4E Model Research Articles

Sustainable Memory Ecology, Entangled Environments, and Multimateriality in a Post-Digital Age: A Case Study of MemoryBytes

Abstract This article examines the interdisciplinary and epistemological possibilities in memory studies amidst the complex systems of sustainable memory ecology, entangled environments, and multimateriality prevalent in our post-digital age. This study situates the ontology and experience of memory through post-digital and posthumanist frameworks whereby the human/non-human and embedded/extended emerge as environmental entanglements that are part of everyday experiential and ecological realities which are often already augmented in quality. Likewise, we unpack the idea of materiality in the contemporary world and posit that a theory of multimateriality – asymmetric compounds of constructs, components, and affects – illustrates the modality of post-digital memory networks. Subsequently, the article attempts to offer a conceptual framework that draws on cognitive theory’s 4E model of cognition – embedded, embodied, extended, enactive – and a memory-ecology which is emergent as well as connective in quality. The key themes of this study are as follows: How can the concept of sustainable memory ecology correspond to interdisciplinary interpretative possibilities of preservation and reconstruction in a post-digital world? How can memory studies connect with cognitive theory to offer an original collaborative and epistemic apparatus using embodied, embedded, extended, and enactive engagements with environment and materiality in post-digital conditions? How do such collaborations anticipate the future of memory through a new order of post-digital memory ecology? Through its theoretical and conceptual convergences, and with a case study of the 2022 Augmented-Reality (ar) App and phygital exhibition MemoryBytes, our article offers an original framework for memory studies’ interdisciplinary engagements with the changing notions of ecology, sustainability, and materiality in today’s post-digital world.

Potential rural tourism resources of the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan

The development of agro-tourism in the Mangistau region is taking place in the economic and socio-cultural areas, becoming important in preservation of natural and cultural heritage. Purpose – the authors consider the current state and prospects of rural tourism in the region. Methods – the information base of the study is statistical data from the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, information from domestic periodicals and international literature sources. Results – analysis of the available tourism resources in rural areas of the region based on the 4E model of Joseph Pine and James Gilmore was carried out, a comparison of the demographic situation in the countryside and in the city, seasonality of tourism activities was determined, the resources of tourism industry were analyzed, and best foreign practices were shown. Shortcomings of objects of tourist agribusiness were revealed in the region. The authors point out that this type of tourist services is still underdeveloped due to numerous problems that hinder their spread, among which are the backwardness of social and engineering infrastructure of rural areas, poor quality of the road network and transport links. All this reduces the attractiveness, does not contribute to the preservation of the ecology of rural areas, makes it difficult to arrange and create the necessary conditions for accommodation of tourists. Conclusions – agro-tourism helps to strengthen the economy of rural settlements, creates additional jobs, reduces the outflow of villagers to cities, increases their cultural and intellectual level, stimulates production of environmentally friendly food, income generation due to the development of local trade. Expanding the scope of its distribution requires a systematic approach, taking into account the specifics of the region.

Improvisation Pedagogy: An Epistemological Perspective of the 4‘E’ Model within Digital Musical Instruments

Recent years have witnessed the appearance of many new digital musical instruments (DMIs) and other interfaces for musical expression (NIME). This paper highlights a well-established music educational background theory that we believe may help DMI developers and users better understand DMIs in the context of music cognition and education. From an epistemological perspective, we present the paradigm of enactive music cognition related to improvisation in the context of the skills and needs of 21st century music learners. We hope this can lead to a deeper insertion of DMIs into music education, as well as to new DMIs to be ideated, prototyped and developed within these concepts and theories in mind. We specifically address the theory generally known as the 4E model of cognition (embodied, embedded, extended and enactive) within DMIs. The concept of autopoiesis is also described. Finally, we present some concrete cases of DMIs and NIMEs, and we describe how the experience of musical improvisation with them may be seen through the prism of such theories.

