4D Models Research Articles

Developing a 4-D Dynamic Model for GammaTile Dose Distribution

GammaTile consists of Cesium-131 seeds imbedded in square 2cm tiles for intracranial resectable neoplasms. Currently, intra- and inter-tile source motion as the resection cavity evolves is not well characterized. We hypothesize that source motion is influenced by the overall tile motion which can be elucidated by 4D models of seed motion. Our patient underwent 23 fractions of EBRT after GammaTile for glioblastoma as a combined modality approach. Individual sources were identified and assigned to tiles on the post-operative, daily cone beam, and post-radiotherapy CT scans. All imaging was registered to the day 1 post-op/implant CT to utilize the same 3D space for tracking source movement. A programming environment was used to model source distances and generate dose clouds based on the seed position to create a 4D isodose volume. These dose clouds were compared to those calculated from the day 1 post-implant static isodose volume. The statistical analysis was performed using JMP®. We compared the 4D vs. static isodose volumes. The DICE score for each isodose volume was evaluated (for 30, 60, and 90 Gy the DICE scores were 0.95, 0.94, and 0.92 respectively). We found a steady decline in DICE score as the isodose line increased: DICE = -0.00065*Dose (Gy) + 0.976. Looking at the distance moved, tiles moved a mean of 5.8 mm (1.3-9.6) and appeared to remain adherent to the resection cavity wall in the first 81 days. Looking at the relative motion of the seeds within a tile, we see the tile retains a planar shape during the first 81 days and seeds move a mean of 2.2 mm (1.8-2.5) towards the center of the tile, which was a 50% contraction of the tile area. Table 1 details changes in the mean distance of source from tile center and volume occupied by all sources over time. This modeling of the tile movement/contraction is the first reported proof of concept in an approach relating tile motion with respect to sources and cavity over time. Tiles moved a mean of 5.8 mm and shrunk in the first 81 days. Discerning both how surgical cavity healing impacts seed/tile migration and how deformation impacts the dose distribution of the radiation delivered may provide a more accurate estimate of dose received by normal structures and at-risk tumor bed.

Development of Science E-Module by Integrating Quantum Learning to Improve Students' Concept Understanding and Creative Thinking

Twenty-first-century education requires students to have creative thinking skills. The field found that the average student learning outcomes in science subjects and the value of students' creative thinking skills were still in the sufficient category. This research aims to develop an integrated Science e-module with a quantum learning model on additive, addictive, and blood circulation material. Analysis using research and development methods with 4D models. Science e-modules are assessed using validity sheets and practicality sheets. The validity sheet is given to three lecturers who are experts in their field. Practicality sheets were given to two teachers and students—data collection techniques using questionnaire techniques. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The results showed that the average validity value was 90.4, which was very good.Meanwhile, according to the teacher, the average value of practicality is 92.08 and is in the very good category. According to students, the average practicality is 80.69, which is in the good category. Thus, the integrated science e-module integrated with the quantum learning model is valid and practical.

4D modeling of precipitable water vapor to assess flood forecasting by using GPS signals

4D modeling of precipitable water vapor to assess flood forecasting by using GPS signals

Computer 3D and 4D Modelling in Bone Remodelling and Regeneration

Computer 3D and 4D Modelling in Bone Remodelling and Regeneration

4D printable maleated poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene) / Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) thermoplastic elastomer blends; effects of blend composition on shape memory and mechanical properties

