5G Antenna Research Articles

Statement of Removal: Knowledge-based heuristic optimisation technique for mm-wave 5G antenna

ABSTRACT This work presents a knowledge-based decision-making robust antenna design (KDRAD) method that employs a heuristic-optimisation technique for antenna design. The method is used to create and scale a single-element antenna to operate at multiple frequencies within the 5 G range. In this study, a low-profile planar four-element microstrip antenna of 14.8 mm × 14.8 mm × 0.508 mm gives simulated and measured impedance bandwidths of about 1.18 GHz (26.43–27.61 GHz) and 1.08 GHz (26.42–27.50 GHz), respectively, with a centre frequency of 27 GHz. The mm-wave planar four-port antenna has a maximum gain of 7.2 dBi; isolation of 33.2 dB; and multiple antenna matrices with minimal ECC (0.000000109), high diversity gain (10 dB) and channel capacity loss of 0.00110 bits/s/Hz.

Compact and simple antenna inspection testing range for 5G smartphones

Abstract Over-the-air antenna performance evaluation in the millimeter-wave band often relies on compact antenna test range systems, which require large reflectors and a substantial measurement range volume. Such setups are impractical for rapid testing in space-constrained environments such as antenna fault diagnosis in smartphone manufacturing facilities. This paper presents a novel design methodology for highly compact antenna inspection testing range utilizing offset parabolic reflectors specifically designed for 5G smartphones. The proposed design system employs three small offset parabolic reflectors configured to account for beam tilting caused by smartphone back covers, eliminating the need to physically reposition the smartphone during testing. By directing electromagnetic fields toward a fixed receiver antenna from multiple angles corresponding to different antenna module positions, the system streamlines the test procedure, significantly reducing measurement time and measurement range volume. The proposed antenna inspection testing range provides a cost-effective and efficient solution for 5G antenna fault diagnosis in manufacturing facilities, ensuring rapid and reliable inspection while minimizing space requirements on the production line.

A novel artificial intelligence‐based antenna designing model for optimizing 5G mobile communication

AbstractAntenna designing involves the creation of devices to transmit or receive electromagnetic signals for various applications. It encompasses optimizing parameters such as size, shape, and frequency response to achieve desired performance characteristics, including signal strength, bandwidth, and efficiency, across diverse communication systems and frequencies. In this research, we intend to establish a novel artificial intelligence (AI)‐based antenna designing model for optimizing 5th generation (5G) mobile communication. We proposed Multi‐Objective Zebra Optimization (MOZO) to enhance 5G antenna design, aiming to minimize return loss () and maximize gain (G) concurrently. MOZO efficiently explores design space, offering Pareto‐optimal solutions that balance objectives. This approach ensures optimal antenna performance across the desired frequency range, advancing 5G communication efficiency. Our model enhances the functionality of a small, rectangular patch antenna designed for the 5G band, specifically operating at 30 GHz. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis between the performance of our optimized rectangular 5G antenna and several recently employed 5G‐millimeter wave (mmWave) antennas. This comparison sheds light on the efficacy and competitiveness of our optimized design within the 5G‐mmWave antenna landscape.

Bending Effects on Polyvinyl Alcohol Thin Film for Flexible Wearable Antenna Substrate

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) has been used in various applications, including the medical health industry and electronics. It is a synthetic polymer with advantages such as being transparent, flexible, biocompatible, biodegradable, and a simpler synthesis process. These advantages make PVA a very promising material for human wearable antennae. In this research, the bending effect of an antenna using a PVA substrate is studied to analyze its durability in the wearable application. Firstly, the thin film substrate synthesis is performed using PVA 2488 with the measured average dielectric constant and tangent loss of 1.24 and 0.066, respectively, across S-Band frequency. Later, a 5G antenna is designed and fabricated using the PVA substrate. Finally, the bending effects of the fabricated antenna are measured at different bending radii. Four different antenna-bending radii are selected to represent different curvatures of human body parts. Results show that bending does not have a significant effect on the reflection coefficient of the antenna, where the frequency shifts from 2.2% up to 7.4% only for all bending conditions. Hence, in that aspect of finding, the PVA thin film is a potential candidate for flexible and wearable antenna material in various human body parts in biomedical applications.

