3D Imaging Research Articles

Advanced synthesis and forensic application of CoPr(x)Cr(2-x)O4 nanoparticles for latent fingerprint detection

The production, characterisation, and use of CoPr(x)Cr(2-x)O4 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) nanoparticles for improved latent fingerprint (LFP) detection are investigated in this study. CoCr2O4 containing different amounts of Praseodymium(Pr3+) were prepared by solution combustion process using 1:1 M ratio of oxidizer and fuel. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the structural characteristics of these nanoparticles, and the results showed that the crystallite sizes and lattice parameters varied while the spinel structure remained constant. The effective synthesis of the intended nanoparticles was indicated by the confirmation of CoCr2O4 presence in the spinel structure by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, or FTIR. In particular, the study showed how these nanoparticles can be used in forensic science to identify LFP on a variety of surfaces, including steel, paper, and OHP sheets. In daylight, the CoPr0.03Cr1.97O4 (CoPr-3)variation with x = 0.05 performed better, allowing for a clear viewing of Level I–III fingerprint features. 3D interactive plots and high-resolution images demonstrated that the nanoparticles stuck to fingerprint remnants, improving visibility and detail. The study also looked at how stable these nanoparticles were under UV irradiation and aging, and it discovered that CoPr-3 phosphor was remarkably resistant to UV degradation and retained its efficacy for 60 days. These results demonstrate the potential of CoPr(x)Cr(2-x)O4 nanoparticles as a reliable and effective material for forensic fingerprint analysis, providing notable enhancements in LFP detection sensitivity and resolution.

Short humeral stem in total shoulder arthroplasty does not jeopardize primary implant stability

BackgroundThe trend of the modern humeral components in total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is towards shorter and shorter humeral stems. However, the question remains whether short uncemented stems can provide the same implant stability as long stems. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the torsional primary stability, and the pull-out extraction force of both a long and a short version of the same stem. Materials and MethodsTen humeral components (five long-stem and five short-stem) were press-fitted into ten synthetic composite humeri. A torsional load was applied to generate the most critical loading condition. The specimens were loaded with 100 cycles between 2 Nm and 10 Nm, at 1 Hz. A 3D Digital Image Correlation system was used to measure the relative displacement between the prosthesis and the host bone during the test. After completing the torsional test, the pull-out force was measured. Differences between the long and short-stem on the biomechanical parameters (permanent migrations, inducible micromotion, and extraction force) were tested with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). ResultsThe main rotational inducible micromotion was around the craniocaudal axis. No significant differences were found between the rotational permanent migrations of the long- and short-stem around the craniocaudal (p=0.421), anteroposterior (p=0.841), and mediolateral axes (p=0.452). No significant differences were found between the rotational inducible micromotions of the long- and short-stem around the craniocaudal (p=0.222), anteroposterior (p=0.420), and mediolateral axes (p=0.655). No significant differences were found between the permanent translations of the long- and short-stem the along craniocaudal (p=0.341), anteroposterior (p=0.420), and mediolateral (p=0.429) directions. No significant differences were found between the translations of the long- and short-stem in terms of inducible translation in the craniocaudal (p=0.547), anteroposterior (p=0.999), and mediolateral axis (p=0.285). Similar extraction force (p=0.35) was found. Discussion and ConclusionNo statistically significant difference was found between the long-stem and short-stem implants. These results show that short uncemented stems can provide adequate primary mechanical stability. As the long-stem version of this stem is already clinically used, the present findings suggest that the short-version can be reasonably expected to deliver similar outcomes in terms of implant stability.

Assessment of the Right Ventricle Function in Patients With Significant Tricuspid Regurgitation: A Review.

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is an increasingly prevalent condition, especially in older populations, and presents significant challenges due to its association with right heart failure, hospital admissions, and high mortality rates. The management of TR has evolved, with new percutaneous valve repair and replacement techniques emerging alongside traditional surgical approaches. However, accurately assessing right ventricular (RV) function-a key prognostic factor in TR-remains difficult due to the RV's unique anatomy and sensitivity to loading conditions. Current echocardiographic methods, such as Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE), S' wave analysis, and RV fractional area change (FAC), offer valuable insights but have limitations, particularly regarding load dependence and incomplete assessment of RV function. Advances in 3D echocardiography and myocardial strain imaging provide more comprehensive evaluations, yet challenges persist in integrating these measures in routine clinical practice. The review highlights the importance of a multimodal approach to RV assessment in TR patients, considering both the right atrium and pulmonary artery interactions, and explores potential future tools such as myocardial work and dynamic testing to improve prognostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