Shape memory polymers are attracting attention in materials science with their responsive properties and their application areas are gradually developing. By adapting these materials to the additive manufacturing process, four-dimensional (4D) printing technology has been developed. In this study, novel thermo-responsive shape memory polymer blends were prepared for high temperature applications from commercially available polymers using maleated poly(styrene-b-ethylene/butylene-b-styrene) (SEBS-g-MA) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and their applicability in three-dimensional (3D) printing was explored. The presence of SEBS-g-MA led to an increase in the degree of crystallization and glass transition temperature of EVA, accompanied by a decrease in crystallization temperature. As the EVA content increased, the blend morphology transitioned from droplet to co-continuous structure. Higher EVA content resulted in an increase in Young's modulus, but a decrease in tensile strength. Nevertheless, these blends exhibited exceptional elongation at break, surpassing 1200%. The blend comprising 70 wt% SEBS-g-MA and 30 wt% EVA demonstrated a synergistic effect, yielding the highest values for elastic modulus, creep resistance, and storage modulus. Furthermore, the blend with 60 wt% SEBS-g-MA and 40 wt% EVA exhibited optimal shape memory performance, achieving a shape fixing ratio of 93.1% and a shape recovery ratio of 98.7%. The conducted analyses demonstrated that the shape recovery of the produced blends could be adjusted according to temperature, and the blends were able to consistently replicate the shape memory effect across multiple cycles. A filament was manufactured for a 3D printer from the blend of 60 wt% SEBS-g-MA and 40 wt% EVA. Using this filament, 4D models having complex geometries were successfully printed. The produced models were able to maintain their temporary shapes to a significant degree. When triggered by heat, these models rapidly returned to their original shapes within a very short period.

Development of Print Modules into Electronic Modules in Food Microbiology Courses

Food microbiology is one of the compulsory and important subjects as a basis for advanced courses such asFood Control, Food Preservation and Food Technology. Students experience difficulties in understanding learning material because there is no valid and practical media to use. To overcome this problem, media development was carried out in the form of E-modules for Food Microbiology Courses. The aim of this research is to develop E-module on Food Microbiology course in terms of material, format and presentation. This research uses the methodResearch and Development. E-module development using 4D models. Number of test validatorsvalidity 6 lecturers, consisting of 3 media test validator lecturers and 3 material test validator lecturersas well as 27 students majoring in Culinary Management. The average result of the assessment of material validation is 0.84 with the Valid category. Data were analyzed using the Aiken's V formula. The average result of the E-module validation assessment was 0.85 in the Valid category. The overall average result of the E-module validation on Food Microbiology Course is 0.84 with the Valid category. The average percentage of practicality by lecturers is 86.3% in the very practical category while the average practicality by students is 83.29% in the very practical category. Based on the results of all analyzes canconcluded E-module Food Microbiology Course is suitable for use in learning.

Development of E-Worksheet Based on STEAM-PjBL in Reaction Rate Material to Improve Creative Thinking Skills High School Student

The lack of creative thinking skills causes students to be less optimal in facing challenges in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve students' creative thinking skills through the learning process in the classroom. This study aims to develop and determine the quality of E-Worksheet loaded with STEAM-PjBL on reaction rate material to improve students' creative thinking skills. Research conducted using 4D models (Define, Design, Development, and Disseminate). The instrument used is in the form of product quality assessment sheets and student responses. The results of the E-Worksheet assessment based on the assessment of material experts, media experts, reviewers, and student responses received an ideal percentage of 93%, 97%, 90%, and 93% in the excellent category. Based on the assessment results, the developed E-Worksheet can be used as an alternative learning medium to improve students' creative thinking skills. Keywords: STEAM-PjBL, Development Worksheet, Creative Thinking

Interactive Powerpoint Media in Grade IV Elementary School

The teacher as a facilitator must be able to present interesting material and learning for students. There are still many teachers who have not used learning tools that can assist teachers in conveying learning to students which can cause the learning process to be less than optimal. The media that will be used will make students more active in the learning process. One example of learning media that can be used by teachers is multimedia using Powerpoint. This research aims to develop interactive PowerPoint media for thematic learning in grade IV elementary school. This study uses research and development (R&D) methods using the 4D models. Data collection in this study used a questionnaire to determine the validity test and practicality test of the media. The effectiveness test is done by testing. The expert's validation on the material, media, and language aspect scored in Very Valid category. The results of the practicality test by the teacher obtained score in Very Practical category, and results of practicality test by students obtained score \in Very Practical category. The results of effectiveness test on aspect knowledge with the pretest at elementary school obtain very good predicate. Assessment of skills aspects at elementary school found Very Good predicate. From the research can be concluded that interactive PowerPoint media in class IV of elementary school is practical and effective for use in class IV of elementary school.

