3rd Hour Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Prone and Supine Positions on Body Temperature of Premature Neonates Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Background Neonates are the most vulnerable population in terms of temperature control. In general, neonates are not able to protect themselves against fluctuations in ambient temperature. We aimed to compare the effect of the prone and supine positions on temperature of premature neonates. Materials and Methods: In this crossover clinical trial, a total of 22 premature neonates between 32-36 weeks of gestation admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Amir Kabir Hospital, Arak, Iran, were selected through purposive sampling technique, and were randomly assigned into groups 1 and 2. Newborns in group 1 were first placed in a prone position (i.e., the first period for 3 hours), and then in a supine position (i.e., the second period for an additional 3 hours). The reverse procedure was applied to the intervention group 2. A trained nurse measured body temperature every minute for three hours with a digital thermometer. Results: Mean age of newborns was 10.38±9.69 days and mean birth weight was 2297.72±693.75 g. The mean temperature at various times in the prone position was significantly higher than the prone position (p <0.05). The mean of body temperature at 1st, 2nd and 3rd hours in the prone position was 36.66 (±0.30), 36.57 (±0.29), and 36.88 (±0.35) and in supine position was 37.18 (±0.09), 37.16 (±0.16), and 37.17 (±0.17), respectively and in all three times, the temperature difference between the two positions was statistically significant (p <0.01). Conclusion Based on the results, placing of premature neonates, admitted to the NICU, in the prone position reduced the body temperature of those with fever or hyperthermia in a non-invasive and non-pharmacological manner and minimized their thermal fluctuations.

The effect of pursed-lip breathing combined with number counting on blood pressure and heart rate in hypertensive urgency patients: A randomized controlled trial.

Hypertensive urgency (HT urgency) is an alarming sign of uncontrolled hypertension. It is aggravated by nonadherence to medication, as well as psychosocial stress. Mindfulness is beneficial for reducing stress, while deep and slow breathing is effective for lowering blood pressure (BP). In our study, we aimed to assess BP and heart rate effects in HT urgency patients practicing pursed‐lip breathing and number counting (PLB with NC)—a practice that promotes mindfulness with deep/slow breathing patterns. In a randomized controlled trial, 110 patients were equally allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention group was trained and encouraged to do PLB with NC during their emergency room admission, while the control group received conventional medical care. The mean systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and HR of the intervention group in the 3rd hour were significantly lower than the baseline values at −28.2 mm Hg (95%CI;‐23.5 to −32.4), −17.1 mm Hg (95%CI;‐14.2 to −20.0), and −4.9 beats per minute (bpm) (95%CI;‐4.0 to −5.8), respectively. In the control group, both the mean SBP and DBP were also significantly lower in the 3rd hour. However, HR reduction was inconclusive. When the two groups were compared, a greater degree of reduction was found in the intervention group for SBP (9.80 mm Hg, 95%CI; 4.10 to 15.50), DBP (7.69 mm Hg, 95%CI; 3.61 to 11.77), and HR (3.85 bpm, 95%CI; 1.99 to 5.72). In conclusion, PLB with NC was effective for lowering BP and HR. It might be used as a complementary treatment for HT urgency patients.

Effects of propofol, desflurane and isoflurane on perioperative blood glucose level in intracranial mass operation: A randomized controlled trial

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the propofol, desflurane and isoflurane on blood glu-cose levels in cranial surgery. Ninety, ASA I-II patients aged between 18-60 years old were scheduled for study. Induction was per-formed with fentanyl, propofol and cisatracurium in all patients. Anaesthesia was maintained using propofol 4-6 mg/kg/h in propofol group (Group P), desflurane and isoflurane 0.5-1 MAC in group desflurane (Group D) and group isoflurane (Group I). Remifentanil infusion was applied 0.5 µg/kg/min in all groups. Plasma glucose (PG) levels, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure and heart rate measured. In the 1st, 2nd and 5th hour, PG levels were significantly lower in group P than group D. In the 2nd and 3rd hour, PG levels were significantly lower in group P than group I (p &lt;0.05). In addition, SAP values in group D were found to be significantly lower than group P and group I. With this study, it was concluded that total intravenous anesthesia with propofol infusion in intracranial mass surgery is more effective than inhalation anesthesia such as desflurane and isoflurane in preventing the hyperglycemic response caused by surgical stress.

