3rd Types Research Articles

Correlation analysis of functional relationships between morphological indicators of small intestine mersis during the supply process

аdhesion disease has become a widespread disease, which for years has maintained a tendency to constant growth, and remains one of the most complex and unsolved topical problems of the functional state of the abdominal cavity. At the moment, most changes in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract are associated with a violation of the tissue barrier during the penetration of pathogenic types of microorganisms and absorption of toxic substances, which is one of the effects of biological factors on the intestine. Understanding the structure of the body, its morphological and functional features, the ability to understand the patterns of vital and pathological processes in various organs, tissues and the whole body. At the moment, the functional connections between the immune, nervous and endocrine links in the functioning of the tissues of the peritoneum and its components during the progressive adhesion process remain incompletely investigated. At the same time, it is also important to pay attention to the behavioral characteristics of the organism. Purpose of our investigation was to investigate the correlational relationships between the morphological indicators of the mesentery of the small intestine during the experimental adhesion process. The analysis of the relationship between the body weight and BMI of the animals of the experimental group with the morphological parameters of the adhesion formations (quantity and thickness) showed a high level of correlation, and confirms the influence of intensive processes of fibrin formation on the morphometric indicators of the experimental animals. Correlation analysis between the number of detected milk spots, the thickness of detected adhesions and the total number of lymphocytes, as well as PNA+-immunologically immature and SBA+B-lymphocytes at each observation period in the animals of the experimental group during the adhesion process showed the dependence of the thickness of fibrin formations and the number of immunocompetent cells, which can be characterized as a local immune response that determines the intensity of collagen formation by the serous membranes and affects the degree of adhesion formation. The revealed correlations between antigen-presenting cells, the area of ​​collagen fibers of the 1st and 3rd types, and the total number of lymphocytes, as well as PNA+-immunologically immature and SBA+-B-lymphocytes at each observation period in the animals of the experimental group during the adhesion process, indicate the morphogenetic function of lymphocytes against the background of the growth of the protein-synthesizing function of fibroblasts, which leads to an increase in the synthesis of collagen and other components of the connective tissue matrix. On the 14th and 21st days of the study, correlations were established between the number of antigen-presenting cells and the area of ​​collagen fibers of the 1st and 3rd types at each observation period in the animals of the experimental group during the adhesion process. The presence of these correlations indicates that the morpho-functional state of the SALC lymphoid tissue associated with the serous membranes of the peritoneum is determined by the activation of one or another link of immunity. After an antigenic impact on the body, there are shifts in the direction of activation of the population of B1-lymphocytes of the mesentery of the small intestine and B2-lymphocytes, which changes the structure of the tissue barrier of the peritoneum and affects the general state of the body.

Types of the nasal septum deviations and their influence on the state of mucociliary clearance of the nasal cavity in patients with postnasal obstruction syndrome

The flow of nasal secretions into the pharynx and larynx manifests itself differently throughout the day. At night, this mucus flows into the larynx, irritates reflexogenic zones and causes coughing, and during the day these complaints are less noticeable, due to involuntary swallowing of secretions. We hypothesized that different types of nasal septum deviations may affect mucociliary clearance and, as a result, lead to postnasal drip syndrome. However, we did not find any studies in the literature that examined the effect of types of nasal septum deviation (NSD) on mucociliary clearance (MCC). Therefore, in our study, we evaluated the effect of the types of nasal septum deviations on MCC. The aim of the study. To investigate the activity of mucociliary clearance of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity in patients with different types of NSD. Materials and methods. 100 patients were investigated. All patients underwent an endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity, a ST scan of the nasal cavity, and a saccharin test. The results. The analysis made it possible to reveal that in most patients with type 2 deviation of the nasal septum with the presence of a unilateral caudal ridge, which cuts into the middle turbinate, there is PNDS. At the same time, while the average ST time of the concave side of the nasal mucosa in patients with type 1 was almost unchanged, it was significantly longer in patients with type 2 (P=0,02). Therefore, in this study, the ST indicator in min. was longer on the concave side of the nasal cavity than on the convex side. Conclusions. Our research has shown that nasal septum deviation reduces nasal mucociliary activity, and this effect can be easily assessed using the saccharin test. According to our observations and research results, it was the 2nd and 3rd types of deviation that significantly disturbed the architecture of the nasal cavity, due to the presence of contralateral vertical deviation of the nasal septum, contralateral hyperplasia of the nasal turbinates, and contralateral conchobulosis. And, as a result, led to a decrease in mucociliary clearance

