3S Technology Research Articles

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND USE AND LANDSCAPE PATTERN IN KEY WETLAND AREAS OF THE WEST LIAO RIVER BASIN, NORTHEAST CHINA

The impact of the wetland ecosystem on arid and semi-arid areas is much higher than that in humid areas. It plays a more significant role in regulating climate, conserving water sources, purifying water bodies, and protecting biodiversity. The West Liao River Basin is located in a moderately temperate, semi-arid, and continental monsoon climatesensitive area, with a fragile ecological environment. Climate warming and drought have gradually caused dry-flow of some river sections in the basin, reduction in the water area, shrinking of wetlands, degradation of vegetation ecological function, and decline of biodiversity. Ultimately, the effect of ecological barriers is significantly weakened. The research of the temporal and spatial evolution of landscape patterns and their relationship with human activities in arid and semi-arid regions is of great significance for the protection and restoration of wetland resources. Based on Landsat remote sensing images in 1985 and 2015, the temporal and spatial evolution of landscape patterns in four key wetland areas in the West Liao River Basin was studied by 3S technology and landscape ecology indexes. Results show that during the 30a years, the wetland resources area in the West Liao River Basin is drastically reduced. Wetland resources of the four study areas, the Dalinor, the Saihanwula, the Hongshan Reservoir, and the West Liao River Estuary, were decreased by 13.80%, 31.06%, 61.10%, and 66.03%, respectively. The reduced wetland resources in the Dalinor and the Saihanwula were mainly converted into grassland, while those of the Hongshan Reservoir and the West Liao River Estuary were mostly converted into farmland. The diversity and evenness indexes of landscape in the Hongshan Reservoir and the West Liao River Estuary are gradually decreasing. The diversity and evenness indexes of the Dalinor and the Saihanwula are not significantly changed but are slightly disturbed by human activities. Changes in the landscape pattern index highlight the decrease in the water area, the increase in the area of dry and paddy fields, and the improvement of sandy land. All these further reflect that insufficient water resources supplementation and increasing human disturbance have a profound impact on the landscape pattern, which has also become the main driving force for the evolution of the landscape pattern in the West Liao River Basin.

Impact of Hydrological Infrastructure Projects on Land Use/Cover and Socioeconomic Development in Arid Regions—Evidence from the Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, Kassala, Eastern Sudan

In recent years, Africa has seen much construction of large-scale hydrological infrastructures in the arid and semi-arid regions of numerous countries. This paper aims to quantify the effects of this form of hydrological infrastructure, especially the Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex (UASDC) in Eastern Sudan, on the land use/cover (LUC) and socioeconomic domains. This paper attempts to advance our understanding of this phenomenon by using multiple approaches. A framework using the integration of 3S technologies and a logical approach for quantifying the significance of the results to society has been developed. The method used Landsat5 TM in 2002, Sentinel2A in 2018, and statistical data to create the LUC map. The final map included seven classes; the overall accuracy of changes in LUC patterns was 94.9% in 2002 and 93% in the results reveal that significant changes occurred in terms of LUC, having a considerable effect on socio-economic development. The results were analyzed with the logical approach for overall objectives, where 85% represents S1, 3.3% represents S2, and 11.7% represents S3, respectively. This study provides an insight into further investigations of the dam’s effect on climate and groundwater, and offers a new perspective on land use prediction, simulation, and environmental sustainability.

3D Visualization Monitoring and Early Warning System of a Tailings Dam—Gold Copper Mine Tailings Dam in Zijinshan, Fujian, China

A 3D tailings dam visualization early warning system was developed based on GIS (geographic information system) combining ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average model) and 3S (RS, GIS, GPS) technology for prediction of phreatic line changes and tailing dam deformation. It was applied for monitoring and early warning for the gold–copper tailing dam in Zijinshan Dadongbei tailing pond. The system consists of equipment management, data management, prediction, monitoring and early warning, and 3D visualization modules. It is able to do data management, visualization and disaster prediction, and early warning based on 79 monitoring points of rainfall, infiltration line, and deformation of the tailing dam in the Zijinshan mine. The design and application of the system reflect its features of rich functionality, high practicality, intuitive effect, and high reference value. The system solves the problems of low visualization of monitoring data, poor management of multiple data, and feasible prediction and early warning of point–surface combination. It realizes high-precision prediction of key factors and real-time warning of disaster.