PECULIARITIES OF MOTOR ACTIVITY OF RATS IN SIMULATION PHARMACOLOGICAL DEPRESSOGENIC STATES

The aim: To analyze and compare the features of changes in the motor activity of rats on the background of pharmacological models of depressive disorders. Materials and methods: Depressive-like state was simulated on 40 mature male Wistar rats using: reserpine (15 mg/kg), clonidine (0.1 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg). The control group was given as a single dose 0.5 ml of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution intraperitoneally. After 3, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours from the beginning of the experiment, changes in motor activity in the “open field” test were examined by the number of crossed squares, the calculation was carried out within 5 minutes. Results: Reserpine at a dose of 15 mg/kg caused probable motor activity disorders in rats in the “open field” test during all study periods. The most pronounced inhibition of motor activity was observed within 12-48 hours from the beginning of the experiment. 3 hours after clonidine administration, the number of crossed squares decreased by 310% (p&lt;0.001), after 12 hours – by 180% (p&lt;0.001), after 24 hours – by 140% (p&lt;0.001), after 48 hours – by 50% (p&lt;0.005) in comparison with the control group. On 3rd day, the motor activity of rats was almost completely restored. The use of haloperidol after 3 hours most significantly impaired the motor activity of rats in the “open field” test, and its recovery was observed after 24 hours. Conclusions: Reserpine inhibited the motor activity of rats, most pronounced from 12 to 48 hours of the experiment. Clonidine inhibited mainly in the first hours of the study. Haloperidol impaired motor activity at 3rd and 12th hours of observation.

Stopping Ultrafiltration Related Blood Pressure Changes in Hemodialysis Patients

Objective: The present study inquired the effects of stopping ultrafiltration on arterial pressure in hemodialysis patients.Methods: Our study was performed in 92 hemodialysis patients. Ultrafiltration was stopped after the 3rd hour of hemodialysis. Arterial pressure was measured in the supine position at 0, 5, and 10 minutes after ultrafiltration was stopped. Results: Systolic arterial pressure increased by a mean of 4 mm Hg and diastolic arterial pressure increased by a mean of 2 mmHg at 10 minutes after ultrafiltration was stopped. With regard to the difference between mean arterial pressure measured before dialysis and just after stopping ultrafiltration (0. minute), systolic arterial pressure increased by a means of 5 mmHg and diastolic arterial pressure increased by a mean of 2 mmHg at 10 minutes after ultrafiltration was stopped in the patients with a mean arterial pressure decrease of ≥ 10 mmHg. However, stopping ultrafiltration caused no significant changes in the systolic arterial pressure or diastolic arterial pressure of the patients with a mean arterial pressure decrease of &amp;lt; 10 mmHg. An important correlation was determined between systolic arterial pressure elevation after stopping ultrafiltration and age, ultrafiltration rate, duration of hemodialysis, gender in the patients with a mean arterial pressure decrease of ≥ 10 mmHg. Age and gender were the independent variables, which affected the systolic arterial pressure elevation after stopping ultrafiltration.Conclusion: In patients with a mean arterial pressure decrease of ≥ 10 mmHg, stopping ultrafiltration increases arterial pressure but this is a limited elevation. Stopping ultrafiltration related systolic arterial pressure elevation is more evident in females and in the elderly.