Анализ влияния отслойки ретинального пигментного эпителия при экссудативной форме возрастной макулярной дегенерации на долгосрочные результаты лечения

Retinal pigment epithelial detachments (RPE) develops in more than 80 % of eyes with exudative age-related macular degeneration (eAMD) [1, 2]. RPED is a pathological condition in which the retinal pigment epithelium separates from the underlying Bruch's membrane due to the formation of a fibrovascular membrane, drusenoid material, fluid and/ or blood accumulation [3]. Recent published data from studies have shown controversial results of treatment with anti-VEGF therapy in patients with ARD on the background of eAMD, possibly due to different diagnostic capabilities and interpretation of the results by specialists. Purpose. To study the response to anti-VEGF therapy in patients with various RPED in eAMD. Material and methods. The study included 221 patients: with serous vascular (55 eyes) and fibrovascular detachment of RPE (176 eyes). To determine the maximum height of the retinal pigment epithelium detachment, it was necessary to manually set a line from Bruch's membrane to the retinal pigment epithelium in the scan where the maximum detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium was detected. Antiangiogenic therapy was carried out using the drug Aflibercept (Eylea® / Eulea®, Bayer Pharma AG, Mullerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany) according to the standard method using the treat & extend regimen (treat and prolong). Results. A significant increase in BCVA was found in patients with 1st type neovascularization and PCV during the first year of therapy from 0.51 ± 0.18 to 0.58 ± 0.23 and from 0.66 ± 0.23 to 0.76 ± 0.20 (p < 0.05), with a further gradual significant decrease and return from baseline BCVA by 3rd year to 0.51 ± 0.25 (p < 0.05) in the group with 1st type CNV, in patients with PCV, there was also a decrease in BCVA, but this was unreliable. BCVA values in all four groups decreased by the 6th year of observation. There was a significant decrease in the height of RPED in the group with the 1st and 3rd types of neovascularization, as well as in patients with PCV during the first 2 years of therapy (p < 0.05). Сonclusions. Thus, a significant increase in BCVA in the first year of therapy in patients with ARD is more common in 1st type CNV and with PCV. At the same time, in all groups, after 6 years of treatment, a downward trend in BCVA can be observed. Also, in all groups, there was a decrease in the height of RP, which indicates a good response of the fluid under RP to the ongoing anti-VEGF therapy. Keywords: exudative form of retinal pigment epithelium detachment, anti-VEGF therapy, aflibercept, retinal pigment epithelium detachment

Experience in developing a new test system for screening and diagnosis of infections that cause acute respiratory diseases, and its use