Engaging Students with Intellectual Disability in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Learning

Recent studies show that many of the current and future careers involve some form of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) integration. The new development of school STEM education provides opportunities for students to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes to face the challenges ahead. Involving students with different disabilities in STEM learning is of particular importance and usefulness because we should not deprive them of opportunities to engage in STEM fields in the future. However, how to expose students with intellectual disabilities (ID) to STEM learning have not been well explored. STEM learning can mean something different to each teacher, and how they integrate it into their classrooms may also differ. There are suggestions to use inquiry, engineering, and technology to support students with special needs. In the design of STEM learning for students who have ID, teachers from a special school constructed a 4E model of engaging, exploring, engineering, and explaining, which emphasizes inquiry and at the same time leverages technology and engineering to integrate learning content into a purposeful and informed way to improve student engagement in lessons. Lesson observations were conducted to study students’ cognitive, affective, and behavioral engagement in lessons. Results showed that students with mild ID in the classes responded and worked actively, while those with moderate ID asked for more assistance. Moreover, it was found that students were less involved in explaining. This research provides a practical model and evidence of student engagement in STEM learning.

Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental analysis of an organic Rankine cycle integrating with infectious medical waste incinerator

This work presents the analysis of energy, economic, environmental (3E), and exergy (4E) impacts for verifying a single implication value of renewable energy technology. An infectious medical waste incinerator combined with an organic Rankine cycle with R-245fa as working fluid is investigated the overall impacts. The experimental energy result are used to analyze an exergy efficiency of the quality level, a life cycle assessment (LCA) under the environmental effect, a levelized cost of the economic perspective, and a 4E decision score. The study results implied that the organic Rankine cycle-incinerator system could manage a refuse-derived fuel type 3 (RDF-3) of 184.42 kg/h from infectious medical waste to produce 23.65 kWe of power at an energy efficiency 0.91%, with at the same time, an exergy efficiency was approximately 0.89%. The LCA was characterized with the use of steel at a single score of approximately 0.00035Pt. The economic value was implied from a levelized energy cost of 0.153 USD/kWh under the 3E model, which was lower than that of a Feed-in Tariff (FiT) model for the solid-waste power plant in Thailand of 0.209 USD/kWh. A levelized exergy costing per life cycle assessment of 0.0000986 USD Pt/kWh2 was investigated under the 4E model.

A multigeneration system of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) for low-temperature geothermal system by using air cooling

A new definition of the energy, exergy, economic and environmental model (3,4E-Chaiyat models) was used to evaluate cascade air-cooled multigeneration from a single-stage organic Rankine cycle of 10 kWe, a single-stage absorption chiller of 15 kW, and a drying room of 20 kW, respectively. From the study results, a first-law efficiency of 17.23% was found to be higher than a second-law efficiency of 15.13%. According to a life cycle assessment (LCA), a single score of the energy model of approximately 0.0250Pt was lower than that of the exergy model of approximately 0.1223Pt. In the 3E model, a levelized energy cost per life cycle assessment (LEnCA) was approximately 0.0017 USD⋅Pt/kWh2 for an investment cost of 159,729 USD. At the same time, in the 4E model, a levelized exergy cost per life cycle assessment (LExCA) was approximately 0.0414 USD⋅Pt/kWh2, which was lower than that of the water-cooled multigeneration system (approximately 0.0442 USD⋅Pt/kWh2). Thus, the suitable cooling type for the cascade geothermal-multigeneration system used in San Kamphaeng, Thailand, is the air-cooled type.

Escapism or active involvement? A dimension of museum visitor experience

Visitor experience is a highly important concept in the tourism industry, which has to be taken into consideration by museums as well, to awaken the interest of their new target groups. The functions and audience of these institutions are becoming much wider than they were earlier. Among other external and internal factors, selected exhibition topics, services, applied interpretation methods and the installation design impact the opportunity of visitors to collect memorable experiences. The present article provides a detailed narrative literature review regarding museum visitor experience. The author presents the results of a systematic literature review on „escapism” as an experience dimension of Pine and Gilmore’s 4E model (1998). The author’s aim is to provide an overview of the new museology paradigm and the significant trends affecting visitors’ attitudes and finally to insert them into a refined experience model, focusing on its escapism dimension.