Optimum marker selection of acute liver damage in rats in the experiment

Relevance. Assessment of liver damage and functional state is one of the leading tasks of clinical and laboratory diagnostics. Traditionally used methods for determining the activity of a number of indicator enzymes in blood with relative organ-specificity, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and -glutamyl transferase, have low specificity for liver diseases. In this regard, the determination of the optimal marker of acute liver injury is an urgent problem. Aim. The purpose of the study is to determine the dynamics of changes in liver damage markers in rats at different periods of reperfusion after 20 minutes of ischemia in order to select the indicators that most informatively characterize the state of test-animals under conditions of correction of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome. Materials and methods: the study was performed on 120 white nonlinear male rats weighing 200250 grams. The animals were divided into 8 groups of 15 test-animals; all of them were simulated liver ischemia by clamping the analog of the hepatoduodenal ligament with a vascular clamp for 20 minutes. Then, blood was taken from different groups of rats at different reperfusion times 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes, 8 hours and a day. In the blood plasma of laboratory animals, the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione transferase (GST), and lactate concentration were determined. Results: the results obtained allowed us to characterize two main peaks of indicators: a 5-minute period after restoration of blood flow the maximum activity of glutathione transferase and lactate concentration, increased by 3.94.7 times; 60180 minutes of reperfusion is the peak of aminotransferase activity, a significant increase in the activity of which begins 60 minutes after the restoration of blood flow and reaches its maximum by the 3rd hour of reperfusion, and LDH, the peak of which is recorded already by the 60th minute of revascularization. At the same time, after 8 hours of reperfusion, an obvious tendency for a decrease in all studied parameters was determined, which ends a day after modeling ischemia with a decrease to the level of control values. Conclusion: the assessment of organ damage in the ischemic period and the anti-ischemic effect of metabolic drugs can be carried out with the determination of an increase in lactate concentration and glutathione transferase activity almost immediately after restoration of blood flow. The development of injuries during the reperfusion period is more expedient to assess by determining AST, ALT and LDH after a 3-hour period of blood flow restoration, at which time the maximum values of markers are recorded under the condition of 20-minute total liver ischemia.

ANALYSING THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM USING EPA SWMM 5.1 (STUDY CASE: JABABEKA II INDUSTRIAL, CIKARANG BARU, BEKASI REGENCY)

Due to the data in 2030, the urban growth in developed countries is 83% and developing countries is 53%. Jababeka II Industrial Estate as one of the urban industrialization located at Bekasi Regency. In its development, drainage facilities are one thing that must be considered. Because with its function as a channel that carries runoff water to rivers/lakes/reservoirs to avoid flooding. This study aimed to know the existing condition of the drainage system and the water balances in the form of runoff in Jababeka II Industrial Estate by the simulation of SWMM 5.1. The method of this research used a quantitative method, and the data collection method used secondary data, including the information from the existing drainage system with precipitation events in 12 years (2009-2020) were obtained from the WTP Jababeka Residential, drainage dimension, and masterplan of Jababeka II. In order to calculate rainfall planned used fifth-year return period based, it’s on the city's classification under study. The probability distribution method uses Log-Pearson III with a planned rainfall of 128.22 mm/d and the highest rainfall intensity of 54 mm. Based on the simulation results, it was found that the Jababeka II Industrial Estate contained puddles in several channels. The peak was at the 3rd hour of the simulation, which were 19 channels. It's influenced by the type of soil that is quickly saturated. The simulation of the existing condition at Jababeka II has the highest runoff at the 2&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&gt; hour of simulation, and floods occurred in 19 channels. It’s affected by the impermeable sub-areas. The water balance result is the amount of precipitation 128.22 mm with the intensity is 54mm due to 5 years forecasting, thus producing the outflow is 128.511 mm. Therefore the number of continuity errors of the surface is -0.227%.

Studying of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of 2,4-dioxobutanoic acid hydrazine derivatives

Objective. To study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of water-soluble hydrazine derivatives of 2,4-dioxobutanoic acids, as well as to determine the relationship between the structure of substances and their biological effects.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The laboratory synthesis methods were applied to obtain 2-hydrazine derivatives of 2,4-dioxobutanoic acids. The compounds were tested for biological activity using a hot plate test in mice and an acute inflammatory reaction caused by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats.&#x0D; Results. The analgesic activity of four compounds is comparable to that of nimesulide. One of the substances obtained is found to exhibit higher anti-inflammatory activity than nimesulide during the 1st and 3rd hours of the experiment. Two compounds with a combination of high analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity were identified. The effect of certain radicals in the structure of the substances on the activities studied was discovered.&#x0D; Conclusions. The revealed relationship between the structure of original compounds and their biological activities can be used in the further synthesis and search for new domestic pharmaceutical substances with investigated effects.