MedLSAM: Localize and segment anything model for 3D CT images

Recent advancements in foundation models have shown significant potential in medical image analysis. However, there is still a gap in models specifically designed for medical image localization. To address this, we introduce MedLAM, a 3D medical foundation localization model that accurately identifies any anatomical part within the body using only a few template scans. MedLAM employs two self-supervision tasks: unified anatomical mapping (UAM) and multi-scale similarity (MSS) across a comprehensive dataset of 14,012 CT scans. Furthermore, we developed MedLSAM by integrating MedLAM with the Segment Anything Model (SAM). This innovative framework requires extreme point annotations across three directions on several templates to enable MedLAM to locate the target anatomical structure in the image, with SAM performing the segmentation. It significantly reduces the amount of manual annotation required by SAM in 3D medical imaging scenarios. We conducted extensive experiments on two 3D datasets covering 38 distinct organs. Our findings are twofold: (1) MedLAM can directly localize anatomical structures using just a few template scans, achieving performance comparable to fully supervised models; (2) MedLSAM closely matches the performance of SAM and its specialized medical adaptations with manual prompts, while minimizing the need for extensive point annotations across the entire dataset. Moreover, MedLAM has the potential to be seamlessly integrated with future 3D SAM models, paving the way for enhanced segmentation performance. Our code is public at https://github.com/openmedlab/MedLSAM.

Type II topoisomerases shape multi-scale 3D chromatin folding in regions of positive supercoils.

Type II topoisomerases (TOP2s) resolve torsional stress accumulated during various cellular processes and are enriched at chromatin loop anchors and topologically associated domain (TAD) boundaries, where, when trapped, can lead to genomic instability promoting the formation of oncogenic fusions. Whether TOP2s relieve topological constraints at these positions and/or participate in 3D chromosome folding remains unclear. Here, we combine 3D genomics, imaging, and GapRUN, a method for the genome-wide profiling of positive supercoiling, to assess the role of TOP2s in shaping chromosome organization in human cells. Acute TOP2 depletion led to the emergence of new, large-scale contacts at the boundaries between active, positively supercoiled, and lamina-associated domains. TOP2-dependent changes at the higher-order chromatin folding were accompanied by remodeling of chromatin-nuclear lamina interactions and of gene expression, while at the chromatin loop level, TOP2 depletion predominantly remodeled transcriptionally anchored, positively supercoiled loops. We propose that TOP2s act as a fine regulator of chromosome folding at multiple scales.

Comprehensive Dynamic 3-Dimensional Analysis of Tricuspid Valve in Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation: Implications for Prophylactic Tricuspid Valve Intervention

ObjectivesUnderstanding of changes in tricuspid annulus (TA) during secondary or functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is currently limited and its surgical management relies on limited 2-dimensional (2D) imaging. The aims of the study were to: 1) track and measure changes in TA using 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography during complete cardiac cycle in patients with functional TR when compared to no TR, and 2) compare TAPSE derived from 2D and 3D coordinates as a measure of RV function when compared to standard method of fractional area change (FAC). DesignIntraoperative 3D echocardiography data was collected prospectively followed by post processing software analysis to track and reconstruct changes throughout the cardiac cycle. SettingData was collected from 108 patients undergoing left sided heart surgery at two large academic centers – Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI between from November 2018 to April 2020. ParticipantsFinal dataset (n=92) included two groups: no significant functional tricuspid regurgitation (NTR) group (n=74), defined as ≤ mild tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and TA < 35 mm, and a significant functional TR (FTR) group (n=18), defined as ≥ moderate TR. Interventions3D TEE datasets were analyzed, and the motion of TA coordinates was tracked during complete cardiac cycle in 2D and 3D planes using post-processing and software analysis. Computational modeling of TA motion was performed using computer-aided design. In further analysis, reconstructed and 3D printed models of TV were developed for the two groups. Measurements and Main ResultsPatients in FTR group had larger TA size during the cardiac cycle with less overall excursion and reduced annular dynamism. 3D motion of TA for lateral (L), anterolateral (AL) and posterolateral (PL) coordinates was lower in FTR group compared to NTR group [(18±6.8 vs 13.6±8.5, p=0.02), (15.2±5.5 vs 11.3±6.0, p=0.009) and (17.6±6.6 vs 12.3±5.2, p=0.002) respectively]. TAPSE derived from 3D planes was more accurate for RV function assessment (AUC 0.704, p = 0.011) than 2D TAPSE (AUC 0.625, p = 0.129). Finally, in the FTR group, the anteroseptal-posterolateral (AS-PL) diameter was consistently larger during all phases of cardiac cycle, in comparison with septo-lateral (S-L) diameter. Conclusion3D echocardiographic assessment of TA helps better understand its geometry and dynamism in functional TR, and is more accurate than 2D measurements for RV function assessment.

