4D Models Research Articles

Development of ICARE-Based Physics Teaching Materials to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Ability

Research on the development of ICARE-based teaching materials aims to: 1) analyze the results of the content validity of ICARE-based physics teaching materials which meet valid criteria, 2) analyze practitioners' assessments of ICARE-based physics teaching materials, 3) analyze the effectiveness of ICARE-based teaching materials. The test subjects of this research were 28 students of class XI Science at Sma Muhammadiyah 1 Unismuh. Research method with 4D models. The instruments used in this research were validation sheets, practitioner assessment questionnaires, and test instruments for students' critical thinking abilities. Practicality criteria are seen from practitioners' assessments of teaching materials, and effectiveness criteria are seen from the average percentage of students' critical thinking ability improvement scores. Based on the results of the analysis, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) ICARE-based teaching materials which were developed based on expert assessment using Aiken's V index analysis were declared valid and suitable for use with slight revisions; (2) ICARE-based physics teaching materials in terms of teacher responses were in the category Very good; (3) the effectiveness of ICARE-based physics teaching materials analyzed using N-gain obtained an average value of 0.50, which is included in the medium category, meaning there is an increase in students' critical thinking abilities so it can be said that the ICARE-based physics teaching materials developed are effective and can improve abilities. students' critical thinking.

A Digital 4D Information System on the World Scale: Research Challenges, Approaches, and Preliminary Results

Numerous digital media repositories have been set up during recent decades, each containing plenty of data about historic cityscapes. In contrast, digital 3D reconstructions of no longer extant cityscapes have so far almost solely been performed for specific cases and via manual modelling techniques. Within the Jena4D research group, we are investigating and developing methods and technologies for transferring historical media and their contextual information into 4D models. The next step will be to automate this process and extend it to the world scale. Our team are working on different facets of that endeavor: retrieving images, text, and object data from public sources; crowdsourcing and collecting qualitative data from contests and pupil labs; processing historical plans and photographs to extract spatial data; location-based mobile visualization; and collection-browsing interfaces. This article is intended to highlight (1) current challenges, (2) the state of the art, (3) our approach to 4D modelling and visualization on the world scale, and (4) results from testing demo cases in Dresden, Jena, and Amsterdam.

Feasibility Analysis of Subject Specific Pedagogy Physics Learning Module Based on Project Based Learning Integrated with Merdeka Curriculum on Alternative Energy Material

This study aims to analyse the feasibility of Subject Specific Pedagogy Physics tools based on Project Based Learning (PjBL) integrated with Merdeka Curriculum on alternative energy material for grade X high school students. This research uses the Research and Development (RnD) method with the 5D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate, and Evaluate) which is limited to the devalope stage. The Define stage includes needs analysis and identification of competencies that must be achieved by students. The Design stage includes designing learning module in the form of modules and student worksheets. The Develop stage includes the development and validation of learning modules by experts in the aspects of material, learning, language and limited testing. The results showed that the PjBL-based Physics Subject Specific Pedagogy device integrated with the Merdeka Curriculum on alternative energy material for grade X high school students had high feasibility based on expert review in terms of material, learning, and language aspects. In addition, students also gave positive responses to the developed learning module. Therefore, the learning module is suitable for use in the Physics learning process in high school.

Providing Economic Security of Enterprises Through Sindinic as Science of Danger

Against a background of opportunities opened to business in times of innovation economy we can observe growing risks connected with specific features of information flows, technologies of transaction handling and new approaches in management. Due to these factors the author studies a model depicting parameters and characteristics of processes providing economic security of enterprises and possibilities of its application in practice. The article substantiates the assumption about expediency of using sindinic principles in managing the enterprise with regard to the current requirements to the level of economic security. The author puts forward the approach to using 5D model of sindinic in management of industrial enterprises, as well as innovation systems as a solution aimed at developing and retaining its competitive features in active interaction with external environment.

Development of Comics Based on the Local Wisdom North Sumatra Culture in the Mathematics Subject Geometry Material in Elementary School

This research addresses the inadequacy of existing teaching materials in elementary school mathematics, particularly in Medan, Indonesia, by proposing the development of a Comic-Based Local Wisdom of North Sumatra Media for Geometry Learning in Grade 5. Current materials lack a focus on local wisdom and fail to align with the diverse cultural context. The research utilizes a modified 5D model, involving (1) Define, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Effectiveness Testing, and (5) Dissemination. The study emphasizes the importance of incorporating local traditions and cultural elements into teaching materials to enhance students' interest and understanding. The comic-based media integrates geometry concepts with North Sumatran culture, offering an alternative and engaging learning tool. The validation process involves content experts, media experts, and learning experts, all of whom declare the developed media highly suitable for instructional use. The locally-based wisdom comic media proves effective in making the learning process more engaging and facilitating students' comprehension, contributing to the improvement of mathematics education in elementary schools.