The 7E Model of the Human Mind: Articulating a Plastic Self for the Cognitive Science of Religion

AbstractThis article proposes a 7E model of the human mind, which was developed within the cognitive paradigm in religious studies and its primary expression, the Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR). This study draws on the philosophically most sophisticated currents in the cognitive sciences, which have come to define the human mind through a 4E model as embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended. Introducing Catherine Malabou’s concept of “plasticity,” the study not only confirms the insight of the 4E model of the self as a decentered system, but it also recommends two further traits of the self that have been overlooked in the cognitive sciences, namely the negativity of plasticity and the tension between giving and receiving form. Finally, the article matures these philosophical insights to develop a concrete model of the religious mind, equipping it with three further Es, namely emotional, evolved, and exoconscious.

Examining the 1st Cheongna International Wine Festival: An Experience Economy Approach

Festival guests are seeking uniquely authentic, experientially-oriented festivals and events with more meaningful opportunities to participate in activities. They simultaneously seek to satisfy desire for education, escaping, and entertainment in esthetically (4E model) desirable locations. The four previously mentioned dimensions or 4E’s form the basis of the “experience economy” theory and subsequent model, as proposed by Gilmore and Pine (1999). The 1st Cheongna International City Wine Festival (CIWF) in South Korea was examined through an interpretive approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the CIWF guests’ experience. Examining the data revealed multiple themes that influenced the overall festival experience where highest satisfaction was obtained from entertainment and wine-related activities. Findings include implications and recommendations for improving the CIWF’s event activities through the 4E realms for greater festival guest satisfaction and to ensure more prosperous future wine festivals.

The death of arts marketing: a paradigm shift from consumption to enrichment

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how researchers in the field of arts marketing are gradually abandoning the traditional marketing concept in order to respond to established and emerging modes of audience engagement.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a comprehensive content analysis of the past three decades of journal articles related to arts marketing.FindingsThe results of the content analysis highlight that a paradigm shift in arts marketing has occurred over the past two decades, from an overriding focus on neoliberal processes of consumption towards a relational, humanistic approach, which aims to enrich audiences and interrogate the wider value and impact of their arts experiences.Research limitations/implicationsThe logical conclusion to be derived from this paradigmatic shift is that “arts marketing” is increasingly becoming an outmoded misnomer, which suggests the need for a fundamental reassessment of the traditional arts marketing concept.Practical implicationsIn order to develop meaningful relationships with audiences, arts and cultural organisations should prioritise the long-term relational approaches offered by audience engagement over short-term tactical activities such as segmentation and promotion.Originality/valueThe paper advocates a radical reconceptualization of the field that would replace the transactional 4P model with a relational 4E model, derived from an adoption of theories, processes and practices related to the elements of experience, exchange, environment and engagement.

Yapılandırmacı Yaklaşım Öğrenme Halkası Modellerinin Öğrenilen Bilgilerin Kalıcılığına Etkisi: Meta Analiz Çalışması

Araştırmada, eğitim-öğretim sürecinde yapılandırmacı yaklaşım öğrenme halkası modeli kullanımının öğrenilen bilgilerin kalıcılığına etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan ulusal araştırmaların meta analiz çalışması yapılmıştır. 2007–2016 yılları arasında yapılmış araştırma problemine uygun, meta analiz çalışmasına dahil edilebilecek istatistiksel verilere sahip doktora ve yüksek lisans tezleri Türkçe ve İngilizce anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Tarama sonucunda, öğrenme halkası modelleri kullanımının öğrenilen bilgilerin kalıcılığına etkisine ilişkin toplam 35 lisansüstü tez meta analize dahil edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda eğitim-öğretim sürecinde öğrenme halkası modelleri kullanımının öğrenilen bilgilerin kalıcılığına etkisinin pozitif yönde olduğu tespit edilmiş ve etki büyüklüğü değeri, rastgele etkiler modeline göre 0.963 ile 1.649 güven aralığında 1.306 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu değer, Thalheimer ve Cook (2002) tarafından belirtilen etki büyüklüğü sınıflandırmasına göre çok geniş düzeyde bir etki büyüklüğüdür. Araştırmada elde edilen 35 etki büyüklüğü değerinin 33’ü pozitif, 2’i negatif’dir. Araştırmada öğrenme halkası modellerine, araştırmanın tez türüne, araştırmanın yapıldığı disiplin alanına ve araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin öğrenim düzeylerine göre moderatör analizler yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, en yüksek etki büyüklüğü değerinin 4E Modelinde, doktora çalışmalarında, Biyoloji dersi alanında ve lise öğrencilerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