Relevance. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a serious health problem not only because of the high frequency of their occurrence, but also because of the economic damage they cause both in the form of direct costs (the cost of diagnosis and treatment) and indirect costs (disability, reduced labor productivity, etc.). Pregnant women and children under 5 years of age are included in the group of patients with risk factors for complications of influenza and other ARI, therefore, an analysis of the etiological structure of ARI and influenza in obstetric hospitals is an urgent task. In recent years, there has been an urgent need to create a national complex diagnostic test system based on molecular genetic methods for detecting infectious agents that cause ARI. Aims. The aim of the study is to analyze the etiological structure of ARI and influenza in patients with clinical symptoms and to develop and implement a new test system for rapid screening and diagnosis of infections that cause ARI. Materials & methods. When studying the etiological structure of ARI and influenza, cultural studies of the nasal and pharyngeal mucosa were carried out, followed by identification of microorganisms using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and molecular genetic study (real-time PCR) using an experimental test panel containing primers that allow detecting the following viruses: influenza A, B viruses, parainfluenza viruses of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th types, coronaviruses OS43, HKU1, NL63, E229, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus and adenovirus, as well as bacterial pathogens of ARI: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test system was developed using the following methods: real-time PCR, a combination of reverse transcription and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and the next generation sequencing (NGS) method. Results. The etiological structure of ARI and influenza was analyzed in patients with clinical manifestations (cough, tickling/sore throat/hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the palate and the back wall of the pharynx, shortness of breath/difficulty breathing, acute runny nose/nasal congestion). The species spectrum of bacterial and viral pathogens was revealed. A new test system based on PCR, real-time RT-PCR and NGS has been created for complex diagnostics of both viral and bacterial pathogens of ARI, consisting of three separate components: the main test system «ARI», which detects the main viral and bacterial pathogens of ARI, and two additional sets of reagents: «Oseltamivir resistance» and «Oseltamivir/ Zanamivir resistance». Conclusions. The new test system can be used to detect and differentiate nucleic acids of pathogens of ARI of humans. The test system seems to us promising for further use. As a result of the analysis of the etiological structure of acute respiratory infections and influenza, attention is drawn to a significantly smaller variety of identified pathogens in 2020 and a much more pronounced dominance of rhinovirus infection compared to our previous study in 2019.

The nonstationary thermoelectric elasticity problem for a long piezoceramic cylinder

А new closed-loop solution for the coupled nonstationary problem of thermoelectric elasticity is designed for a long piezoceramic radially polarized cylinder. The case of the nonstationary load acting on its inner cylindrical surface is considered as a function of temperature change at a given law of the convection heat exchange on the outer face wall (boundary conditions of heat conductivity of the 1st and 3rd types). Electrodynamic cylinder surfaces are connected to a measuring device with a high input resistance (electric idling). We investigate the problem where the rate of the temperature load changes does not affect the inertial characteristics of the elastic system. It makes it possible to expand the initial linear computational relations with the equilibrium, electrostatics and heat conductivity equations with respect to the radial component of the displacement vector, electric potential as well as the function of temperature field changes. Hyperbolic LS-theory of the thermal conductivity is used in the computations. The problem is solved with a generalized method of biorthogonal finite integral transformation based on a multicomponent ratio of eigen functions of two homogeneous boundary value problems. The structural algorithm of this approach allows identifying a conjugated operator, without which it is impossible to solve non-self-conjugated linear problems in mathematical physics. The resulted computational relations make it possible to determine the stress-strain state, temperature and electric fields induced in the piezoceramic element under an arbitrary external temperature effect. By connecting the electroelastic system to the measuring tool, we can find voltage. Firstly, the analysis of the numerical results allows identifying the rate of the temperature load changes, at which it is necessary to use the hyperbolic theory of thermal conductivity. Secondly, it allows determining the physical characteristics of the piezoceramic material for the case when the rate of changing the body volume leads to a redistribution of the temperature field. The developed computational algorithm can be used to design non-resonant piezoelectric temperature sensors.

The effect of aсtive hexose correlated compound on (multi) nodular euthyroid goiter: A double-blind placebo-controlled study

Aim: of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Аctive Hexose Correlated Compound (АНСС®) use in monotherapy and its impact on the echographic characteristics of the thyroid gland during (multi) nodular goiter. Methods: The study involved 27 people with (multi) nodular euthyroid goiter. The main treatment group consisted of 13 patients who received АНСС®. The placebo control group consisted of 14 participants. The duration of the drug intake lasted for 100 days. Three visiting schedules were arranged including initial, intermediate and final visits. Research methods included clinical examinations, laboratory tests, a thyroid ultrasound (classification by K-TIRADS) and completing a questionnaire. Results: The laboratory tests confirmed the euthyroid status of patients in both groups at baseline and at the end of the study. A decrease in the total volume of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland was noted among the main treatment group. In addition, a decrease in the volume of all types of nodules was seen in this group. A decrease in the volume of the type 2 colloid node was statistically significant. On the contrary, a statistically significant increase in the average volume of the same type of node among the control group was seen. Overall, the average volume of the node decreased by 37.2% in the main group and increased by 4.9% in the control group by the end of the study. Conclusion: The results of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study make it possible to assess the efficiency of АНСС® in (multi) nodular goiter affecting primarily the volume of nodes (mainly of the 2nd and 3rd types). This is especially important when a potential surgery or radioiodine therapy may carry a high risk of complications among patients.