Discussion on the Application of 3S Technology in Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering

Discussion on the Application of 3S Technology in Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering

Analysis on the coupling degree of water source ecological environment based on 3S technology

In order to overcome the problems of low classification accuracy, high error and long time in traditional water source eco-environmental coupling model analysis method, a water source ecological environment coupling degree analysis based on 3S technology is proposed. According to the classification results of water source ecological environment features, the water source ecological environment evaluation matrix is constructed, and all indexes are normalised. The index weight is estimated by calculating the information entropy of the evaluation index, and the water source ecological environment coupling degree model is constructed according to the index weight to complete the analysis of water source ecological environment coupling degree. The experimental results show that the accuracy of surface feature classification is always above 97%, the relative error rate of water source ecological environment coupling analysis is always below 3.9%, and the average analysis time is only 0.62 s.

Literature Review on Farmland Landscape Pattern Change Analysis

Farmland landscape pattern refers to the composition and spatial distribution of landscape elements in a certain spatial range. Farmland landscape pattern formation has natural, historical, cultural and other factors. Since the reform and opening up, China’s rapid socio-economic development, urbanization and a series of social development caused a large number of land occupation, farmland landscape pattern has undergone major changes. Domestic and foreign scholars based on natural geography, landscape ecology, combined with 3S technology, FRAGSTATES landscape index calculation method, from the aspects of landscape evolution process, landscape heterogeneity and diversity and landscape dynamics and driving factors correlation, analyzes the characteristics of regional landscape pattern change, and on this basis, analyzes the influence mechanism and correlation of landscape pattern succession. However, at present, most studies are based on the time axis, focusing on the changes of landscape patterns such as forests, wetland waters and towns. There are relatively few studies on the changes of farmland landscape patterns, and there are relatively few studies on the combination of time and space. Therefore, through the study and analysis of the characteristics of farmland landscape pattern change, the driving factors of landscape pattern change are known, and on this basis, the methods and ways of landscape pattern optimization are studied to provide scientific basis for constructing and optimizing farmland ecosystem, regional ecological network and protecting biodiversity.

Analysis on the coupling degree of water source ecological environment based on 3S technology

Analysis on the coupling degree of water source ecological environment based on 3S technology

Species composition, spatial distribution characteristics and topographic attribution of vegetation in the water-level-fluctuating zone of the Nuozhadu Reservoir in the Lancang River Basin