Pengembangan ELKPD Berbasis Discovery Learning pada Materi Struktur dan Fungsi Jaringan Tumbuhan di Kelas XI Madrasah Aliyah

The research that has been done is entitled “Development of ELKPD Based on Discovery Learning on the material structure and function of plant tissue in class XI Madrasah Aliyah”. This study aims to develop teaching materials in the from of ELKPD Based on Discovery Learning on the material structure and function of plant tissue in class XI Madrasah Aliyah which are valid, practical and effective. This study used the R&D research method with a 4D models (define, design, develop, disseminate). The test subjects in this study were class XI students of MAS Al-Ittihad Aek Nabara. The results of the media expert validation test obtained a percentage of 92% in the very feasible category and the results of the material validation test obtained a percentage of 96% in the very feasible category. The results of the practicality test assessment of the teacher’s response obtained a percentage of 89% in the very feasible category and the results of the practicality test assessment of students obtained a percentage of 99% in the very feasible category. The results of the assessment of the effectiveness test obtained an average percentage of 0,68 in the medium category. Based on the results of testing the validity, practicality and effectiveness of the product, it can be concluded that, ELKPD based on discovery learning on the material structure and function of plants tissue in class XI madrasah aliyah which is developed is feasible to be used as additional teaching material for students in the process of learning biology.

The Development of HOTS (Higher-Order Thinking Skills) Assessment Instrument Based on Numeration Literacy in Mathematics for Junior High School

This research aims to develop a HOTS (Higher-Order Thinking Skills) assessment instrument based on numeracy literacy. This research employed a research and development method with 4D models. Feasibility analysis, discriminating index, item difficulty level, and product practicality were used in data collection techniques. The results showed that the average value of the item validity was 85.1% which indicated that this product is suitable for use as an assessment instrument. The discriminating index test obtained a value of 0.11 in the weak category, and the item difficulty level test obtained a value of 60% in the moderate category. Furthermore, The product practicality test on 30 students yielded an average score of 67.25%, which means that this product is practical. Thus, the instrument developed is feasible and practical as a stimulus to train higher-order thinking skills and increase cognitive knowledge in mathematics learning. Future research is expected to develop instruments in other mathematical materials.

Evolution of geology and groundwater-geothermal systems in the Okataina caldera groundwater catchment

The Okataina groundwater catchment (OGC), with the Okataina caldera complex and its large caldera structures and rhyolite domes, 11 lakes, numerous shallow, cold, groundwater systems and 15 geothermal fields, is a spectacular part of the Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) and an example of the many meteoric-dominated hydrothermal systems, ancient and modern, that bound the Pacific Ocean. This paper describes Quaternary OGC evolution in four phases with 4D models of geology and groundwater-geothermal systems.The early-TVZ Proto-KWG phase had development of the KWG graben, the Proto-Tarawera River and catchment, and ended with deposition of Whakamaru Group ignimbrites, sourced south of the OGC. Then, Matahina phase volcanism resulted in the Matahina caldera with Matahina Formation ignimbrite deposited over a wide area within, and beyond, the OGC. Groundwater flowed into Lake Matahina which was the location of multiple geothermal fields.Thirdly, the Penultimate phase produced the Rotoiti caldera, Lake Haroharo, and two OGC ignimbrites, i.e., Rotoiti Formation and Earthquake Flat Formation. Lake Haroharo recieved inflow from groundwater-geothermal systems. Lastly, the Infill phase resulted in today's major OGC landforms, e.g., the Mt. Tarawera and Haroharo domes, multiple lakes, their catchments, groundwater systems and geothermal fields.Deep drilling is recommended to address key science gaps, i.e., the locations and properties of subsurface caldera-lake sediments and the processes (chemical and physical) of fluid flow from deep geothermal reservoirs to surface hydrothermal areas.

Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD) Berbasis Profil Pelajar Pancasila dalam Mata Pelajaran Ekonomi di SMA N 1 Singaraja

This development research was carried out to develop Student Worksheets (LKPD) based on Profil Pelajar Pancasila in accordance with students needs in economics learning. The aimed of this study was to determine the design, validity, and feasibility of LKPD based on Profil Pelajar Pancasila in Economics at SMAN 1 Singaraja. Learning material experts, learning media experts, and class XII students as test subjects. 4D Models (define, design, develop, disseminate) as the development model used. Data were collected using questionnaires (validation sheets and student responses), observations and unstructured interviews. Data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis. The results obtained are products in the form of LKPD, including the results of: (a) design description with stages of define, design, develop, disseminate; (b) LKPD based on the Profil Pelajar Pancasila is declared feasible in accordance with the validity test results from material experts with a value of 95% and from media experts with a value of 97%; (c) LKPD based on the Pancasila Student Profile was declared feasible with a score of 89% from trials with small groups. Thus, LKPD based on the Profil Pelajar Pancasila is suitable for use in the learning process.

Related Literature Review 5D Model for Project and Operation/Maintenance Remote Monitoring of Equipment and Piping System

Related Literature Review 5D Model for Project and Operation/Maintenance Remote Monitoring of Equipment and Piping System

Modular flavour symmetry and orbifolds

We develop a bottom-up approach to flavour models which combine modular symmetry with orbifold constructions. We first consider a 6d orbifold \U0001d54b2/ℤN, with a single torus defined by one complex coordinate z and a single modulus field τ, playing the role of a flavon transforming under a finite modular symmetry. We then consider 10d orbifolds with three factorizable tori, each defined by one complex coordinate zi and involving the three moduli fields τ1, τ2, τ3 transforming under three finite modular groups. Assuming supersymmetry, consistent with the holomorphicity requirement, we consider all 10d orbifolds of the form (\U0001d54b2)3/(ℤN × ℤM), and list those which have fixed values of the moduli fields (up to an integer). The key advantage of such 10d orbifold models over 4d models is that the values of the moduli are not completely free but are constrained by geometry and symmetry. To illustrate the approach we discuss a 10d modular seesaw model with {S}_4^3 modular symmetry based on (\U0001d54b2)3/(ℤ4× ℤ2) where τ1 = i, τ2 = i + 2 are constrained by the orbifold, while τ3 = ω is determined by imposing a further remnant S4 flavour symmetry, leading to a highly predictive example in the class CSD(n) with n = 1 − sqrt{6} .

Regional ionospheric electron density modeling by assimilation of GPS-derived TEC into IRI-provided grids on May 8, 2016

Retrieved vertical total electron content (VTEC) via dual-frequency GPS measurements is a valuable observation for regional VTEC modeling of the ionosphere (3D), and also ionospheric electron density (IED) modeling (4D). In the case of 4D modeling, spatial and temporal changes in IED are imaged. 4D reconstruction of IED in different ionosphere layers is not possible only by retrieved VTECs. In all IED modeling methods, in addition to VTEC observations, a priori knowledge of how electron density is distributed in different layers is required, which is often taken from global empirical models. One of these methods is data assimilation, in which the information of a global model is considered as background and both observations and background are used optimally for IED modeling. Data assimilation has more prominent importance in regions where the observations are sparse. In this study, a grid-based data assimilation method is proposed for IED modeling. The optimum interpolation method (OI) is presented with a modification to find the optimal variance factor related to the background covariance matrix. The covariance matrix of the background during the data assimilation interval is estimated by an optimization process. The method is utilized for regional assimilative IED modeling over Iran with sparse VTEC data from a low number of permanent GPS stations on May 8, 2016 which is the most active ionospheric day in that year. International reference ionosphere (IRI) is considered as background, and although it has a significant bias in the study region, the proposed method resulted in an accurate regional IED model. The model is evaluated in two ways. First, by measuring RMS of the differences between parts of VTECs that are excluded from observations as test data and the obtained VTECs from the model. Second, by examining the accuracy of ionospheric delay estimation via single-frequency positioning at a control station in Tehran. Despite the use of sparse data on an active ionospheric day and poor background accuracy in the study region, the constructed regional assimilative model is accurate both in RMS with test data and ionospheric delay estimation.