Liquid crystal-based reconfigurable antenna for 5G millimeter-wave

This paper proposed a frequency reconfigurable antenna that utilizes a multilayer structure of liquid crystal (LC) material. This antenna design incorporates a three-layer stacked structure to create an LC-injected cavity. The inverted microstrip line structure is designed to be in contact with the LC, serving as both a radiating element and a bias electrode. A parasitic patch is placed at the top of the antenna to enhance bandwidth. To prevent interference with DC and RF sources, a bias tee is integrated into the microstrip line input. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna exhibits excellent impedance matching and stable radiation patterns within the operational frequency range. By comparing the simulated performance of the existing LC antenna with our proposed design, the bandwidth is tripled at a center frequency of 30.3 GHz. In addition, the effective area of the proposed reconfigurable antenna (154 mm2) is 24.6% of the area of the previous reconfigurable antenna (625 mm2).

Dual band notched superwideband MIMO antenna for 5G and 6G applications

In this article, a compact super wideband multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with dual band elimination feature is presented. The antenna element comprises of modified square shaped radiating element and coplanar waveguide (CPW) with asymmetric ground planes. A dual-port MIMO configuration is proposed for spatial diversity. It has compact size of dimensions 18 × 37.5 × 1.6 mm3. It has frequency band of impedance matching (VSWR < 2) from 3.9– > 150 GHz (%BW > 189.86 %). The radiator and feedline are loadedwith modified M- and U-shaped slots to achieve a band notch at 5.5 GHz (WLAN) and 7.5 GHz (X-band satellite communication), respectively. A modified staircase shaped structure is used between the two ports to achieve an intraport isolation of > 20 dB at maximum frequencies. The MIMO antenna has envelope correlation coefficient based on scattering parameters < 0.005, envelope correlation coefficient based on farfield parameters < 0.08, peak gain of 8.63dBi, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) < -3dB, multiplexing efficiency > -4.0 dB, channel capacity loss (CCL) < 0.4bits/sec/Hz to signify its suitability for MIMO applications. The measured and the simulated outcomes are found to be close to each other. The proposed antenna element and MIMO antenna structure will be suitable for Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, and 6G due to their superwideband (SWB) bandwidth, desirable radiation properties and diversity performance.

Slot-loaded Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G and WLAN/WiMAX Wireless Applications

Objectives: This study introduces a dual-band rectangular microstrip patch antenna with a slot-loaded, specifically designed for 5G and WLAN/WiMAX applications. Method: The antenna is mounted on a substrate material of Rogers AD255C material having εr of 2.55 and a thickness of 1.56 mm. Three slots are etched on the conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna. A 50-ohm microstrip line powers the antenna. The antenna that has been suggested is created and simulated using CST Studio Suite 2020. Findings: Based on numerical simulation, the proposed antenna functions at 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz, suitable for 5G and WLAN/WiMAX wireless technologies. The antenna offers measured return loss (S11) of -22.10 dB and -22.9 dB and a Gain of 4.43 dBi and 4.62 dBi at 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The radiation patterns are linear and broadside. Novelty: This article aims to create a smaller planer dual-band antenna that integrates WLAN/WiMAX and 5G communication standards into a single device. Keywords: Dual-band, 5G, WLAN, WiMAX, Microstrip patch antenna

Broadband Low-Profile Multifunction Dual-Polarized Dipole Antenna and Array for 5G and WiFi Application

Broadband Low-Profile Multifunction Dual-Polarized Dipole Antenna and Array for 5G and WiFi Application

A Multi-Frequency Low-Coupling MIMO Antenna Based on Metasurface

In this paper, a multi-frequency MIMO antenna for 5G and Wi-Fi 6E is presented. The antenna uses a cosine-shape monopole and split-ring resonator (SRR) structure for tri-band radiation, and frequency band expansion is achieved through SRR, folded split-ring resonators (FSRR) and Archimedean spiral metasurfaces for decoupling, with which a combination of surface wave and space wave decoupling is achieved. The Archimedean spiral metasurface unit can achieve space wave decoupling in the tri-band. By adopting the method of combining space wave decoupling and surface wave decoupling, the miniature antenna is achieved. The measured results closely align with the simulated results. Specifically, maintaining a reflection coefficient of −10 dB, the measured results indicate an increase in isolation of 3.5 dB, 36.47 dB, and 6.42 dB for the frequency bands of 3.45–3.55 GHz, 5.7–5.9 GHz, and 6.75–7 GHz, respectively. Additionally, the MIMO antenna demonstrates an average efficiency of approximately 89%, with an average envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.0025. Furthermore, the antenna’s peak gain increases by 4.3 dB at 3.5 GHz, 3.8 dB at 5.8 GHz, and 1.9 dB at 6.9 GHz upon integrating the metasurface. The proposed method and structure are anticipated to contribute significantly to decoupling in multi-frequency MIMO antennas.