Artificial intelligence-aided semi-automatic joint trace detection from textured three-dimensional models of rock mass

It is of great importance to obtain precise trace data, as traces are frequently the sole visible and measurable parameter in most outcrops. The manual recognition and detection of traces on high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) models are relatively straightforward but time-consuming. One potential solution to enhance this process is to use machine learning algorithms to detect the 3D traces. In this study, a unique pixel-wise texture mapper algorithm generates a dense point cloud representation of an outcrop with the precise resolution of the original textured three-dimensional (3D) model. A virtual digital image rendering was then employed to capture virtual images of selected regions. This technique helps to overcome limitations caused by the surface morphology of the rock mass, such as restricted access, lighting conditions, and shading effects. After AI-powered trace detection on two-dimensional (2D) images, a 3D data structuring technique was applied to the selected trace pixels. In the 3D data structuring, the trace data were structured through 2D thinning, 3D reprojection, clustering, segmentation, and segment linking. Finally, the linked segments were exported as 3D polylines, with each polyline in the output corresponding to a trace. The efficacy of the proposed method was assessed using a 3D model of a real-world case study, which was used to compare the results of artificial intelligence (AI)-aided and human intelligence trace detection. Rosette diagrams, which visualize the distribution of trace orientations, confirmed the high similarity between the automatically and manually generated trace maps. In conclusion, the proposed semi-automatic method was easy to use, fast, and accurate in detecting the dominant jointing system of the rock mass.

Quantifying multifractal anisotropy in two dimensional objects.

An efficient method of exploring the effects of anisotropy in the fractal properties of 2D surfaces and images is proposed. It can be viewed as a direction-sensitive generalization of the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis into 2D. It is tested on synthetic structures to ensure its effectiveness, with results indicating consistency. The interdisciplinary potential of this method in describing real surfaces and images is demonstrated, revealing previously unknown directional multifractality in data sets from the Martian surface and the Crab Nebula. The multifractal characteristics of Jackson Pollock's paintings are also analyzed. The results point to their evolution over the time of creation of these works.

Sub-diffraction-limited single-photon 3D imaging based on domain features extraction network at kilometer-scale distance

Single-photon imaging holds extensive application value, yet its imaging quality is often constrained by low signal-to-background ratios (SBRs). In this paper, we designed a network based on the statistical priors of photons, corresponding to the Gaussian statistical prior along the photon time axis, the Poisson statistical prior of photon counts, the varying receptive field requirements for different SBRs, and the deconvolution for solving the photon point spread function (PSF). We designed multiple modules to handle different photon statistical priors and introduced Selective Kernel Network (SKNet) as the feature extraction unit. This enables our method to accurately restore the true spatial distribution of photons. Compared to other methods, we place greater emphasis on the impact of neighborhood characteristics on photons and feature extraction under low SBR. In addition, we designed FoV Module to do deconvolution for PSF at sub-pixel scanning scenarios for sub-diffraction imaging. Experimental results demonstrate our methods, in particularly, achieved the best implementation results to date at low SBR data, which can achieve denoising while preserving more detail features and our methods also achieved twofold sub-diffraction imaging at a distance of 1.5 km using collected real-world data, thereby showing its immense potential to improve the performance of single-photon imaging systems for kilometer-scale imaging.

High-precision 3D imaging using spectral encoding based on the mode-locked optical frequency comb

A spectral encoding imaging scheme based on the optical frequency comb (OFC) is proposed to improve the axial capability. The surface topography information of the measured sample is encoded to the frequency and phase of the mode-locked OFC, then extracted from the interference spectrum through our well-designed data processing algorithm to obtain the relative position and depth of multiple pixels simultaneously. Finally, only one-dimensional (1D) scanning is required to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) shape of the measured object. With the comprehensive utilization of spatial dispersion and spectral interference technique, a 3D imaging system with axial resolution of 12.5 µm, axial measurement accuracy of 0.6 µm, and depth measurement range greater than 28 mm, is experimentally demonstrated.