澜沧江最大梯级水库——糯扎渡水库运行之后，消落带许多原有植被物种被淹消亡，造成大面积次生裸地以及严重水土流失现象.消落带植被亟待生态修复，但缺乏基本数据支撑和参考.2020年7月，基于轻型无人机支持下的3S技术，结合现场调研，采用神经网络模型、空间叠加分析、景观格局指数以及典型相关性分析等方法，提取了糯扎渡水库典型消落带植被分类图及地形数据，定量分析了研究区本土物种组成、面积、覆盖率、分布特征、景观空间格局及地形解释.结果显示，研究区消落带植被覆盖率达74.13%，涵盖18种植物，物种数量仅占蓄水前的18.9%，原生植物仅剩飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）存活，物种组成趋于简单，以一年生草本和多年生草本为主，分别占比55.56%、33.33%，菊科占据优势，苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）、牛筋草（Eleusine indica）和藿香蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）为主要优势物种，分别占比47.41%、29.39%、9.37%和4.56%，可作为生态修复备选物种.地形因子对消落带植被影响大小：高程>地表起伏度>水体距离>坡度>地形湿度指数>坡向.研究区优势植物均呈聚集分布，消落带中下部、上部分别以苍耳和狗牙根斑块为主导，苍耳和狗牙根在斑块优势度、连通性以及形状复杂性方面均远大于牛筋草和藿香蓟，表现出了较强的生存潜力.苍耳在地表起伏度0~1.26 m区段覆盖良好，狗牙根、牛筋草在地表起伏度0.78~2.07 m区段覆盖良好，当地表起伏度>2.07 m，植被生长困难.植被景观格局的破碎化程度、斑块形状复杂性分别与地表起伏度呈正相关、负相关，即地表起伏度越大导致植被景观格局越破碎和斑块形状越简单，进而导致种群生存力减弱.;After the operation of the Nuozhadu Reservoir, the largest cascade reservoir along the Lancang River, the original vegetation in the water-level-fluctuating zone (WLFZ) was inundated and extinguished, resulting in large areas of secondary bare ground and severe soil erosion. Ecological restoration of vegetation in the WLFZ is necessary but lacking basic data support and scientific reference. In this paper, based on 3S technology supported by light drones and combined with field research, a neural network model, spatial superposition analysis, landscape pattern index and typical correlation analysis were used to extract the vegetation classification map and topographic data of the typical WLFZ of the Nuozadu Reservoir in July 2020, and to intuitively and quantitatively analyze the native species composition, area, coverage, distribution characteristics along the terrain, landscape spatial pattern and their topographic attribution in the study area. The results showed that the vegetation coverage of the study area reached 74.13%, covering 18 species of plants, with the number of species only 18.9% of that before the construction of the reservoir. Only Chromolaena odorata (Chr) survived in the native plants. The species composition tended to be simple, with annual and perennial herbs dominating, accounting for 55.56% and 33.33% respectively, with Asteraceae as the dominant family, Xanthium sibiricum (Xan), Cynodon dactylon (Cyn), Eleusine indica (Ele) and Ageratum conyzoides (Age) were the dominant species, accounting for 47.41%, 29.39%, 9.37% and 4.56% respectively, and could be used as alternative species for restoration. The vegetation in the WLFZ was affected by topographic factors in the following order:elevation>surface fluctuation>nearest water distance>slope>topographic humidity index>slope direction. The dominant plants in the study area were all aggregated distributed, with patches of Xan and Cyn dominating the lower-middle part and upper part of the WLFZ respectively, with Xan and Cyn showing much greater patch dominance, connectivity and shape complexity than Ele and Age, showing a stronger potential for survival. Xan was well covered in the 0-1.26 m section of surface fluctuation, and Cyn and Ele were well covered in the 0.78-2.07 m section of surface fluctuation. When the surface fluctuation was >2.07 m, the vegetation growth was difficult. The degree of fragmentation of the vegetation landscape pattern and the complexity of the patch shape were positively and negatively correlated with the surface fluctuation respectively, i.e. the greater the surface fluctuation led to the more fragmented and simple shape of the vegetation landscape pattern, which in turn led to a reduction in the viability of the population.

Study on the monitoring and classification of winter wheat freezing injury in spring based on 3S technology