Features of Constructing Recrystallization Curves of the 2nd and 3rd Types for High-Alloy Alloys of Various Structural Classes VZH159 and 14Cr17Ni2

The features of methods for constructing recrystallization curves of the second and third kind and the dependence “average grain size (area) - strain intensity – temperature” are given. For alloys of various structural classes VZH159 and 14Cr17Ni2 using the above methods, a recrystallization curve and the recrystallization dependence for a temperature of 1100℃ are constructed. The advantages and disadvantages of the above methods are considered.

Surgical treatment strategy for advanced gastric cancer

There are large amount of gastric cancer patients in China, and because of current medical care situation in China, most of the patients have been diagnosed with advanced stage. Surgery is still an important method for patients with advanced gastric cancer, to cure or improve their survival. For lymph node dissection of resectable advanced gastric cancer, D2 radical resection as a standard progressive lymph node dissection of gastric cancer is gradually accepted by East Asian countries and more and more western countries. As recommended by the 8th AJCC-TNM staging, ≥16 lymph nodes for pathological examination are needed to provide better survival, and ≥30 lymph nodes allows better evaluation for prognosis. After years of research, surgical experts have found that D1+ is not suitable for advanced gastric cancer. The III phase clinical trials for advanced gastric cancer, JLSSG 0901 in Japan and KLASS-02 in Korea, have been carried out to confirm that the long-term survival of laparoscopic surgery is no worse than traditional open surgery. CLASS-01 III phase study performed by Chinese laparoscopic gastroenterological study group compared the efficacy between laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection for advanced gastric cancer. The short-term report showed that the laparoscopic surgery has favorable safety, effectiveness, and satisfactory oncologic effect. With the development of conversion therapy, IV stage gastric cancer was divided into 4 types: potential resectable metastasis, borderline resectable metastasis, incurable metastasis and unresectable metastasis. And it is proposed that patients of the 2nd, and some of the 3rd and 4th types are suitable for conversion therapy. Surgery should be performed when tumor has maximal response to chemotherapy. In addition, palliative resection or short circuited surgery may be selected for patients who are refractory to conversion therapy or have some complications such as pyloric stenosis or obstruction, perforation of the tumor, or massive hemorrhage that cannot be alleviated.

Biliary sludge: solved and unresolved issues

The article presents international materials on studying the issue of biliary sludge (BS). The authors also share their own data resulting from conducted studies, where the first group included 1107 patients with BS; the second – 208 patients with different forms of BS; the third group – 40 patients with regular course of BS, in the absence of pharmacological influence; the fourth group – 60 patients (20 patients for each type of BS) with UDCA Exhol 500 mg No. 50 and antispasmodic agent Sparex 200 mg No 30. Intake of Exhol at an initial dose of 15 mg/kg/day was effective in 97% of cases and BS elimination was achieved in 12 weeks. The BS elimination rate depended on its type (1st – 4 weeks, 2–3rd types – 8–12 weeks).

Demographic, Clinical and Genetic Characteristics of Child Gaucher Disease Patients in Russia: Pediatric Register Data