Regional-Sectoral Imbalance of Regions: Assessment of Differentiation in Terms of Socio-Ecological and Economic Indicators Using a 3D Prism

Relevance. The problems of sustainable and balanced socio-ecological and economic development of the regions of Russia, especially under the influence of exogenous shocks, it is necessary to pay special attention to the issues of assessing the differentiation of regions, which is based on the triune concept of sustainable development. The development of a scientific and methodological apparatus for studying and modeling socio-ecological and economic relationships for assessing the sustainable development of regions today seems relevant. In the article, the author highlights the role of modeling, which allows using complex indices to assess the differentiation of regions.The purpose is to study and analyze the impact on the economy of exogenous shocks in the regional context, previously ‒ the COVID‒19 pandemic, and then ‒ the aggravation of geopolitical tensions.Objectives: to analyze indicative indicators reflecting the balanced development of socio-economic and environmental relationships, and to assess the impact of exogenous shocks on their change; to develop 3D and 4D models reflecting the situation of the subjects of the Russian Federation with a separate reflection of the environmental burden on the regions.Methodology. The methodological approach to the study of the situation of the regions of the Russian Federation using 3D and 4D modeling within the framework of the triune socio-ecological-economic concept using indicators included the use of economic-statistical and comparative analysis of the study of the dynamics of changes in indicators in the field of economic, social and environmental indicators in the context of the subjects of the Russian Federation; methods of classification, analysis and synthesis to identify differentiation of regions and the level of their imbalance.Results. The scientific novelty of the research results consists in the development of a scientific and methodological apparatus for studying and modeling socio-ecological and economic relationships to assess the sustainable development of the region under the influence of macroeconomic shocks.Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the situation of the regions in all three directions (economic, social and environmental) within the framework of the three-pronged concept of sustainable development, according to the three-sided prism, it can be stated that environmental issues in the regions are not given due attention and that priority is given to the short-term settlement of "emergency" situations.

Machine learning identifies multi-parametric functional PET/MR imaging cluster to predict radiation resistance in preclinical head and neck cancer models

PurposeTumor hypoxia and other microenvironmental factors are key determinants of treatment resistance. Hypoxia positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are established prognostic imaging modalities to identify radiation resistance in head-and-neck cancer (HNC). The aim of this preclinical study was to develop a multi-parametric imaging parameter specifically for focal radiotherapy (RT) dose escalation using HNC xenografts of different radiation sensitivities.MethodsA total of eight human HNC xenograft models were implanted into 68 immunodeficient mice. Combined PET/MRI using dynamic [18F]-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) hypoxia PET, diffusion-weighted (DW), and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was carried out before and after fractionated RT (10 × 2 Gy). Imaging data were analyzed on voxel-basis using principal component (PC) analysis for dynamic data and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for DW-MRI. A data- and hypothesis-driven machine learning model was trained to identify clusters of high-risk subvolumes (HRSs) from multi-dimensional (1-5D) pre-clinical imaging data before and after RT. The stratification potential of each 1D to 5D model with respect to radiation sensitivity was evaluated using Cohen’s d-score and compared to classical features such as mean/peak/maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmean/peak/max) and tumor-to-muscle-ratios (TMRpeak/max) as well as minimum/valley/maximum/mean ADC.ResultsComplete 5D imaging data were available for 42 animals. The final preclinical model for HRS identification at baseline yielding the highest stratification potential was defined in 3D imaging space based on ADC and two FMISO PCs (p<0.001). In 1D imaging space, only clusters of ADC revealed significant stratification potential (p=0.002). Among all classical features, only ADCvalley showed significant correlation to radiation resistance (p=0.006). After 2 weeks of RT, FMISO_c1 showed significant correlation to radiation resistance (p=0.04).ConclusionA quantitative imaging metric was described in a preclinical study indicating that radiation-resistant subvolumes in HNC may be detected by clusters of ADC and FMISO using combined PET/MRI which are potential targets for future functional image-guided RT dose-painting approaches and require clinical validation.