AbstractFrequent freezing injury greatly influences winter wheat production; thus, effective prevention and a command of agricultural production are vital. The freezing injury monitoring method integrated with ‘3S’ (geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning system (GPS) and remote sensing (RS)) technology has an unparalleled advantage. Using HuanJing (HJ)-1A/1B satellite images of a winter wheat field in Shanxi Province, China plus a field survey, crop types and winter wheat planting area were identified through repeated visual interpretations of image information and spatial analyses conducted in GIS. Six vegetation indices were extracted from processed HJ-1A/1B satellite images to determine whether the winter wheat suffered from freezing injury and its degree of severity and recovery, using change vector analysis (CVA), the freeze injury representative vegetation index and the combination of the two methods, respectively. Accuracy of the freezing damage classification results was verified by determining the impact of freezing damage on yield and quantitative analysis. The CVA and the change of normalized difference vegetation index (ΔNDVI) monitoring results were different so a comprehensive analysis of the combination of CVA and ΔNDVI was performed. The area with serious freezing injury covered 0.9% of the total study area, followed by the area of no freezing injury (3.5%), moderate freezing injury (10.2%) and light freezing injury (85.4%). Of the moderate and serious freezing injury areas, 0.2% did not recover; 1.2% of the no freezing injury and light freezing injury areas showed optimal recovery, 15.6% of the light freezing injury and moderate freezing injury areas showed poor recovery, and the remaining areas exhibited general recovery.

Water Quality Monitoring and Early Warning Technology of Zebrafish Behavior Based on 3s Technology

Water Quality Monitoring and Early Warning Technology of Zebrafish Behavior Based on 3s Technology

Adaptability evaluation of human settlements in Chengdu based on 3S technology.

This study aims to showcase the adaptability evaluation of human settlements in Chengdu with the use of 3S technology. Chengdu was selected as the research object; natural eco-environmental factors such as terrain fluctuations, temperature and humidity, vegetation type, land use, and vegetation cover were analyzed, together with human disturbance factors such as traffic and gross domestic product (GDP); and the index weights were calculated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The evaluation model of Chengdu's residential environment adaptability was constructed based on the analysis carried out by the 3S technology: projection transformation, remote sensing interpretation, information extraction, and analysis. The results of the analysis reflected the zoning and spatial distribution characteristics of Chengdu's residential environment adaptability, and show that (1) the adaptability index of Chengdu's human settlement environment is between 15.98 and 76.75, and the suitability of human settlement environment is seen gradually decreasing from the middle, where it is the highest, when moving to the west and to the east of Chengdu; (2) according to the present situation, the suitability index can be divided into high-grade suitable areas, relatively high-grade suitable areas, moderately suitable areas, and low suitable areas; (3) the correlation between the spatial distribution of Chengdu population and each index factor is as follows: per capita GDP > topographic relief > temperature and humidity > vegetation coverage > traffic network density > land use > hydrological factors; (4) there is a good correlation between Chengdu's human settlements suitability index and the present population density grid layer, and its correlation coefficient is 0.7326; and (5) the leading impact indicators of human settlements are different in different regions. The results show that the natural environmental conditions in Chengdu are superior and that the ecological environmental quality is relatively stable, but the human settlement suitability index is relatively low in the southeast and Longmenshan areas of Chengdu.

The Spatiotemporal Changes and the Impacts of Climate Factors on Grassland in the Northern Songnen Plain (China)

Grassland is an important ecosystem; the spatiotemporal evolution trend of grassland and its impacts on climatic factors play an irreplaceable role in maintaining regional sustainable development and ecological balance. In this paper, based on the remote sensing images of 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, and 3S technology, we use the methods of dynamic rate and transfer matrix to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution trend of the northern Songnen Plain (China). The method of grey correlation is used to analyze the impact of climate factors on it. The results showed that the grassland changed dramatically and unevenly across the three periods of 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020, with the biggest change in the last period. The internal conversion of grassland mainly occurred between H-grassland (high coverage grassland) and M-grassland (medium coverage grassland), while the transformation rarely occurred in L-grassland (low coverage grassland) due to its small area. There has been a transfer-in from cultivated land, woodland, and unused land to H-grassland and M-grassland. The grassland transfer-out was mainly from H-grassland and M-grassland to cultivated land and unused land. What’s more, the transformation mainly occurred in Daqing City, Suihua City, Qiqihar city, as well as occurring in the west of Harbin and the southwest of Heihe city. Climate change has exacerbated the reduction of grassland areas. In summary, the spatiotemporal change rates of grassland area in the north of Songnen Plain initially showed a mild decrease and were then followed by a rapid decrease. Climate factors were of great significance to the spatiotemporal changes of grassland, and precipitation had a greater impact on the reduction of grassland. The results can provide meaningful information for grassland change, grassland protection, and management in the northern Songnen Plain.