Rapid 3D imaging at cellular resolution for digital cytopathology with a multi-camera array scanner (MCAS)

Optical microscopy has long been the standard method for diagnosis in cytopathology. Whole slide scanners can image and digitize large sample areas automatically, but are slow, expensive and therefore not widely available. Clinical diagnosis of cytology specimens is especially challenging since these samples are both spread over large areas and thick, which requires 3D capture. Here, we introduce a new parallelized microscope for scanning thick specimens across extremely wide fields-of-view (54 × 72 mm2) at 1.2 and 0.6 μm resolutions, accompanied by machine learning software to rapidly assess these 16 gigapixel scans. This Multi-Camera Array Scanner (MCAS) comprises 48 micro-cameras closely arranged to simultaneously image different areas. By capturing 624 megapixels per snapshot, the MCAS is significantly faster than most conventional whole-slide scanners. We used this system to digitize entire cytology samples (scanning three entire slides in 3D in just several minutes) and demonstrate two machine learning techniques to assist pathologists: first, an adenocarcinoma detection model in lung specimens (0.73 recall); second, a slide-level classification model of lung smears (0.969 AUC).

Two-layer 3D imaging through semi-transparent surface based on FPP-constrained parallel single-pixel detection

Two-layer 3D imaging through semi-transparent surface based on FPP-constrained parallel single-pixel detection

Minimizing ice contamination during specimen preparation for cryo-soft X-ray tomography and cryo-electron tomography

Cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) is a newly developed technique for imaging 3D whole cells in nearly native states. Cryo-SXT users require the preparation of numerous cryo-sample grids to use the allocated beamtime to study cellular phenomena under various conditions. Therefore, it is important to promptly prepare cryo-sample grids as efficiently and carefully as possible to minimize ice contamination on the frozen sample grid. In this study, we designed a cryo-multi-grid-box storage system, which includes a shell, funnel holder, and multi-grid-box container. Our system not only increases the number of cryo-sample grids that can be temporarily stored but also reduces the frequency of cryo grid-box container transfers, thus decreasing the probability of forming ice on the grid. We have also applied this system to A549 cryo cell grid preparation. The correlative images from cryo light microscopy and cryo-SXT showed that limited ice had formed on the grid when preparation was performed using our system. Additionally, 3D images of mitochondria with the lamellar shape of the cristae could be observed in our cryo-SXT results. Our cryo-multi-grid-box storage system can be used for cryo-SXT and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) applications.

From Harvest to Healing: The Evolution of Bone Grafts In Oral Implantology

Bone grafts are surgical procedures that involve the transplantation of bone tissue to repair or reconstruct damaged bones. They are commonly used in various medical fields, including dentistry, orthopedics, and particularly within oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthodontics, and oral radiology, to promote healing and support the integration of implants. This review embarks on a transformative journey through the evolution of bone grafting techniques in oral implantology, beginning with the rudimentary harvesting methods and their inherent limitations. It transitions to modern innovations, spotlighting synthetic and bioengineered materials that enhance biocompatibility and minimize patient morbidity. Key advancements in minimally invasive techniques and guided bone regeneration are meticulously examined, along with the revolutionary impact of 3D imaging and printing technologies on graft customization. The review underscores the synergy between biological principles and cutting-edge technology, illustrating how these breakthroughs not only lead to superior surgical outcomes but also foster improved patient healing and satisfaction. Ultimately, the evolution of bone grafts marks a significant paradigm shift towards more effective, patient-centered strategies in oral implantology. This exploration highlights the pivotal role of advanced bone grafting methods in bolstering osseointegration and ensuring overall implant success, showcasing a commitment to enhancing both clinical efficacy and patient experience for prosthodontists, periodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons,oral radiologists, and dentists alike.