ENERGY SECURITY OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY BASED ON A SYSTEMS APPROACH

Urgency of the research. Forming the energy policy of the national economy on the basis of the energy security concept will ensure making balanced management decisions concerning the future energy development of the country. Target setting. Both in the world and Ukrainian practices, the most common approach to forming a model of energy security is based mainly on sources of energy supply. However, such approach does not reflect the aggregation of the complexity of the relationship in energy systems. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Problems of studying national energy security are highlighted in works of such scientists as J. Jewell and A. Cherp, A. Kachynskyi, B. Kruyt, A. Mikhalevych, B. Sovakul, A. Shevtsov, A. Smenkovskyi, as well as of different international organizations. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The concept of energy security requires further consideration in the context of a systems approach and its operationalization at the methodological level. The research objective is the conceptualization of energy security on the basis of a systems approach and its operationalization using the 4E model. The statement of basic materials. The article studies the features of functioning of energy systems and proposes a system concept of energy security. The authors suggest considering the subsystems of energy supply, energy conversion and energy consumption as its components, the assessment of energy security of which at the methodological level is performed using the corresponding system indicators: energy dependency, energy efficiency and energy conservation. The stable existence of an energy system is ensured by such a component of energy security as energy self-sufficiency. In the work, the approbation of the proposed methodological approach to the assessment of energy security in Ukraine has been carried out. Conclusions. Energy security should be considered as a system category, and its concept based on a systems approach. The operationalization of energy security is based on its assessment by means of the methodological approach using the 4E model: energy conservation, energy efficiency, and energy dependency, as well as energy self-sufficiency.

The Effect of Learning Cycle Models on Achievement of Students: A Meta-Analysis Study

<p style="text-align: justify;">In the study, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of the use of the learning cycle model on the achievements of the students. Doctorate and master theses, made between 2007 and 2016, were searched using the keywords in Turkish and English. As a result of the screening, a total of 123 dissertations, which used learning cycle models to increase the achievement of students, were included in the analysis. As a result of this study, it is confirmed that the effect of learning cycle models on students’ achievement is positive and the determined effect size was found out as 1.164 (% 95 CI, SE = .071) according to random effects model.. In the study, moderator analysis was made according to the learning cycle models, type of the dissertations, disciplines, and education levels of students. The analyses showed that among the learning cycle models, the highest effect size was determined in the 4E Model (2.659), among the dissertations the highest effect size was in master thesis (ES = 1.231), among the disciplines the highest effect size was in the other lessons (ES = 1.637) and among the educational levels the highest effect size was in the high school students (ES = 1.237).</p>

The Dimensions of Tour Experience, Emotional Arousal, and Post-experience Behaviors: A Research on Pamukkale in Turkey

As the emotions settling in the center of the consumptions, the level of the emotional arousal directly affects the human behaviors. As tourists choose the destinations according to the emotions formed by pre-experience and the post-experience, the understanding the formation of the emotional arousal in tourism sector has been a mediator to understand the post-experience behaviors. In this context, the purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions of tour experiences and to investigate the relationship between the tour experience dimensions, emotional arousal, and post-experience behaviors. To examine the relationship between the parameters, a questionnaire based on four dimensions of the 4E model (Escapism, Education, Entertainment and Esthetics) of Pine and Gilmore (1998) were conducted on tourists who visited Pamukkale popular with the white terraces and Hierapolis ancient city in Turkey. The data was analyzed with Structural Equitation Model (SEM). Results of this study indicate that tour experiences can be represented in terms of 4E dimensions demonstrating adequate reliability and validity. As the tour experience was disclosed in 4E model dimensions, only escapism, entertainment and esthetics have positive effects on emotional arousal. And also it was determined that the tourists’ emotional arousal affect the post-experience behavior positively as being a fundamental determinants of satisfaction and post experience intentions.