Involvement of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus in the modulation of nociception and joint edema in a model of monoarthritis

AimsInvestigate the involvement of the histaminergic projections from tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) to the spinal cord in the modulation of nociception and peripheral edema in a model of monoarthritis. Main methodsSubacute monoarthritis was induced by an intraarticular injection of carrageenan followed by LPS 72 h later. Disability and joint edema were assessed at the 3rd hour after LPS and at every hour up to 6 h. Key findingsIntrathecal administration of histamine potentiated joint incapacitation and edema, while the H1R antagonist cetirizine decreased both. The H3R agonist immepip decreased both incapacitation and edema, while the H3R antagonist thioperamide had the opposite effect. The microinjection of glutamate into the ventral TMN (vTMN) caused an increase of incapacitation and articular edema, whereas the blockade of this nucleus by cobalt chloride inhibited both parameters. Intrathecal administration of cetirizine prevented the increase of incapacitation and joint edema caused by glutamate microinjection into the vTMN. Similarly, an intrathecal injection of the NKCC1 cotransporter inhibitor bumetanide prevented the effects of glutamate microinjection into the vTMN, whereas coadministration of histamine with bumetanide only inhibited the potentiation of joint edema. A microinjection of orexin B into the vTMN potentiated incapacitation and joint edema, while coadministration of the OX1/2 receptor antagonist almorexant with orexin B did not. SignificanceThese data support the notion that TMN participates in the modulation of a peripheral inflammatory process by means of histaminergic projections to the spinal cord, and the hypothalamus may trigger TMN activation by means of glutamate and orexin.

Etodolac loaded solid lipid nanoparticle based topical gel for enhanced skin delivery

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to manufacture & evaluate a topical formulation of etodolac, based on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), to improve its percutaneous permeation rate. Topical Nanolipidic gel of etodolac was manufactured and its various evaluation parameter were checked. The objective of research also included that how much amount of drug retained in skin and skin retention study was performed in Wister rat. Central composite design (CCD) has been utilized to optimize the current work. Factors studied are stearic acid concentration & lecithin effect, and the responses studied included mean particle size, trap efficiency. Etodolac encapsulated stable lipid nanoparticles are prepared by slight modification of the technique of microemulsion (method of melt emulsification at low temperature). Size distribution d90, drug entrapping capacity, in-vitro study and kinetics, differential calorimetry scanning (DSC), analyzes of permeation parameters, stability tests, studies of skin conservation by tape stripping process are conducted to evaluate the SLN. For in vivo anti-inflammatory tests of etodolac based SLN hydrogel, the tailored batches were evaluated. The solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared from 402 to 684 nm in different size ranges. The efficacy of drug trapping and the zeta potential of prepared SLN were found to be 74.18 to 80.30 percent and-19.0 to-24.0 mV respectively. Etodolac encapsulated nano gel showed more skin permeation of the drug over normal etodolac gel, and also lecithin concentration plays a major role in increasing permeation rates. In-vivo analysis of etodolac nano gel with excellent compared to normal, which is capable of decreasing the edema starting from 3rd hour and throughout the period and suggesting the preservation of etodolac SLN gel anti-inflammatory function.

Relationship between gestational weight gain and amount of postpartum bleeding

AbstractBackground/Aims:To evaluate the effect of gestational weight gain on the amount of postpartum bleeding.Methods: An observational study reviewed medical records of with low-risk singleton pregnancies who delivered vaginally at 37 weeks of gestation or beyond between May 1 and November 1, 2018 at a tertiary referral center. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from the medical records. The relationship between the increased rate in BMI during pregnancy and amount of blood loss in the postpartum first hour was evaluated. Results:A total of 411 women was included in the study. In the study population, the mean blood loss was 57.3±43.9 ml in the 3rd stage of labor and 113.2±76.9 ml in the postpartum first hour. No correlation was found between the increase in BMI during pregnancy and blood loss during the 3rd stage of labor (r=0.006) and postpartum first hour (r=0.037). Nulliparity, history of postpartum hemorrhage in previous pregnancy, premature rupture of membranes, and episiotomy were found to be risk factors for increased postpartum blood loss during the 1st hour (p&amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Increase in BMI was not related with the amount of postpartum bleeding in women with low-risk pregnancy who had a vaginal delivery.

The relationship between the level of \u03bc-opioid receptor (\u03bcORs) and postoperative analgesic use in patients undergoing septoplasty: a prospective randomized controlled trial

