bandwidth of the proposed design enables high data transfer rates, a crucial requirement for 5G networks. This translates to significant improvements in network capacity, allowing for more connected devices and data traffic. Additionally, the design exhibits excellent signal transmission characteristics, ensuring reliable data transfer. Finally, the antenna's compact size and efficient radiation have the potential to reduce power consumption in 5G devices, contributing to improved battery life and sustainability.

Multiband antenna design with a defected ground structure for 5G and X-band applications

Multiband antenna design with a defected ground structure for 5G and X-band applications

Design of tri-band flexible CPW 4-port slot MIMO antenna for conformal 5G, WIFI 6/6E and X-band applications

Design of tri-band flexible CPW 4-port slot MIMO antenna for conformal 5G, WIFI 6/6E and X-band applications

Design, analysis and implementation of an optimized cost-effective octagonal patch antenna with UWB characteristics for 5G applications and beyond

Design, analysis and implementation of an optimized cost-effective octagonal patch antenna with UWB characteristics for 5G applications and beyond

Broadband Ground-Embedded Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Half-Space Coverage for 5G Applications

Broadband Ground-Embedded Dielectric Resonator Antenna With Half-Space Coverage for 5G Applications

Design of a metasurface loaded with RF varactor and PIN diode integration dual-band reconfigurable antenna for bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN and wireless 5G applications

Abstract This article presents a compact dual-band reconfigurable antenna design utilizing a metasurface integrated with an RF varactor and PIN diode for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN, and 5G wireless applications. The results of the study show that using the metasurface reflector (MSR) structure gives a much higher gain than using a decagon antenna without a metasurface reflector. This antenna is designed and fabricated on FR4 epoxy substrate materials with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and the thickness of the substrate is 1.6 mm. The metasurface reflector (MSR) loaded antenna has a total electrical dimension of 0.51λ0 × 0.49λ0 × 0.013λ0, where λ0 represents the resonating wavelength at a 2.6 GHz center frequency. In the proposed work, the slotted decagon patch antenna consists of a complementary split-ring resonator constructed on its ground plane. Moreover, for the frequency reconfiguration, a PIN diode switch and an additional varactor diode switch are used for tuning the frequency band. Furthermore, without affecting the radiator structure, the varactor diode is placed on the upper side of the patch and the PIN diode switch is integrated into the ground plane. The proposed antenna has reconfigurable and tunable operating frequencies of 2.6 GHz and 3.4 GHz. The operational frequency of the band is switched between 2.6 GHz to 3.4 GHz. The switching operation of the dual configuration of 2.6 GHz with the PIN diode ON and 3.4 GHz with the PIN diode OFF. However, simultaneously applying a reverse bias voltage to the varactor diode from 0-10 V shifts its resonance frequency from 2640-2510 MHz and frequency tuning is done in respective bands. The proposed antenna achieved a peak gain of 7.5 dBi, and a radiation efficiency range of 72– 82% in the overall operating bands of interest. The proposed work is used for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WLAN, and wireless 5G applications. Performance verification is done by fabricating prototypes and verifying their performance using simulation and testing results.

A Miniaturized Multiband Antenna with Frequency Reconfiguration for 5G and IoT Applications

This research focuses on designing and testing a compact, multiband antenna that can switch between different frequency bands using a PIN diode. The demonstrated antenna is constructed on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 substrate and features a ground plane on the rear side. Because of its small dimensions (24 mm x 19 mm × 1.6 mm), it can be effortlessly incorporated into various kinds of RF front-end systems. The antenna presented is capable of achieving hexa/Triple band characteristics through the utilization of a PIN diode positioned between the metal strip and the F shaped monopole. The examined antenna is capable of operating in L and C bands across a range of six different frequencies when the PIN diode is inactive: 2.54 GHz, 2.64 GHz, 3.48 GHz, 4.3 GHz, 5.25 GHz, and 5.68 GHz supporting 5G and IOT services. Conversely, with the PIN diode activated, it functions in C-band across three specific frequencies: 4.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.68 GHz supporting IOT services. The investigated antenna exhibits very small frequency ratios between two consecutive bands of the value of 1.04/1.3/1.23/1.22/1.08, respectively. The investigated design is fabricated and results of the design under investigation were compared, showing a strong correlation between the simulated and measured data.

Optimization Strategies for Underfloor Air Distribution in a Small-Scale Data Center

Abstract: The development of 5G application technology has led to a rapid expansion in the scale of internet data center rooms and the number of servers. Due to the high heat generation of data center server equipment and the mixing of hot and cold airflows within the rooms, the thermal environment of these rooms fails to meet operational requirements with increasing energy consumption and thermal density. This study utilized the 6SigmaDC software to simulate and analyze the characteristics and existing problems of airflow distribution in a small-scale data center. Based on identified issues with current airflow patterns, two optimization schemes were proposed, analyzing the effects of raised floor height and the closure of aisles on airflow optimization. The return heat index (RHI) was used as an evaluation metric to assess airflow patterns before and after optimization. When the raised floor height was 600 mm, the maximum temperature at the cabinet inlet and outlet were 19.3 °C and 34 °C respectively, which were the lowest, and the RHI value was 0.9622. Compared with unclosed aisles and closed hot aisles, closed cold aisles effectively reduced the cabinet inlet and outlet temperature and increased the RHI. In addition, closed cold aisles increased the air supply temperature from 18 °C to 20 °C, further reducing the energy consumption of the air conditioning system. This study can provide guidance and act as a reference for optimizing airflow design and energy conservation in small data centers.