Safety Evaluation of 5G Antenna Mounted on Power Transmission Towers Using a New Mounting Device Under Environmental Loads

Safety Evaluation of 5G Antenna Mounted on Power Transmission Towers Using a New Mounting Device Under Environmental Loads

Circumferential slots based decoupled wideband MIMO antenna for 5G and sub-6 GHz applications

This paper investigates a small size 2 × 2 wideband multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna covering frequency band of 2.61 to 5.52 GHz. The antenna structure consists of elliptical ring patch with multiple circumferential slots. The edge-to-edge separation between the patches are kept 3.6 mm with volumetric dimensions of 30 × 46 × 1.6 mm3. The narrow slits are etched in the tapered ground plane to obtain the wideband characteristics. The electromagnetic coupling is improved more than 16 dB by employing the neutralization technique. The measured average gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna are above 2.61dBi and 83.54%, respectively across the operating band. In addition to that, the important MIMO diversity parameters are investigated. The group delay and signal analysis in different orientations are also studied to ensure the quality performance of the antenna. The proposed MIMO antenna is simulated using CST microwave studio and further validated with the measurements. In addition to that, the parallel and orthogonal configuration of 4 × 4 MIMO antennas are analyzed by extending the proposed 2 × 2 MIMO design. The 4-port MIMO antennas exhibit the operating frequency bands varying from 2.80 to 5.58 GHz and 3.4 to 5.52 GHz, respectively for parallel and orthogonal MIMO configurations. The diversity parameters of 4-port MIMO antennas are calculated and compared with the measured results to verify its practical applications. Finaly, the SAR analysis of the antenna is presented at 3.08 and 5.20 GHz for 1/10 g tissues and are found 0.111/0.106 and 0.079/0.063 W K−1g−1, respectively. The proposed MIMO antenna designs are suitable for modern high-speed communication for 5G and sub-6 GHz frequency bands.

A high isolation wideband palm tree-shaped printed 4 × 4 MIMO antenna for 5G mm-waves applications

A high-isolation wideband MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) antenna, shaped like a palm tree, is designed for 5G wireless communication purposes. The propounded MIMO antenna is formulated on an FR4 substrate, featuring a quartet of ports and adhering to a precise dimension of 45 × 50 × 0.8 mm3. A detailed analysis of the proposed high isolation wideband palm tree shaped MIMO antenna, considering its bandwidth, gain, isolation, radiation patterns, and diversity performance metrics such as diversity gain, channel capacity loss, mean effective gain, and total active reflection coefficient, is presented. The results obtained from simulations and measurements demonstrate good agreement, indicating the antenna’s effectiveness for intended applications. Indeed, an extensive bandwidth covering a range of 11.6 GHz from 23.4 GHz to 35 GHz is achieved by demonstrating superb reflection coefficient. Additionally, the design reports remarkable isolation and a peak gain of 12.4 dB, indicating its ability to enhance signal strength. One of the most notable features of this MIMO antenna is its coverage of multiple 5G bands, making it ideal for use in various geographical regions, including the USA and Canada (27.5–28.35 GHz, 37.0–37.6 GHz, and 37.6–40.0 GHz), China (24.75–27.5 GHz), Korea (28–39 GHz), Japan (27–29.5 GHz) and Sweden (26 GHz).

L-shaped reconfigurable band decoupling assisted dual band four port MIMO antenna for 5G and IoT application

Reconfigurable MIMO antennas adapt dynamically to changing communication needs and environmental conditions by changing their emission patterns, polarization, and frequency characteristics. By adjusting the antenna configuration, reconfigurable MIMO systems can prevent interference and improve spectral efficiency, resulting in increased data rates and optimal utilization of available frequency ranges. Furthermore, the antenna parameters are optimized to obtain better results and help to enhance the overall efficiency of the model. In this study, an L-shaped reconfigurable band decoupling assisted dual band four port MIMO antenna is designed. The antenna reconfigurability has been obtained from a band stop filter with a pin diode in the proposed design, with four PIN diodes in each individual antenna for improved isolation. The mutual coupling between the antenna elements has been reduced by inserting a DGS to the antenna elements. The presented reconfigurable four-port L-shaped MIMO antenna is applied over 5G and IoT applications. The overall dimensions of the antenna is 40×40×0.508mm3, which resonates over a dual frequency range between 2.344 GHz for 5G applications and 1.433 GHz for IoT applications. Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate with a thickness of 0.508 mm, a dielectric constant of 2.2, a relative permeability of 1, and loss tangents of 0.009 in the proposed design and coplanar waveguide feed line are employed, and an I-shaped stub is used to increase isolation. Defected ground structure (DGS) is used in this work to minimize the antenna mutual coupling issue.