BackgroundIn this study, the μ-Opioid receptor activity was assessed pre-operatively for its association with postoperative pain level and second analgesic requirement in patients undergoing septoplasty.MethodsIn our prospective study, 120 adult patients underwent septoplasty from June 2015 to January 2019 were randomly divided into 2 pre-operative groups. The first group (n = 60) was patients given tramadol (1–2 mg/kg) for post-operative analgesia, and the second group (control group) (n = 60) was initially prescribed only fentanyl (1 μg/ kg-i.v.) in the induction. Acetaminophen with codeine analgesic 325/30 mg (p.o.) was used as an rescue painkiller in the post-operative period. The μ-Opioid receptor activity was investigated in pre-operative blood samples and compared to post-operative pain level and time required for second round of analgesic administration. The visual analogue score (VAS) was used to evaluate the post-operative pain degree (0 no pain; 10 worst pain). The patients’ post-operative VAS scores were evaluated upon arrival to recovery room, and at the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 10th, and 24th hour post-operative period.ResultsDemographic data and peri-operative variables were similar in both study group (p < 0.05).There was no significant difference between the receptor levels in both groups and the mean receptor level was 200.94 ± 15.34 pg/mL (max:489.92 ± 22.36 pg/mL, min: 94.56 ± 11.23 pg/mL).In patients who used tramadol as the levels of μ-Opioid receptors increased, VAS scores of patients and second analgesic use decreased in post-operative period.The VAS scores in patients with higher receptor levels were lower in the recovery room (p < 0.05), 1st (p < 0.05) and 3rd hours (p < 0.05).The VAS scores were lower in the tramadol group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).Number of secondary analgesic requirement was significantly lower in patients of the tramadol group with higher receptor levels compared to the ones with lower receptor (p < 0.05) for arrival at the recovery room and 1st hour. Patients in the tramadol group needed a second pain killer much later than patients in the control group.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that patients with higher μOR levels have a higher efficacy of opioid analgesic agents and an lesser need for additional analgesic agents.Trial registrationThis trial was registered retrospectively (The ACTRN: ACTRN12619001652167, registration date: 26/11/2019).

Is there an alternative to diclofenac i/m injections for rapid relief of severe pain? Results of randomized controlled and partially blind forsage study

Diclofenac Potassium sachets (DPS) is a new faster-absorption and rapid onset of pain relief drug dosage form of Diclofenac with high analgesic potential.Objective. To assess efficacy and safety of Diclofenac sachets and intramuscular injections in relieving acute pain in patients with rheumatic diseases (RDs).Materials and methods: The study group included 30 RD patients, 53.3% females and 46.7% males, mean age 41.8 ± 10.7 years, with severe acute pain (≥7 cm VAS pain rating, VAS 0-10 cm). After signing informed consent patients were randomized into DPS 50 mg t.i.d. and Diclofenac 75 mg i/m b.i.d. The first administration of Diclofenac was blind, i.e., patients from both groups were also administered placebo – either placebo injection in Group 1 randomized to sachet or placebo sachet in Group 2. The study lasted for 3 days. Level of analgesia was assessed in 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 minutes after the first administration, then three times a day during two following days and in the morning on day 4. Serum levels of CRP, IL-6 and P substance biomarkers were also monitored.Results. Pain relief in Group 1 was documented already in 15 min after administration – from 8.1±0.8 to 5.7±1.7 cm VAS (р=0.012), with continuing increase of analgesic effect thereafter. Group 2 demonstrated significant pain relief in 1 hour after Diclofenac administration – from 7.6±0.7 to 4.5±1.9 cm VAS (р=0.04). Based on obtained data analgesic effect was more powerful in Group 1 vs Group 2 in 15 and 30 minutes after drug administration (р=0.019; р=0.037). Starting from the 3rd hour post-administration there was no statistically significant difference in pain intensity between the two groups. Final assessment in the morning on day 4 showed significant pain reduction by 4.5±2.6 cm VAS in Group 1 vs baseline, and by 3.6±1.4 cm VAS in Group 2 (p=0.545). Functional improvement in both groups reached 3.7±1.9 and 3.3±1.3 cm VAS, respectively (p=0.837). The results were rated as “good” and “excellent” by 77.0% in Group 1, and 61.5% – in Group 2 (р=0.302). No correlation between decreasing pain intensity and fluctuating CRP, IL-6, and substance P concentrations was established. Three patients from Group 1 reported new-onset dyspepsia, resulting in discontinuation of treatment in 2 of them. Similarly, 2 discontinuations occurred in 2 patients with new-onset dyspepsia in Group 2, plus one additional withdrawal due to gastric ulcer and elevated blood pressure.Conclusion. DPS is not inferior to i/m Diclofenac injections in terms of analgesic potential and rapid onset of pain relief. Oral intake is associated with fewer adverse reactions compared to i/m injections.