Tourism development and revitalisation of San-Fang Qi-Xiang historic district, Fuzhou, China: a perspective of tourist experience

Tourism development and the revitalisation of Chinese historic districts are currently confronted with two key problems, namely a similarity of development models and resultant products. This paper applies the 6E model of tourist experience, which is based initially on the 4E model of Pine and Gilmore, is derived from an intensive survey of tourist motivations in historic districts and include aestheticism, education, entertainment, escape, exchange and emotion, to create fresh images and revitalise historic districts from cultural, social and economic aspects.

Connections between the constructivist-based models for teaching science and music

In the area of education, there are a number of models of teaching based on constructivism reported in the literature. Three-stage model, 4E model, 5E model and 7E model are only four of the application types of constructivism into classrooms. ‘Orff approach’ and its learning stages is also very common model used in education especially in music classrooms. In this article it is aimed to present some of the constructivist-based teaching models used in science education and ‘Orff’ learning stages in detail and make connections among them to provide sources for teachers to help students learning in a constructivist way.

A Workshop in Physician-Patient Communication for Anesthesiology Trainees

Although abundant literature demonstrates the importance of effective physician-patient communication, most research and teaching models in this area are based on a primary care setting, and may not apply to procedural specialties. Some research demonstrates that patients perceive their surgeons' and anesthesiologists' communication skills to be less effective than those of primary care specialists. In order to improve the effectiveness of anesthesiology trainee communication skills and simultaneously address the new ACGME general competency requirements pertaining to such skills, faculty from the Departments of Anesthesiology and Internal Medicine collaborated in the development of a workshop tailored to the needs of this group. After reviewing the literature on physician-patient communication in primary care and in procedural specialties, we created and delivered a workshop. The literature review revealed that although the essential communication skills are the same in primary care and procedural specialties, the anesthesia-patient interaction is unique because it is inherently brief, its function is to prepare for a procedure, not to diagnose and treat, and patient anxiety is generally high due to the imminent surgical procedure. We created a workshop by adapting the Bayer Institute for Health Communication's 4E Model to the anesthesia setting. This teaching model was chosen because it is based on literature that reflects both primary care and procedural settings, because it has been widely and successfully used in brief workshops to physicians, and because it achieves the overall goals of the course. They were 1) to teach the skills related to the essential elements for physician-patient communication and the functions of the pre-operative anesthesiologist-patient interaction and 2) to partially fulfill the ACGME general competency objectives. In addition to teaching the basic skills of the 4Es (Engage, Empathize, Educate and Enlist), specific examples, video cases, and role plays from the anesthesia setting were used to illustrate common problems in physician-patient communication. Non-primary care specialties may need to tailor current physician-patient communication models to their setting in order to train residents in interpersonal and communication skills. Our proposal for a physician-patient communication workshop for anesthesiology trainees illustrates one way in which an existing teaching model can be adapted to meet the specific needs of a procedural specialty.

Closure models for turbulent reacting flows

AbstractIn this paper, a simple procedure based on fast and slow reaction asymptotics has been employed to derive first‐order closure models for the nonlinear reaction terms in turbulent mass balances from mechanistic models of turbulent mixing and reaction. The coalescence‐redispersion (CRD) model, the interaction by exchange with the mean (IEM) model, the three‐environment (3E) model, and the four‐environment (4E) model have been used to develop closure equations. The closure models have been tested extensively against experimental data for both single and multiple reactions. The closures based on slow asymptotics for the CRD, 3E and 4E models provide very good predictions of all of the experimental data, while other models available either in the literature or derived here are not adequate. The simple new closure equations developed in this paper may be useful in modeling systems involving turbulent mixing and complex chemical reactions.