3D microstructure reconstruction and characterization of porous materials using a cross-sectional SEM image and deep learning

Accurate assessment of the three-dimensional (3D) pore characteristics within porous materials and devices holds significant importance. Compared to high-cost experimental approaches, this study introduces an alternative method: utilizing a generative adversarial network (GAN) to reconstruct a 3D pore microstructure. Unlike some existing GAN models that require 3D images as training data, the proposed model only requires a single cross-sectional image for 3D reconstruction. Using porous ceramic electrode materials as a case study, a comparison between the GAN-generated microstructures and those reconstructed through focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) reveals promising consistency. The GAN-based reconstruction technique demonstrates its effectiveness by successfully characterizing pore attributes in porous ceramics, with measurements of porosity, pore size, and tortuosity factor exhibiting notable agreement with the results obtained from mercury intrusion porosimetry.

Development of the Contrasting Fluorescence Immunostaining Technique for 3D Imaging of Astrocyte Ultramorphology

Development of the Contrasting Fluorescence Immunostaining Technique for 3D Imaging of Astrocyte Ultramorphology

Volumetric Classification: Unveiling the True Extent of Rotator Cuff Tears

Rotator cuff injury diagnosis involves comprehensive clinical, physical, and imaging assessments, with MRI being pivotal for detecting and classifying these injuries. However, the absence of a universally accepted classification system necessitates a more precise approach, advocating for the use of three-dimensional (3D) modeling to better understand and categorize rotator cuff tears. This research was conducted as a prospective, single-institution study on 62 patients exhibiting full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Utilizing preoperative 1.5T MRI, the study aimed to create a more detailed classification system based on volumetric and surface area measurements. Advanced 3D modeling software was employed to transform MRI data into precise 3D representations, facilitating a more accurate analysis of the lesions. The study unveiled a novel classification system rooted in volumetric and surface area assessments, revealing significant discrepancies in the existing two-dimensional classifications. Approximately 45% of the cases demonstrated inconsistencies between traditional classifications and 3D measurements. Notably, medium-sized lesions were often overestimated, while small and large lesions were consistently underestimated in their severity. The volumetric and surface area-based classifications provided a more accurate depiction, highlighting the limitations of relying solely on coronal plane assessments in MRI. Comparative analysis confirmed the improved accuracy of the 3D method. The integration of 3D imaging and volumetric analysis offers novel advancement in diagnosing and classifying rotator cuff injuries. This study's findings challenge the conventional reliance on 2D MRI, proposing a more detailed and accurate classification system that enhances the precision of surgical planning and potentially improves patient outcomes. The incorporation of comprehensive 3D assessments into the diagnostic process represents a significant step forward in the orthopedic imaging field.

DSEM-NeRF: Multimodal feature fusion and global-local attention for enhanced 3D scene reconstruction

3D scene understanding often faces the problems of insufficient detail capture and poor adaptability to multi-view changes. To this end, we proposed a NeRF-based 3D scene understanding model DSEM-NeRF, which effectively improves the reconstruction quality of complex scenes through multimodal feature fusion and global-local attention mechanism. DSEM-NeRF extracts multimodal features such as color, depth, and semantics from multi-view 2D images, and accurately captures key areas by dynamically adjusting the importance of features. Experimental results show that DSEM-NeRF outperforms many existing models on the LLFF and DTU datasets, with PSNR reaching 20.01, 23.56, and 24.58 respectively, and SSIM reaching 0.834. In particular, it shows strong robustness in complex scenes and multi-view changes, verifying the effectiveness and reliability of the model.

3DPSR: An innovative approach for pose and shape refinement in 3D human meshes from a single 2D image

3DPSR: An innovative approach for pose and shape refinement in 3D human meshes from a single 2D image

Photography as clouds: Notes toward the possibility of spatial photography

Many recent visual and technological changes in photography are related to the fact that it is increasingly connected to space through computerization and digitization. Photographs no longer appear as framed 2D images, but rather resemble a cloud whose viewing and operating mode necessarily involve navigation. My purpose in this article is to think about photography’s ontological and epistemological status through its contemporary spatial uses. Using two projects by Forensic Architecture, I examine two methodologies of spatial photography – photogrammetric point clouds and the Image-Data Complex – and claim that, whereas with the emergence of the internet, digital photography has primarily been perceived as a networked image, today we should think of it in terms of clouds. Both projects rely on a posthuman multiplication of perspectives and a vertical conceptualization of photography as navigable space. Both also represent and demonstrate the medium’s contemporary political potential for documenting, creating evidence and organizing data. Finally, both challenge traditional definitions of photography and outline new alternatives for interrogating human rights violations.