The Effect of Lycopene on DNA Damage and Repair in Fluoride-Treated NRK-52E Cell Line.

Exposure of fluorine at toxic concentrations causes serious damage by accumulating in especially bones, kidneys, and other soft tissues. Fluorine at cytotoxic concentrations may cause DNA damage. This study aims to determine the level of DNA damage due to sodium fluoride (NaF) at different hours (3rd, 12th, and 24th hours) and in IC50 concentrations designated for each hour and reveal the protective effect of lycopene on possible damage. The best enhancer concentrations (1μM) of microtitration (MTT) viability test and proliferation of lycopene and IC50 values of NaF at the 3rd, 12th, and 24th hour were 9600, 5500, and 3200μM, respectively. DNA damage significantly increased in all NaF-treated groups in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). DNA damage due to NaF+LYC application significantly decreased in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). Lycopene application significantly increased the expression levels of the Ku70 and Ku80 genes which have a part in DNA repair (p < 0.05). The statistical data showed that application of lycopene which is an important antioxidant molecule may be beneficial for decreasing NaF-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, applying lycopene for cytotoxicity due to fluorine in NRK-52E cell line had different effects based on the dosage and time; thus, it can be a potential option for preventing fluorosis-induced toxicity and developing new treatment approaches.

Perceived musculoskeletal discomfort and its association with postural shifts during 4-h prolonged sitting in office workers

This study examined the characteristics of perceived discomfort and postural shifts at different magnitudes during a 4-h sitting period and the association between perceived discomfort and number of postural shifts.Forty healthy participants continuously typed a standardized text passage at a computer work station for 4 h. Subjects rated perceived body discomfort using Borg's CR-10 scale in 10 body regions (i.e. neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist/hand, upper back, lower back, buttock, thigh, knee, and ankle/foot). A seat pressure mat device was used to gather seat pressure data during sitting. Postural shifts were determined by analysis of the dispersion index of both ischial tuberosities from seat pressure data. The threshold for a postural shift was set at ±10% and ±20%.Perceived discomfort in all body regions increased continuously during a 4-h sitting period. The body regions with the highest perceived discomfort were the low back, buttocks, upper back, thigh, and neck. The average (±SD) numbers of postural shifts during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hour of sitting were 14.8 ± 9.5, 17.8 ± 9.4, 18.2 ± 11.1, and 18.1 ± 9.8 shifts per hour for the 10% threshold, and were 4.8 ± 4.4, 6.0 ± 5.6, 7.4 ± 6.7, and 7.7 ± 6.6 shifts per hour for the 20% threshold, respectively.Prolonged sitting led to an increase in perceived musculoskeletal discomfort over time. The number of postural shifts at both magnitudes increased in the first 2 h of sitting and, in the second 2-h period of sitting, only the number of larger postural shifts (with 20% threshold) increased. The findings extend our understanding of sitting behaviors.

Therapeutic Effect of Statins and LPS Antibody on Proinflammatory Mediator and Biochemical Markers of Sepsis Rat Model Induced by E. coli

This study aims to determine the effect of statins and LPS antibodies administration combined with E. coli intraperitoneal injection toward proinflammatory mediators (TNF-?, hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA) urea, BUN, and creatinine) and liver function (SGPT, SGOT, and total bilirubin) in sepsis rats. This study used 30 male white rats (Rattus novergicus strain Wistar) divided into 6 groups induced by E. coli bacteria combined with statins, LPS antibody (Ab-LPS), and a combination of statins+Ab-LPS. Examination of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-?, hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA) was carried out by the ELISA method through the examination of biochemical markers namely renal function (urea, BUN, and creatinine) and liver function (SGPT, SGOT, and total bilirubin) were analyzed by using the autoanalyzer. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the T-test. The result shows that E. coli+statins gave significant changes on the MDA level at 0th hour administration and TNF-? and hs-CRP at 3rd hour administration. The E. coli+Ab-LPS treatment showed significant changes at the 0th hour administration for MDA, creatinine, and total bilirubin and at the 3rd hour administration for MDA. The E. coli+statins+Ab-LPS treatment showed significant changes in MDA, creatinine, and total bilirubin at 0th hour administration and on creatinine and total bilirubin at 3rd hour administration.

Effect of Massage With Lavender Oil on Postoperative Pain Level of Patients Who Underwent Gynecologic Surgery: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.