Ecological impact assessment of land use in eco-industrial park based on life cycle assessment: A case study of Nanchang High-tech development zone in China

As the main unit of developing a circular economy, and an important way of realizing the ecological industry (eco-industry), the eco-industrial park (EIP) is the way forwards for industrial park development in China. As land is the carrier of industrial parks, the ecological effects brought about by its use patterns, and the evolution process play an important role in the sustainable park development. Based on 3S technology, using Nanchang High-tech Development Zone as a case-study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to quantitatively analyze the ecological impact of land use change, and the characteristics of its evolution or laws at different stages of the EIP life cycle. The results showed the following: (1) In the life cycle development period, the annual average ecological effect was −2.15 × 104 CNY, and during the mature life cycle period, the value rose to −2.01 × 104 CNY, an increase of 6.44%; (2) During the mature period, as a result of changes in quantity and quality, the cultivated, forest, and unutilized land types, had all increased in both total value and annual average value of the ecological effect, showing an improvement in the overall ecological environment of the park. These three types of land were the main contributors to the improvement of the ecological effect. The contribution size was: forest land > cultivated land > unutilized land. On the contrary, the construction land and grassland showed negative ecological effects compared with the previous life cycle stage. Construction land was the main contributor to the decline in ecological park quality, and its negative ecological effect increased by 1.66 times; (3) In the two life cycle stages, amongst the ecological effects caused by the transformation of various land usees, only the conversion to forest land brought significant ecological benefits. Others showed either a certain degree of improvement, or the accumulation of negativizes in ecological effects. Therefore, the EIP generally showed the state of ecological destruction; (4) Finally, there is a relevant discussion about the applicability, scientificity, and innovation of the LCA applied to evaluate the ecological effects of industrial land.

Research Progress of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Soil Salinization

It has become a trend to apply remote sensing technology to the monitoring of soil salinization to obtain soil salinization information. This article reviews the research progress in data selection, spectral feature indexes, and retrieval methods in soil salt monitoring by remote sensing. The study pointed out that with the development of 3S technology, remote sensing technology has broad application prospects in soil salinization monitoring. The combination of remote sensing and electromagnetic induction technology, as well as the collaborative inversion of soil salinity from multi-source remote sensing data, and the construction of regional, national or global scale monitoring models will be the future development research direction of soil salinity monitoring.

Can artificial intelligence enable the government to respond more effectively to major public health emergencies? ——Taking the prevention and control of Covid-19 in China as an example

In recent years, public health emergencies have occurred frequently, posing a serious threat to the regional economy and the safety of people's lives and property. In particular, the outbreak of the COVID-19 novel coronavirus this year has caused serious losses to the global economy. On this basis, this article attempts to use modern advanced artificial intelligence technology and modern social science and technology to provide technical assistance and support for the prevention and control of major public health incidents, in order to improve the Chinese government's public relations capabilities and response to public health emergencies. Ability and level. This article attempts to use 3S technology closely related to artificial intelligence technology to design and establish a public health emergency response system, so as to improve the government's response and decision-making ability to respond to and deal with public health emergencies, and reduce the occurrence of emergencies. The results showed that among the 298 respondents, 145 believed that public health emergencies depend on human-to-human transmission. Most event information is acceptable, while 169 people who rely on mobile phones for information think that most of them are acceptable, and 89 people who rely on TV media for information think that most of them are acceptable. It shows that the use of artificial intelligence technology can effectively solve and prevent the further development of the situation, and at the same time improve the government's ability and level to respond to major public health emergencies, and increase the government's prestige in the eyes of the public.