Compact wide band quad element MIMO antenna with inbuilt isolator for 5G applications

Abstract A compact quad-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with self-isolation and pattern diversity features for 5G applications has designed in this article. In the proposed MIMO antenna design, drop-shaped slots have been cut from the ground plane to attain wide bandwidth of 1 GHz in the operating band 3.3-4.3 GHz of near radio (NR-77) band for 5G applications. Further, a criss-cross shaped isolator is formed after integrating four single wideband antenna elements with different orientations in the ground plane. This shape is responsible for high self-isolation of 25 dB in the desired band of 5G. Further, the 2-D radiation pattern of the MIMO antenna has pattern diversity characteristics with a high peak gain of 6 dB in the working band, which validates the proposed work for the 5G MIMO application. The diversity performance of the proposed MIMO antenna has been validated with measured envelope correlation coefficient of 0.0002, diversity gain of 10 and channel capacity loss is below 0.5 bits/sec/Hz across the entire frequency band. Furthermore, simulation studies have been demonstrated for different practical applications such as housing, automotive and on body for practical utility of proposed prototype.

Realization of a compact slotted triangular patch antenna for 5G applications in 28 GHz band

Abstract A compact slotted triangular patch antenna has been proposed in this work for 5G
applications, demonstrating efficient operation in the 28 GHz band. The design
offers high-frequency performance, making it well-suited for next-generation wire-
less communication systems. The antenna is designed to overcome the difficulties
of attaining resonance at higher frequencies without sacrificing compactness.
Additionally, the study presents a triangular patch antenna with a rectangular
slit on its upper layer, emphasizing the significance of introducing a curved slot
to ensure the antenna’s compactness within the patch. A comparative analysis
with previous research highlights the advantages of the design. The methodology
was validated using the high-frequency structural simulator Ansys HFSS student
version, demonstrating a reflection coefficient (S11) of -17.4 dB at 28 GHz, a
gain of 8.35 dB, and a VSWR of 1.28. These metrics outperform many existing
designs in the 28 GHz band. Moreover, the design combines simplicity in geome-
try with high electromagnetic efficiency, ensuring its suitability for real-world 5G
millimeter-wave applications.

Enhancing Bandwidth, Gain, and Efficiency of a Compact Cylindrical CDRA Antenna through Geometric Modifications at 28 GHz

This article presents the design and analysis of a compact Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna (CDRA) optimized for operation at 28 GHz, a key frequency for 5G and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. The antenna utilizes a compact dielectric resonator with an outer radius of 2 mm and a height of 1.156 mm, made from a material with a relative permittivity (????????) of 12.7. These dimensions and material characteristics ensure a compact size suitable for modern communication technologies and maintain good radiation and field confinement properties. At a feed height (ℎ) of 4.75 mm and width (????????) of 0.7 mm, the feeding structure properly couples to the resonator with a good bandwidth, moderate gain, and radiation efficiency. The proposed design, with the adequate bandwidth for 28 GHz mm-wave transmission, presents a good tradeoff in size versus performance that ensures interoperability with 5G networks. The ???????? values chosen have conserved enough bandwidth and thermal stability along with improved field confinement as well as downsizing of the proposed antenna. Simulation and analysis ensure the suitability of the antenna for high-performance, small-sized applications including satellite communications, IoT, and mobile devices. It has been demonstrated how CDRA designs can be utilized for next-generation wireless systems, which require broadband, small, and efficient antennas, using the CST program in this article. This finding holds significant practical ramifications, especially with the advancement of next-generation wireless communication technologies. For such stringent requirements from 5G and mm-wave technologies, the small Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna exhibited excellent performance in terms of gain, high bandwidth, and efficiency. Its high bandwidth allows it to offer stable connectivity and fast data transfer, thus allowing for seamless communication in applications that include satellite systems, mobile networks, and the Internet of Things. Its small size easily integrates it in phased array systems and portable devices, which keep up with an increasing demand to have more compact and effective antennas in areas such as space restrictions. The signal losses are much reduced by increased impedance matching as well as an improved radiation efficiency, and as a result, the system performs well overall. These results demonstrate the potential of this proposed design as critical to advancing modern wireless infrastructure through the creation of a practical, high-performance solution for demanding, high-bandwidth applications.