Development of Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Learning Tools With Sets Vision (Science, Environment, Technology, Society) Geography Subject in SMA Negeri Palu

This research aims to develop teaching resources for disaster mitigation and adaptation that are integrated into geography subject with a focus on Science, Environment, Technology, and Society (SETS). Up until stage three define, design, and develop research and development processes are conducted using 4D models. Small-group product trials were conducted as an experimental class. The trial findings suggest that the designed learning gadget is valid, practical, and effective. Expert-validated items have a respectable qualification of 80% for their continued existence. Teachers rated the learning device's practicality at 89.93%, whereas students gave it a rating of 77.97% for SETS learning and 75.50% for courses on disaster mitigation and adaptation. With a score of 0.40, the effectiveness test findings were deemed effective in the medium category. Therefore, the prepared syllabus, lesson plans, modules, and assessments that are the result of learning tools for geography subjects in class XI social studies for Disaster Mitigation material with a SETS vision are appropriate for use as learning tools.

Applying of 4D modeling at preparation and construction stages

The term digital transformation of the construction industry refers to the process of introducing and using new digital technologies, methods and tools to foster efficiency, productivity, and innovation in the construction industry. The digital transformation process implies the use of various digital solutions to optimize design, planning, construction, and management. The use of building information modeling (BIM) allows for better coordination between construction project stakeholders, streamlined design process and a minimum amount of 4D clashes. When applied in construction, 4D modeling enables the integration of a three-dimensional (3D) model into a time dimension (4D) for scheduling, managing, visualizing and coordinating projects at all stages of their life cycle, from preparation to operation.

The cost management of civil and agro-industrial construction project in the scope of information model

The necessary conditions for the existence of an effective cost management system of investment and construction projects are established in the article. Stated aim of the study is to develop methodological provisions of the cost engineering using information modeling technologies. The methodological blocks for parameterization, goal-setting and algorithmization of the information model of an investment and construction project are developed by the author. A list of aggregative cost parameters and an aggregative cost function of an investment and construction project, which is based on aggregative cost parameters, are presented. The processes of budgeting, control and managerial decision-making were considered by the author as functional blocks. The tasks of project budgeting in the scope of an information model, the comprehensive budget model of an investment and construction project and its system parameterization are presented in the article. The main provisions of project cost control and a list of basic cost indicators for control purposes are considered. The requirements of information modeling compatibility with the current subject activity and other software are determined. The author has developed the main provisions of project change management in the scope of information model and recommendations for rational making management decision. An algorithm for a decision-making regarding the realization of an investment and construction project is presented. The prospects of adaptive management of investment and construction projects particularly cost is determined and the vector model of the project behavior under the management action is developed. The main customer requirements to the information model of the investment and construction project are presented. The advantages of using the 5D model in the cost management system for the implementation of an investment and construction project are revealed.

Cotton morphological traits tracking through spatiotemporal registration of terrestrial laser scanning time-series data.

Understanding the complex interactions between genotype-environment dynamics is fundamental for optimizing crop improvement. However, traditional phenotyping methods limit assessments to the end of the growing season, restricting continuous crop monitoring. To address this limitation, we developed a methodology for spatiotemporal registration of time-series 3D point cloud data, enabling field phenotyping over time for accurate crop growth tracking. Leveraging multi-scan terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), we captured high-resolution 3D LiDAR data in a cotton breeding field across various stages of the growing season to generate four-dimensional (4D) crop models, seamlessly integrating spatial and temporal dimensions. Our registration procedure involved an initial pairwise terrain-based matching for rough alignment, followed by a bird's-eye view adjustment for fine registration. Point clouds collected throughout nine sessions across the growing season were successfully registered both spatially and temporally, with average registration errors of approximately 3cm. We used the generated 4D models to monitor canopy height (CH) and volume (CV) for eleven cotton genotypes over two months. The consistent height reference established via our spatiotemporal registration process enabled precise estimations of CH (R 2=0.95, RMSE = 7.6cm). Additionally, we analyzed the relationship between CV and the interception of photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR f ), finding that it followed a curve with exponential saturation, consistent with theoretical models, with a standard error of regression (SER) of 11%. In addition, we compared mathematical models from the Richards family of sigmoid curves for crop growth modeling, finding that the logistic model effectively captured CH and CV evolution, aiding in identifying significant genotype differences. Our novel TLS-based digital phenotyping methodology enhances precision and efficiency in field phenotyping over time, advancing plant phenomics and empowering efficient decision-making for crop improvement efforts.