Background: Registers are an effective tool for tracing the dynamics of patients with rare pathologies.Objective: Our aim was to examine the demographic, clinical and genetic features of child Gaucher disease patients in Russia.Methods: We held a retrospective survey of the pediatric register data with regard to children suffering from Gaucher disease. The period of data accounting was from 2006 to 2016.Results: 115 children with Gaucher disease aged from 3 months to 17 years (the median age of diagnosis is 5 years) were registered; 62 them (53.9%) are girls. The prevalence of the disease was 0.32 cases for 100,000 children. 95 (82.6%) children had 1st type of Gaucher disease, 6 (5.2%) — 2nd, and 1 (12.2%) — 3rd. Maximum morbidity was in Central (27; 23.5%) and Volga (27; 23.5%) Federal Districts; minimal — in the Far East (3; 2.6%). By the time of diagnosis all the patients were suffering from splengomegaly. The genotype and phenotype correlations in 90 children with Gaucher disease were as follows: in case of 1st type (n = 77), in 21 (27.3%) cases, the p.N370S/р.L444P genotype was set, in 12 (15.6%) — the р.N370S/other mutation; in case of 2nd and 3rd types, in 13 children with neuropathic forms, in 9 (62.9%) cases — the p.L444P/p.L444P, in 3 (231%) — the p.L444P/p. D409H. The rest of genotypes were presented by other mutations, 13 of which were revealed for the first time. The p.W223R (p.W184R) mutation is specific for Russian patients. Enzyme replacement therapy was carried out for 109 patients (94.8%): in 105 (96.3%) children (1st and 3rd types of Gaucher disease) with imiglucerase, in 4 (3.7%) children with 1st type — with velaglucerase alfa. Pathogenetic treatment stops the main symptoms in most patients.Conclusion: The pediatric Gaucher disease register allows to systemize the data concerning the disease course in children and optimizing the approaches to its monitoring in Russia.

Derivation of Relations and Analysis of Tube Bending Processes Using Discontinuous Fields of Plastic Strains

The generalized strain scheme in bending metal tubes at bending machines with the use of a mandrel presented in Śloderbach (1999; 2002; 2013<sub>1,2</sub>; 2014) satisfies initial and boundary kinematic conditions of bending, conditions of continuity and inseparability of strains. This paper introduces three formal simplifications gradually imposed into forms of principal components of the generalized strain model giving suitable simplifications of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd types. Such mathematical simplifications cause that the obtained strain fields do not satisfy the condition of consistency of displacements and strain continuity. The simplified methods determine safer values of the wall thickness than those from the generalized continuous strain scheme. The condition of plastic incompressibility was used for the derivation of an expression for distribution of wall thickness of the bent elbow in the layers subjected to tension and compression for three examples of discontinuous kinematic strain fields.

Nonparaxial Hankel vortex beams of the first and second types

We consider new solutions of the nonparaxial Helmholtz equation in the cylindrical coordinates, which are treated as nonparaxial scalar vortex Hankel beams of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd types. The beams can be obtained from each other by differentiation. Higher-order types of Hankel beams show lower divergence than the lower-order types. The lowest- (zero-) order Hankel beam of the first type represents a spherical wave.

Substrate-borne Vibrations as a Component of Intraspecific Communication in the Groundhopper Tetrix ceperoi

Substrate-borne vibrational signals used in communication of Tetrix ceperoi (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) are described for the first time. Among all studied Tetrix species, T. ceperoi use the richest repertoire of vibrational signals. These signals consist of isolated pulses or pulses united into rhythmically repeated or irregularly repeated groups and are used in rivalry, pre-copulation, and copulation behaviour (1st, 3rd, and 4th structural types of signals), and are also used by single males or females (2nd type of signal). A 5th type of vibrational signal is produced by wing tremulation, which was unknown Tetrigidae. Based on the results of this study, the vibrational signalisation seems to play an important role in species-specific mate recognition of T. ceperoi. The significance of individual signals is discussed based on results of manipulative contact experiments.