A dual‐wideband 5G antenna with dual polarization in the sub‐6 GHz band and 2 × 2 MIMO function in the 28‐GHz band

AbstractA novel aperture‐shared dual‐wideband 5G antenna with dual polarization in the sub‐6 GHz band and multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) function in the 28‐GHz band is presented in this work. A dual‐polarized megnetoelectric dipole (ME‐dipole) with wide bandwidth is introduced in the sub‐6 GHz band. Based on the partial structure reuse method, four 2 × 2 substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity‐backed patch arrays are integrated into the electric dipole structure of the ME‐dipole to construct a 28‐GHz 2 × 2 MIMO system. Two high‐order SIW cavity modes that cooperate with patch modes are used to enhance bandwidth in the 28‐GHz band. For demonstration, a prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and measured. The simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results, showing wide bandwidths of 39.6% and 10.85% in the sub‐6 GHz and the 28‐GHz bands, respectively. In addition, excellent measured in‐band and cross‐band isolations of over 44.4 dB and 45.2 dB are obtained, respectively.

Design and analysis antennas of transverse polarization on the dielectric waveguide

This paper addresses the issue of constructing millimeter band antennas using dielectric waveguide structures. A new type of linear antenna, incorporating metal pins on the side walls of the grooved dielectric waveguide, is proposed for generating polarization perpendicular to the waveguide axis. However, these antennas suffer from the drawback of cross-polarized radiation in directions close to the waveguide axis. To overcome this limitation, a modified antenna design with transverse polarization is introduced, featuring a closed groove waveguide with a longitudinal slot at the top of the wall. The paper provides a comparison between two types of dielectric waveguide antennas: first, waveguide antenna with grooves in the dielectric which results in longitudinal polarization, and second, waveguide antenna with quarter-wavelength pins which results in transverse polarization. Electrodynamic modeling data are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed antennas for satellite, 5G antenna, and radar applications. Finally, an antenna of quarter-wavelength pins is proposed with a frequency of 39 GHz, a gain of 19.8 dBi, and a width of the radiation pattern of 3.2∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }$$\\end{document}, and a sidelobe level (SLL) of -13.3 dB has been achieved.

Enhancing 5G Antenna Manufacturing Efficiency and Reliability through Blockchain and Smart Contract Integration: A Comprehensive AHP Analysis

This study pioneers the enhancement of 5G antenna manufacturing efficiency and reliability by integrating blockchain and smart contract technologies, supported by an in-depth Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. At the heart of our innovation lies the blockchain-based SER-M (B-SER-M) model, which delineates ‘Subject’, ‘Environment’, and ‘Resources’ as crucial factors in the manufacturing process. Our refined AHP analysis reveals ‘Subject’ as the paramount factor, with a pivotal influence weight of 0.465, underscoring its significance in elevating production efficiency and reliability. The integration of blockchain technology facilitates impeccable record-keeping and tracking at each production stage, thereby bolstering data integrity and enhancing traceability. Furthermore, the incorporation of smart contracts streamlines operations by automating processes, enabling the rapid identification and resolution of issues. These technological advancements not only significantly elevate manufacturing efficiency but also markedly improve reliability and quality control across antenna production. The enhanced results of our study demonstrate the formidable potential of integrating cutting-edge technologies in manufacturing, presenting a solid model for sustaining industry competitiveness in an increasingly digital and interconnected realm. Our contributions lay the groundwork for transformative advancements in manufacturing practices, setting a new benchmark for the integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies in enhancing 5G antenna production efficiency and reliability.

The effects of 5G network on people and the environment: A machine learning approach to the comprehensive analysis

The progression of telecommunications, starting from the inception of 1G networks in 1979 to the advent of 5G technology in 2019, represents a significant journey of advancement for humanity. As we approach the era of 5G, characterized by heightened machine-to-machine connectivity and transformative applications in AI, IoT, and cloud computing, it becomes imperative to acknowledge and address concerns regarding its potential impacts on health and the environment. Utilizing machine learning algorithms, particularly implemented in Python for this research, provides a potent approach to analyzing intricate datasets concerning 5G signals and their potential correlations with healthcare outcomes. After carefully cleaning and preparing the data and conducting linear regression analysis, uncovered evidence backing the notion that 5G antennas emit greater levels of radiation compared to 4G antennas emerged - a fact often concealed by corporations. Despite relying on a restricted dataset, the results emphasize the necessity for more accurate data to improve model precision. Ongoing research endeavors are vital to alleviate public anxieties regarding 5G technology, thereby fostering trust and bolstering awareness on a wider front.

