AbstractPatients with the B-cell malignancy hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and the poorer-prognosis variant HCLv often receive treatments including anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which kill normal B cells, impairing humoral immunity. To study humoral immunity in HCL/HCLv, we measured COVID-19 antibodies after doses of COVID-19 vaccine in patients after different treatments. Patients with HCL (n = 415) and HCLv (n = 32) were studied. Total immunoglobulin levels were also determined. After the second COVID-19 vaccine dose, spike antibody level most strongly correlated with normal B-cell levels (r = 0.365, P < .0001), followed by CD4+ T-cell count (r = 0.244, P = .0002), and was less related to immunoglobulin G level (r = 0.101, P = .14). Spike antibody levels also correlated with normal B cells after the third to fifth vaccine doses and with CD4+ T-cell count after the third dose. Normal B-cell and CD4+ T-cell levels were interrelated. Normal B cells were undetectable in 87% of 38 patients within 6 months after the last dose of anti-CD20 mAb and were lower than in patients at 6 to 12 months (P = .0003), which, in turn, were lower than at 12 to 18 months (P = .0002). Infection with COVID-19 became more common after use of the third vaccine dose; spike antibody levels were higher in patients with prior infection (positive vs negative nucleocapsid antibodies; P < .0001). Spike antibodies decreased, with a median half-life of 53 days, faster after ibrutinib or anti-CD20 mAb. We conclude that decreased levels of normal B cells in patients with HCL/HCLv, due to disease and/or anti-CD20 therapy, are associated with lower COVID-19 vaccination efficiency and such patients may not respond well to vaccines. The associated studies were registered at www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT01087333 (HCL/HCLv) and #NCT04362865 (COVID-19).