Alvar forest of Harjumaa district

Harjumaa loometsad Alvar forests in Harjumaa district, NW and N Estonia, were studied. Eight community types were established: (i) Inula salicina-Potentilla fruticosa-Pinus sylvestris, (ii) Carex panicea-C. cespitosa-Pinus sylvestris-Betula pubescens, (iii) Filipendula vulgaris-Brachypodium pinnatum-Pinus sylvestris, (iv) Brachypodium pinnatum-Calamagrostis arundinacea-Picea abies-Pinus sylvestris, (v) Hepatica nobilis-Brachypodium pinnatum-Picea abies-Pinus sylvestris, (vi) Paris quadrifolia-Anemone nemorosa-Fraxinus excelsior, (vii) Mercurialis perennis-Picea abies, and (viii) Pulmonaria obscura-Viola mirabilis-Betula pendula-Picea abies. The 2nd community type represents the Sesleria alvar forest site type (FST) habitats, while communities of the 1st, 3rd and 4th types belong to the Calamagrostis alvar FST. These communities grow mainly on medium thick or thin Calcaric Skeletic Regosols, less frequently on thin Renzic Leptosols or on other types of soil. Other communities qualified by forest inventory as alvar forests factually belong to the boreo-nemoral Hepatica FST (communities of 5th type) and Aegopodium FST (communities of 6th, 7th and 8th types). Alvar forests are characterized by remarkably high species diversity deriving first of all from the number of field and moss layer species. The number of species in all layers, except moss layer, depends significantly from the community type reflecting in integrated form effect of communities' structure. Diversity of field layer species is positively affected by the ratio of carbon and nitrogen content in soil humus horizon, whereas the higher abundance of pine trees has negative effect on the species number in moss layer.

Climatic and meteorological regularities of the indices of 24-hours blood pressure monitoring and antihypertensive effect of amlodipine in patients with essential hypertension

Climatic and meteorological conditions are one of the factors essentially effecting not only the frequency of cardiovascular catastrophies but determining arterial hypertension course in general. In order to study blood pressure (BP) profiles depending on climatic and meteorological conditions we made a comparative analyses of the 24-hours monitoring of BP and climatic and meteorological characteristics. We compared the levels and variability of arterial BP, an increase of BP in the morning and a decrease at night with hourly indices of the speed of the wind, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, dampness, meteorological phenomena and the weather type. We also have studied the effect of amlodipine on 24-hour BP. Ceteris paribus it was found that the percent time elevation according to the systolic and diastolic BP are the lowest in the 1st weather type and constitute 32.1 ± 1.3% and 18.5 ± 0.9%, respectively. In the 2nd and 3rd types it increases according to the systolic BP up to 42.3 ± 2.0% and 56.3 ± 2.1% and the diastolic arterial pressure up to 48.3 ± 2.1% and 64.3 ± 2.8%. A greater increase in the diastolic BP demands searching for the drugs to overcome non-stability of the diastolic BP. After 3 weeks of treatment amlodipine produced a significant decrease both systolic and diastolic BP from 164.38 ± 1.21 to 139.47 ± 1.04 mm Hg and from 99.50 ± 1.06 to 87.41 ± 0.97 mm Hg, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). The percent mean change of systolic and diastolic BP from baseline for daytime BP was also greater with amlodipine at week 3. The most critical meteorological characteristics were the wind speed and formation of extraordinary meteorological phenomena. It was in these conditions that non-stability of arterial pressure was significant. Amlodipine provides adequate antihypertensive coverage in meteorologically-dependent patients.

Particles segregation in fluidized bed binary systems

Binary systems have been divided into six groups according to their minimum fluidization velocities, densities, and size of particles. A concentration profile of fluidized bed has been studied. Experimental results have indicated that interval (45 - 90 sec.) is necessary for concentration profile generation. The profile appears to be uninfluenced by original arrangement of system components, the composition of bulk and grid region being in mutual equilibrium. Superficial velocity strongly affects system equilibrium, especially at higher jetsam concentrations. The best segregation of the system was achieved at velocities close to the minimum fluidization velocity of the binary system. The binary systems of the 3rd and 6th types change from segregated to mixed fluidized bed if gas velocity increases. The binary system of the 1st type was difficult to mix up since flotsam entrained partially if velocity of air was increased. The equilibrium concentration profile was uninfluenced by the size of the equipment - provided fluidized bed height was above a critical limit.