Exploring the Optimal 4D-SfM Photogrammetric Models at Plot Scale

Structure from Motion (4D-SfM) photogrammetry can capture the changes in surface processes with high spatial and temporal resolution, which is widely used to quantify the dynamic change process of the ground surface. However, the low accuracy and uncertainty of the reconstructed digital elevation models (DEM) with current 4D-SfM photogrammetry hinder its application due to the simple survey pattern with multiple cameras. Hence, this study aims to develop a single-camera-based 4D-SfM photogrammetry device and adopt the “lawn-mower’ survey pattern zigzagging over a 4 × 4 m bare slope to improve the accuracy and stability of reconstructed DEM. Four different image network geometries were generated based on the zigzag-based survey pattern. Two processing settings for Agisoft PhotoScan Pro were tested to reconstruct the 4D-SfM model. In total, we achieved eight different 4D models over a bare slope over a month-long period. The differences, stability and accuracy of eight models were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the different image network geometry and processing settings resulted in significant differences among the eight models of 4D data sequences. Among them, the image network geometry has the greatest influence on the accuracy of 4D data, and the different processing settings cause the least difference for the zigzag image network geometry with a large number of photos. The 49-ultra-high model could achieve submillimeter scale precision and its relative accuracy is superior to most of previous studies. The results of the above study show that the zigzag image network geometry can greatly improve the accuracy and stability of ground-based 4D-SfM photogrammetry.

STEM Based Ecosystem Module: An Effort to Improve Students’ Science Process Skill

Students' mastery of science process skills is still low, as illustrated in several studies caused by the use of inappropriate learning methods so that students do not understand the skills of applying science processes optimally. Therefore, educators need to use an approach that is able to train the mastery of science process skills. One approach that applies scientific work principles is the STEM approach. The integration of the STEM approach in learning can support mastery of science process skills. This study aims to develop the STEM-based modules on ecosystem material in order to improve students' science process skills. The development research (R&amp;D) method in this study uses 4D models. A module validity test is used to evaluate the developed module, which is measured using an instrument in the form of a validation questionnaire from media and material experts. Data analysis techniques use quantitative methods, namely calculating the percentage value of the Likert scale. The module is very valid, according to the testing of two expert validators, with sequential validity percentages of 97% and 98%. The results of the practicability test for educator and student responses are 81% and 93.71%, respectively, indicating that the module is very practical. The analysis of the effectiveness test of the module obtained an N-gain score of 0.76 with high criteria or it was said that science process skills increased. Thus, the developed STEM-based ecosystem module is valid, practical and effective, and makes it easy to understand ecosystem material, increases sensitivity to solving environmental problems and becomes an effort to improve students' science process skills.

Developing STAD Model in Virtual Class in English Tadris Islamic State Institute of Pontianak

Speaking in English is a scary thing for students. This is influenced by psychological effects, namely fear of making mistakes in pronunciation and grammar or using the right words. An unsupportive environment also causes students to be afraid to speak. It is therefore necessary to create a pleasant classroom atmosphere for the learning objectives to succeed. This research uses research and development methods adapted from the development of 4D models that consists of 4 stages, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate.The STAD type learning model used in this study was applied in a virtual classroom using an online learning system to bring the atmosphere of a real classroom into the virtual classroom. In virtual classrooms, students cannot meet face to face with other students so that it will reduce the interaction process and cause individualismThe development of a Cooperative Learning learning model type Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) can help lecturers in teaching English speaking pleasantly in virtual classes. The results of expert team tests and product trials show that the learning model is feasible to develop.