Development of English for Mathematics E-Module based on Flipbook Maker

This research discusses the development of an English for mathematics e-module based on flipbook maker at Palopo State Islamic Institute. The purpose of this research is to produce an English for mathematics e-module product based on flipbook maker on basic mathematics material. This type of research is research and development (R&D) and applying 4D models (Define, Design, Develop, and Dessiminate). The results show that the final prototype of this development is an English for Mathematics e-module based on a flipbook maker in the form of an android application containing 14 materials accompanied by evaluation questions that can be used in the learning process at the Palopo State Islamic Institute. The feasibility of developing this E-Module is reviewed from the results of expert validation with a percentage of 87% of the category being very valid while in terms of practicality with a percentage of 89% of the category being very practical.

Digital twins for managing bridge climate change adaptation.

Bridges are vital construction infrastructures that almost every nation needs in order to function. Climate change is a significant issue, that especially affects the construction industry. It is very important that bridges are able to withstand the impacts of climate change and adaptation measures will be required to achieve this. The digital twin will be developed using BIM to manage the climate change adaptation measures for the bridges. A 6D BIM model will be created that includes the 3D Revit model of a bridge featuring climate change measures, the climate change adaptation measures timeline schedule, climate change adaptation cost estimation, and carbon emission estimation, which will be produced using Revit software, Navisworks, and Granta EduPack. The results will show how 6D BIM can be used to support the adaptation of bridges to the effects of climate change. The findings underscore the efficacy of 6D BIM in enhancing bridge resilience against climate change impacts. The 3D model demonstrates integration of adaptation measures without compromising bridge functionality. Moreover, the 4D model's timeline scheduling facilitates hazard anticipation, project planning, communication enhancement, collaborative efforts, and project visualization. Cost estimations from the 5D model reveal varying costs among adaptation measures, while the 6D model highlights differences in carbon footprints. These BIM dimensions enable stakeholders to analyse effects on project costs and energy consumption, aiding sustainability and cost-efficiency considerations. The study exhibits the literature review analysis, the risk assessment, research on climate change adaptation strategies, and implementation using Revit 2022, Navisworks 2022, and Granta EduPack software. By contributing to the adaptation of bridges to climate change effects, the research has provided valuable insights and practical implications for enhancing bridge resilience globally.

Growth, cycles, and residential investment

The empirical literature on models of cyclical growth and distribution has not investigated the differential roles of residential vs. nonresidential investment. These flows are similar in that they are largely undertaken by profit-seeking corporations, but differ greatly in that residential (nonresidential) investment is a leading (lagging) indicator of the business cycle. We estimate two Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) models of the cyclical components of US post-WWII time series with restrictions motivated by neo-Goodwinian theory. The 4D model includes utilization rate, accumulation rate, employment rate and labor share. The 5D model disaggregates investment into residential and nonresidential flows. Results (i) support profit-led demand and profit- squeeze distribution, and (ii) confirm that residential investment leads the cycle, whereas nonresidential investment lags it.

H4MER: Human 4D Modeling by Learning Neural Compositional Representation with Transformer.

Despite the impressive results achieved by deep learning based 3D reconstruction, the techniques of directly learning to model 4D human captures with detailed geometry have been less studied. This work presents a novel neural compositional representation for Human 4D Modeling with transformER (H4MER). Specifically, our H4MER is a compact and compositional representation for dynamic human by exploiting the human body prior from the widely used SMPL parametric model. Thus, H4MER can represent a dynamic 3D human over a temporal span with the codes of shape, initial pose, motion and auxiliaries. A simple yet effective linear motion model is proposed to provide a rough and regularized motion estimation, followed by per-frame compensation for pose and geometry details with the residual encoded in the auxiliary codes. We present a novel Transformer-based feature extractor and conditional GRU decoder to facilitate learning and improve the representation capability. Extensive experiments demonstrate our method is not only effective in recovering dynamic human with accurate motion and detailed geometry, but also amenable to various 4D human related tasks, including monocular video fitting, motion retargeting, 4D completion, and future prediction. The video demos are in the project homepage: https://boyanjiang.github.io/H4MER/.