Sur l’artère cérébelleuse inférieure postérieure

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery has a curved course in the region of the medulla oblongata. Besides its frequent individual variations, this vessel exhibits three morphological types: in type 1 (the commonest type, i.e. more than 50% of the cases) it curves with its vertex turned upwards; in type 2, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery turns in a gentle arch on to the posterior surface of the medulla oblongata, so there is no real curve; in type 3, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery curves but its vertex turns downwards. In all of these cases, the artery is in close relationship with the last four cranial nerves. This relationship is most characteristic in the 1st and 3rd types. The morphological types could be recognised on the angiograms.

Intensity Distribution of Spectral Line in Cu-Hollow Cathode

Radial intensity distribution of spectral lines in Cu-hollow-cathode discharge, in Ne, A and Xe, are measured as a function of gas pressure P. At lower pressures the maximum. intensities of Cu and rare gas lines are all located at the center of the cathode (1st type). With increasing pressure the maximum position shifts toward the circumference of the cathode (2nd and 3rd types). The pressure at which the position of the maximum intensity makes a transition from the 1st to the 3rd type is about 8 Torr in Ne, 4 Torr in A and 2.7 Torr in Xe. These pressures are inversely proportional to the ratio of the collision cross section of each gas. It is obtained experimentally that the changes in the intensity at the maximum-intensity-position with pressure can be represented by I=kP+C (k<0) for the gas lines and I'= k' log (1/P) +C' for the Cu lines.

Studies on the Transferrin of Goat I

1. The β-globulins of goat were identified to be transferrins. Transferrins of goat sera were classified into three phenotypes (the 1st, the 2nd, and the 3rd types). The three phenotypes of β-globulin of goat described by Ashton were considered to be transferrins.2. The frequencies of appearance of the transferrin phenotypes on goats were as follows: I type 83.49%, II type 14.97%, III type 1.54%.3. Wide differences were observed on the frequencies of appearance of the transferrin phenotypes among J. G., T. G., R. G., S. G., G. G., I. G., and H. G.

舌の形状に就いて

Observations in vivo on the contours, the types of the groove on the dorsum of tongue and the type of plica fimbriata have been conducted on the primary school children 6 to 11 years old, residing in 4 regions of Amakusa island, the cities of Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Kokura. The subjects examined for the observation of tongue contours numbered 1066 in total, and those for the observation of the groove types 1909 and fimbriate folds 1832 in total. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The types of tongue's contour were classiffed into 5 as illustrated in Fig.I. (by Nishijima et al. 1957) The rate of occurrence of each type was as follows : u-type 42%, narrower u-type 10.8%, broader u-type 29.4%. round type 6.2% and V-type 11.6%. Although the percentages of occurrence of these types as revealed in the present investigation disclosed certain minor deviations present from those reported by Biegert (1954) on the German and by Nishjzima et al. on the Japanese and the Ainu, the order in the magnitude of frequency between types generally coincided with each other. The types of groove on the dorsum of tongue were classified into 7(Fig.3). The average rates of occurrence of these types were 30.4% in the longitudinal type, 24.5% in the longitudinal and transversal type, 23.3% in the lacking type, 14.7% in the transversal type, below 10% in the confused type. Very few instance were found in regard to lattice type and circumscribing type of groove. Comparison of the data for distribution and frequencies of these groove types indicated that the data for the inhabitant of Amakusa was grossly identical to those for the pure Ainu (Nishijima), while the data for the inhahitants of Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Kokura did not show any similarity to those of the German by Biegert and those of the Japanese and Ainu by Nishijima in general, except a few instances of groove type where these peoples were in common. The fimbriated folds The fimbriated folds of the tongue were classified into 3 types, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd. (Fig.4a, b) The order in the magnitude of frequency of these types was as follows ; the 2nd type 48.6%, the 1st type 28.4% and 3rd type 23.0% in the inhabitants of Amakusa island. For the inhabitants of Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Kokura cities the order is the 2nd, 3rd and 1st types. The figures for these cities were as follows ; the 2nd type 54%, the 3rd type 40.1%, the 1st type 5.9% in Fukuoka, the 2nd 69.8%, the 3rd 24.2%, the 1st 6% in Kumamato, and the 2nd 58.6%, the 3rd 36.7%, the 1st 4.7% in Kokura.