T-Shaped MIMO Antenna Design with Defected Ground Structure and Parasitic Elements for 5G Application

T-Shaped MIMO Antenna Design with Defected Ground Structure and Parasitic Elements for 5G Application

A Sub-6GHz Two-Port Crescent MIMO Array Antenna for 5G Applications

A Sub-6GHz Two-Port Crescent MIMO Array Antenna for 5G Applications

Development of 3.5GHz enhanced graphene patch antenna for 5G applications

This paper explores the development of a circular patch antenna designed for 5G applications at 3.5 GHz. Enhanced graphene polylactic acid filaments were utilized to create 3D printed substrates with improved electrical and mechanical properties. Rapid prototyping techniques, specifically 3D printing and automated xurography, were employed to craft the antenna's conductive structures. The integration of nanomaterials into the substrate not only improved the antenna's performance but also addressed challenges related to dielectric constants, potentially eliminating the need for multiple board types. The prototype demonstrated a notable -47.9 dB return loss (S11) and a bandwidth of 3.63 GHz. This study highlights the potential of combining nanotechnology with rapid prototyping in antenna design, offering a cost-effective solution for small-scale laboratories. The proposed methodology supports green technology initiatives, the Environment, Social and Global (ESGs) values and ensures safety in nanomaterial handling, paving the way for advancements in nanoelectronics.

A Novel Dual-Band Four Port MIMO Antenna Design for 28/38 GHz Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications

This paper introduces a novel dual-band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna specifically crafted for 5G millimeter-wave communication systems. The antenna is designed to operate within the frequency spectrum of 26 to 31 GHz and 34.5 to 40 GHz. Notably, at 28 GHz, the antenna attains an impressive gain of 10.6 dBi, coupled with an efficiency exceeding 70%. Meanwhile, at 38 GHz, the gain remains substantial at 6.65 dBi, with an efficiency of 50%. Simulation results indicate an average isolation of approximately -30 dB between antenna elements. The diversity gain is nearly 10 dB, and the error-correcting code measures less than 1 × 10-6, highlighting superior performance compared to prior antenna designs. These robust dual-band MIMO antenna performance metrics make it a highly promising solution for millimeter-wave 5G applications.

Sub-6GHz and circularly polarized mm-wave DNG-CMM tri-patch MIMO radiator for 5G applications

ABSTRACT In present days, wideband circularly polarised antennas are best candidates for 5G to meet the challenges of effective utility of spectrum, large data rates, strong channel capacity, communication with low latency and enormous connectivity of device. Mobile users have to choose the devices that ran at sub-6 GHz or mm-wave, though, as the maximum users aim to employ distinct frequency bands for their 5G services, it is crucial to use both. For the 5G necessities, a 35.8 × 6.8 × 0.254 mm3 under-6 GHz and circular polarised mm-wave double negative complementary metamaterial (DNG-CMM) three patched MIMO antenna was structured and also explored the various 5G bands in below 6 GHz and mm-waves in several nations. The frequency ranges that the recommended MIMO radiator is covering 14.66–41.49 GHz and 5.24–6.01 GHz. Below 3 dB axial ratio (circular polarisation) was noted at 24.64–36.52 GHz and 38.25 GHz. The gain 3.07–4.2 dBi and 3.85–22.89 dBi were attained at lower and higher operating bands, respectively. This MIMO radiator underwent testing and fabrication. There was considerable accuracy in the similarity between the simulated and measured findings. The findings showed that the EM wave emitting structure that was provided may cover the 5G NR n-46 band under 6 GHz as well as the 5G NR n-257, n-258, n-260 and n-261 bands in the mm-wave frequencies with notable radiation features. Therefore, it is a good fit for 5G (mm-wave and sub-6 GHz) applications.

Polarization-insensitive silicon intensity modulator with a maximum speed of 224 Gb/s

Polarization-insensitive optical modulators allow an external laser to be remotely interconnected by single-mode optical fibers while avoiding polarization controllers, which would be convenient and cost-effective for co-packaged optics, 5G, and future 6G applications. In this article, a polarization-insensitive silicon intensity modulator is proposed and experimentally demonstrated based on two-dimensional centrally symmetric gratings, featuring a low polarization-dependent loss of 0.15 dB in minimum and polarization insensitivity of eye diagrams. The device exhibits a low fiber-to-fiber insertion loss of 9 dB and an electro-optic (EO) bandwidth of 49.8 GHz. A modulation speed of up to 224 Gb/s is also demonstrated.

Design and development of hexagonal-shaped copper and liquid metamaterial-loaded superstrate patch antenna for 5G, WLAN, tracking and detection applications

Design and development of hexagonal-shaped copper and liquid metamaterial-loaded superstrate patch antenna for 5G, WLAN, tracking and detection applications

Adaptive Dual-band Antenna for 5G and ITS Applications with Monopole-to-broadside Radiation Characteristics

Adaptive Dual-band Antenna for 5G and ITS Applications with Monopole-to-broadside Radiation Characteristics