Design and diversity performance analysis of C shape engraved miniaturised, and high gain Quad-Port MIMO antenna for 5 G and P2P communication

The 4-Port multiband operated MIMO antenna operating at 4 GHz, 6 GHz and 9 GHz is proposed to target the 5 G and P2P communication applications. The electrical size of the 4-Port antenna structure is 0.8λ × 0.48λ. The unique shape of a single radiating patch element is identified by engraving a circular shape patch element and modifying the shape of the feedline. The optimisation in terms of return loss was achieved based on the defected ground structure and changing radius of different elements of the patch structure. The 2-Port and 4-Port MIMO antenna structures are designed using the FR4 substrate and their return loss is compared and examined. The proposed design provides a minimum return loss of −22 dB, peak bandwidth of 2.25 GHz, peak gain of 4.67 dB, and normalised directivity of 187°. Different MIMO diversity parameters are analysed. The proposed design provides an envelope correlation coefficient of 0.01, Diversity gain near 10 dB, mean effective gain of almost zero, channel capacity loss of almost zero and Mean effective gain within the acceptable range. The overall Performance of the Proposed Design is compared with other 4-Port design structures and it represents healthy gain, multiple band response and proper diversity parameters making it suitable for the 5 G and P2P communication applications.

A review of beamforming microstrip patch antenna array for future 5G/6G networks

With the increase in demand for high data rates and high bandwidth because of multiple users all over the globe, the technology has moved toward the next-generation of wireless communication. This rapid advancement of wireless communication technologies has led to the emergence of 5G networks, which promise significantly higher data rates, lower latency, and enhanced connectivity. Researchers believe that five essential techniques can enable 5G. Beamforming is one of those essentials, as it plays a vital role in achieving reliable and high-capacity communication. This review article portrays a comprehensive analysis of the 5G beamformer Microstrip Patch Antenna array techniques for communication systems. The paper comprises of a deep overview of the fundamental concepts and principles of beamforming, including analog, hybrid, and digital beamforming techniques. It explores the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and discusses their suitability for 5G applications. An in-depth examination of various beamforming techniques employed in 5G, encompassing traditional beamforming, massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output beamforming, hybrid beamforming, and adaptive beamforming. The discussion encompasses the strengths, weaknesses, and performance trade-offs of each technique, along with their applicability in diverse deployment scenarios and applications. The review of multiple couplers that are used for the feeding of the antenna is discussed with included hybrid coupler, Wilkinson power divider, branch line coupler, and butler matrix in beamformer smart antenna for 5G/6G communications. Numerous beamforming techniques are compared based on their merits, demerits, and applications. Moreover, the dielectric substrate utilized to design the beamformer was also reviewed. The findings presented in this paper serve as a valuable resource for the researcher, scholars, and engineers working in the field of 5G wireless communications and antenna designing, facilitating the development and deployment of efficient and robust beamforming solutions for future 5G networks.

A metasurface-inspired printed monopole antenna for 5G and RF energy harvesting application

In this paper, a wideband circularly polarized (CP) Y-shaped printed monopole antenna with the twin parasitic conducting strips (PCS) loaded with a circular-shaped metasurface (MS) layer is investigated. Initially, a linearly polarized (LP) Y-shaped monopole antenna is designed. Thereby, to attain a CP from LP, a metallic strip is used to short one of the parasitic conducting strips to the ground plane. Further, a circular-shaped MS of a radius of 1.25λ∘, is placed just below the radiator at a height of 0.33λ∘, which enhances the impedance and axial bandwidths, as well as the CP antenna gain, with a motive to achieve the performance trade-offs from an application perspective. So, it is fabricated on FR-4 substrate with a dimension of 1.33λ∘×0.9λ∘×0.02λ∘ (λ∘ = 5 GHz) & offers the measured impedance bandwidth of 2.58 GHz (3.27–5.85 GHz, 48.45%), axial bandwidth of 860 MHz (4.24–5.1 GHz, 19.67%), CP gain avg. of > 8.75 dBic, & antenna efficiency of > 80% in the desired frequency band (3.5/5 GHz). In addition to the fundamental analysis pursued here, CP is presented in the form of a distinctive gain-bandwidth product relationship, which has been noted as being very rare in the existing literature, especially for 5G communications (sub-6 GHz) and RF energy harvesting applications.