Reconstruction of Palaeoglacier in the Qugaqie valley in Nyainqêntanglha Range

Reconstruction of palaeoglacier is important for understanding the mechanism of palaeo-climatic change and predicting water resource in Tibet. The climate and water resource are sensitive to global change in western Nyainqêntanglha Range. However, the data of how glacier changed in its area and equilibrium line, particularly its volume are still in paucity. In this study, we generated the palaeoglacier landform map by field investigation and 3S (RS, GPS and GIS) technology, reconstructed the palaeoglaciers surface by glacial landforms and glacier model, accordingly estimated the ice volume and equilibrium line altitude (ELA), and then discussed the palaeo-climate during the last glacial maximum (LGM) in the Qugaqie valley. During the LGM, the Qugaqie glacier was about 18.5 km long and 102.1 m thick in average. It covered an area of 59.1 km2 and had a volume of 6.05 km3, which were 8.34 times of the area and 18.33 times of the ice volume of the modern glacier. The 75.3% of Qugaqie valley was covered by glacier. The palaeo-ELA was 5405∼5496 m with a depression of 400 to 300 m, which confirms Shi Yafeng’s point that an even global ELA lowering value of about 1000 m didn’t virtually exist.

3S 技术在生物多样性监测与评价领域的应用研究（英文）

Article 3: 3S Technology Application on Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment/3S 技术在生物多样性监测与评价领域的应用研究（英文） Author: Liu Huan, Master of Science (First Class Honours), The University of Auckland

Article 3. 3S Technology Application on Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment

Article 3. 3S Technology Application on Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment

A Study on Spatial Variation of Water Security Risks for the Zhangjiakou Region

Zhangjiakou region is situated in an agro-pastoral ecotone with a fragile ecosystem. While it has limited surface water resources available and serious groundwater over-exploitation, the city is located in the water conservation zone for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development area, so its water security is crucial for the entire Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Therefore, it is of vital significance to determine the zoning management of water resources and decision-making according to the magnitude of water resource security risks. This study built an indicator system for water security risk assessment in line with the principles of scientific validity, comparability, operability, and data availability, and this system gives weights to these indicators using the AHP approach. County-level multi-source data for the study area, based on water resource zones, were collected by using mathematical statistics and 3S technology. With normalized data and a weighting method the water security risks were calculated. The results showed large spatial variations of water security risks in Zhangjiakou on the scales of geomorphic and administrative units as well as river basins. High-risk areas are extensive in the Bashang Plateau, and extremely high risk values are found in the Baxia areas. On the watershed scale, high-risk areas are mainly distributed in the inland river basins and the Yongding River basin. The risk values of the Luanhe River, Chaobai River and Daqing River basins in the Zhangjiakou region tend to decrease from north to south. For the northern and western areas of the Bashang Plateau, the factor of “vulnerability of the disaster-prone environment” contributes the most to the water security risk level. Agricultural water use constrains industrial and ecological water use, but in the context of inadequate water resource endowments, the urban population concentration and industrial development are the main causes of water shortages and water pollution so they contribute more to water security risks. This study of the spatial variation of water security risks in Zhangjiakou can provide an important scientific reference for zone-based management and decision-making for reducing the water security risks in the farming-pastoral ecotone.

Application of GIS, GPS, Remote Sensing Technologies and Virtual Reality in Environmental Planning

<span lang="EN-US">Environmental planning is a systematic work with large-scale issues and big difficulties. This article briefly discusses GIS, GPS, remote sensing technologies (3S technologies) and virtual reality (VR), and verifies that these technologies can provide assistance for environmental planning. On this basis, this article focuses on the application of 3S technologies and VR in environmental planning, such as point processing, line processing and surface processing, constructing geometric virtual environment and image virtual environment. In order to maximize roles of these technologies, advantages, scientificity and rationality of environmental planning should be enhanced to create ideal space for social and economic development.</span>