Development of e-LKM for Elementary School Mathematics Learning as an Open-Ended Problem-Based Teaching Material using MiKIR Approach

Active learning demands teaching materials that engage and motivate pupils. E-LKM is an active learning material because of this. This study develops e-LKM mathematics learning courses based on open-ended problems assisted by the LIMIT application using the MiKIR approach and describes the trial results. This e-LKM is developed using 4D models: define, design, create, and distribute. The study included University of Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA primary school teacher candidates. Students of UIN STS Jambi madrasah ibtidaiyah professors will test the product. Validation and practical instruments are utilised. The defined step produces the e-LKM's mathematical learning needs, including student indicators and targets. After the design stage, the mathematics learning e-LKM has a title, group name column, directions for use, lecture objectives and achievements, questions, answer columns, conclusions, and reflections. After development, the validation instrument for e-LKM was 77.33% material, 80.00% language, and 76.92% media, putting it in the correct category. Practicality instruments scored 83.76%, indicating e-LKM is practical. The distribution step will yield student and instructor opinions on e-LKM's practicality. This study suggests lecturers use LIMIT to create e-LKM and use it in learning. Research can also create an open-ended problem-based MiKIR e-LKM for additional materials.

Development of Interactive Multimedia based on Case Method Assisted by Articulate Storyline 3 in General Physics

Based on a survey of students in the PSPF D 2022 class, educators have 100% used smartphones, but some still use them to access things unrelated to learning. The general Physics course allocates three credits with two material credits and one practicum credit. The material can be conveyed thoroughly to students using learning media on Android smartphones, so learning media will be developed based on the Android smartphone operating system, namely Android-based interactive multimedia-based case method assisted by articulate storyline 3 in General Physics. This interactive multimedia will include several media consisting of RPS, material explaining everyday life, images, graphics, example problems, questions, learning videos, and student worksheets. This study aims to develop interactive multimedia that is feasible, practical, and effective and also to determine student responses. The research was conducted at the Physics Department of State University of Medan. This type of research uses the 4D models. The results of study show the percentage of assessment scores for interactive multimedia from material experts is 97% and media experts is 79.2%, the results of a practicality questionnaire 80%, and student responses according to the category 3.58 very effective, 3.61 very practical, 3.43 very safe, 3.38 very satisfied.

Development of Acid-Base Multimedia (ABM) in Chemistry Learning to Empower Students' Scientific Literacy

This research is motivated by the importance of the process of empowering scientific literacy in constructing students' understanding of learning chemistry. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of developing Acid Base Multimedia (ABM) in chemistry learning to empower students' scientific literacy. This research uses research and development methods. It is used 4D models, with definition, design, develop, and deploy stages. The study involved participants consisting of teachers and students in class XI MIPA at SMA Santo Paulus Pontianak. Development of Acid-Base Multimedia design through expert appraisal from media, design, and material experts obtained a score of 4.86; 4.72; 4.51; with a very valid category. The stages of development testing, obtained an average response rate of 4.71, 4.54, and 4.24, respectively, with a very good category. The N-gain score is 0.6028, which means that the interpretation of the level of influence of increasing test results from learning to use Acid Base Multimedia is moderate. Testing the effectiveness of Acid-Base Multimedia with effect size obtained a value of 2.2 in the strong effect category. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that Acid Base Multimedia can empower scientific literacy effectively in constructing students' understanding of acid-base material

Development of Interactive E-Books Oriented Towards Science Literacy Skills on Immune System Material

This research aims to get interactive e-book learning media oriented to science literacy skills on immune system material. The e-book learning criteria produced in this study have been valid, practical, and effective. This type of research is development research that uses 4D models (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). This study used 6 instruments, namely: interview instruments, validation instruments, student response instruments, learning implementation assessment instruments, student activity assessment instruments, and learning outcome assessment instruments (pre-test and post-test). The results found that the validity test based on the assessment results of validators of material experts, media experts, question experts and teachers obtained x ̅ scores of 98%, 97%, 93.33%  and 91.33% (very good) respectively. The practicality test for the results of learning implementation in this study was the first meeting and the second meeting got a score of x ̅ 97%, the results of student activities in the first and second meetings got a score of x ̅  respectively 87%, and 90%, and the results of student responses in this study got a  score x ̅ is 86% (all of those results belong to the "very practical" category). The effectiveness test based on the results of N-Gain analysis in this study received a value of 0.80 (effective). The author concludes  that the interactive e-book developed is valid, practical, and effectively used in the Biology learning process at SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo

Development of Islamic and ethnic educational videos using Android-based inspiring suite software

Modifications of education and learning must be made because of the industrial revolution that continues to advance and develop so a teacher needs to prepare himself with science and teaching skills in the 21st century without losing the principles and character of traditional Islamic education. Likewise, with the use of media in learning, teachers are required to be able to innovate by utilizing existing technology so that students can get knowledge, expertise, or behavior from the results of the learning carried out. This research was conducted to develop educational videos using iSpring suite software that can be used in the face-to-face learning process, online learning, or independent learning, as well as to see its validity and practicality. The type of research used is research and development by applying 4D models (define, design, develop, and disseminate). The results showed that the educational videos that have been developed are needed by teachers and students and are declared very valid and very practical so that learning is more varied, interesting, and efficient and can be used independently or in groups anytime and anywhere without using the internet because it is in the form of an APK. For face-to-face learning, the learning media that has been designed is published in HTML while for self-study it into video form so that it can be opened on each student's Android.

Mapping Leachate Pathways in Aging Mining Tailings Pond Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Mining activities often leave behind a legacy of environmental challenges, with aging tailings ponds representing a significant concern due to their potential for leachate formation and subsequent contaminant release. Thus, this study employs Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to investigate the intricate pathways of leachate within an aging mining tailings pond, addressing the pressing environmental and human health concerns associated with potential contaminant release. Ten 2D ERT profiles were acquired at the El Mochito mine waste site, covering an area of approximately half a square kilometer. These profiles, ranging in length from 104 to 363 m, provided insights into subsurface conditions down to a maximum depth of 60 m. The subsurface mapping of the ERT data showed three different geoelectric layers. The uppermost layer, with a thickness of approximately 2.5 m and resistivity values ranging from 60 to 100 Ohm.m, was identified as a dry tailing/soil zone. Beneath it, the second layer exhibited moderately resistive values (30–60 Ohm.m) with varying thicknesses of 10–20 m, signifying a percolation/leaching zone (semi-saturated zone). The third layer, characterized by substantially low resistivity (1–30 Ohm.m), indicated saturation and the presence of conductive materials, strongly suggesting active leaching. Based on these findings, this study recommends further investigation through geochemical analysis of subsurface samples and more advanced geophysical imaging techniques to validate the distribution of anomalous zones and delineate remediation pathways. This study lays the foundation for future comprehensive research that will integrate geophysical surveys with geochemical analysis and establish 4D modeling techniques to monitor pollutant penetration over time, with a particular focus on mine waste tailings mapping. Plus, this study contributes valuable insights into the characterization of leachate pathways within mining tailings ponds, offering a foundation for informed environmental management and remediation strategies.

Pengembangan Elektornik Modul Dengan Menggunakan Kvisoft Flip Book Maker Padam Kelas XI SMA Negeri 9 Luwu Utara

The aim of this research is to prove the validity and practicality of the electronics modules that use KviSoft Flip Book Maker. The study was conducted at the 9th Luwu North State High School with a 4D model: (1) Phase Definition, (2) Design Phase, (3) Phase Development, and (4) Phase Distribution.After the development of electronic modules using 4D models, the next step is validity and practicality. Specifically, (1) the results of the validation of the electronic product module from the material expert show 100% presentation and belong to a very valid category; (2) the verification results from the media expert show 68% and are belonging to a good or valid Category; and (3) the validity results from a linguist show 82% and come from the category ve (4) In the electronic practicality test of the elevation module, the student's answers are based on calculations of the IF formula using Microsoft Excel. For example, the material aspect receives 3,06 with a good or valid category, the media aspect receivers 3,05 with a well or valid Category, the language aspect receiving 4, 58 with a very good or very valid Category; the illustration aspect receves 2,52 with a valid Category or Aspect, and the instruction unit receives 2,52 of a valid category or Aspects. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the electronic learning module of the Islamic educational material uses valid social media and can be used as a learning medium in practice.