This was a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The sample consisted of 3 groups of patients: an experimental group, massage application with lavender oil (n = 15); a placebo group, massage application with ultrasound gel (n = 15); and a control group (n = 15). Massage application was performed 3 hours after analgesic application. Pain levels of the patients in the experiment and placebo groups were evaluated with a Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) at the 30th minute and the 3rd hour after the application. Similarly, the pain level of patients in the control group was also evaluated with the VRS at 3 hours after the initial analgesic administration and following the 30th minute and the 3rd hour. Generally, the VRS scores of the 3 groups did not show a significant difference in terms of group and time interaction (P = .221). However, there was a significant difference in VRS scores between the experimental and control groups at the 30th minute after the massage (P = .036). This difference was caused by the lower pain level of the group, which had massage with lavender (2.66 ± .89) compared with the control group (3.80 ± 1.01). According to the study results, while only hand massage application after gynecologic surgery was effective for a short period in decreasing postoperative pain, it was determined that massage application with lavender had a longer effect in decreasing postoperative pain. The results of this study showed that this inexpensive and easy-to-apply method can be safely performed by nurses on postoperative patients and can support pain management of patients in the first hours after gynecologic surgery.

The Influence Of Heat On Appetite Regulating Hormones

Leptin has been established as an energy-controlling hormone because of its role in activating the JAK-STAT3 pathway. Temperature has its own prominent role governing appetite regulation and thus, energy expenditure. Previous research has demonstrated consistent decreases in leptin while in a fasted state. Exercising in the heat (1-hour of cycling @60% VO2max in 33°C) has also shown reductions in leptin. However, in order to elucidate the influence of environment, independent of exercise, a fasted resting investigation is needed. PURPOSE: Determine the impact of environmental temperature (33 vs. 20°C) on adipose derived appetite-regulating hormones (leptin and adiponectin) and the impact on energy expenditure. METHODS: 10 college-aged males (27.3 ± 5 y, 86.7 ± 13 kg, and 1.83 ± 4.3 m; 25.8 ± 0.9 kg/m2) completed two randomized, resting experimental trials in the Heat (HT, 33°C) and at Room Temperature (RT, 20°C) at 60% humidity. Blood draws were taken before intervention and after 3 hours for analysis of leptin and adiponectin. Oxygen consumption was measured at 1-, 2-, and 3-hr time-points. RESULTS: HT trial temperatures were greater than RT for both core (mean ± SEM; 37.17 ± 0.08 vs. 36.89 ± 0.08°C, p = 0.002) and skin (37.59 ± 0.10 vs. 32.65 ± 0.48°C; p < 0.001). Oxygen consumption in HT was greater than RT during the 2nd (4.37 ± 0.14 vs. 4.13 ± 0.15 ml/kg/min, p = 0.037) and 3rd hours (4.95 ± 0.26 vs. 4.28 ± 0.19 ml/kg/min, p = 0.002). Fasting leptin concentrations in RT decreased to a greater extent than in HT (mean Δ ± 95% CI; -2.05 ± 1.72 vs. -0.89 ± 1.67 ng/ml; p = 0.036, respectively); however, after adjustment for plasma volume shifts (-7.5%) the interactive effect dissipated (-1.79 ± 1.72 vs. -0.89 ± 1.6 ng/ml; p = 0.068). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of heat stress increased energy expenditure and attenuated the leptin reduction. These data may have implications for appetite control and weight management.

Evaluation of Patient's Perceptions, Healing, and Reattachment After Conventional and Diode Laser Frenectomy: A Three-Arm Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the conventional and diode laser techniques in terms of patient's perceptions, epithelization, reattachment, and periodontal clinical parameters in the treatment of abnormal papillary frenum. Materials and methods: Forty-eight patients with abnormal papillary frenum were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned into three groups; conventional frenectomy operation (C group), diode laser-assisted frenectomy (L group), and diode laser-assisted frenectomy with conventional horizontal incision on the periosteum (L + P group). Postoperative pain, discomfort in speaking, and chewing scores were assessed with visual analogue scale (VAS) at postoperative 3rd hour and on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 45. Epithelialization process of the wound surface was evaluated by hydrogen peroxide solution applied to the wound on days 7, 14, 21, and 45 following operations. The distance between the frenum attachment point and mucogingival junction (FMGJ) was recorded at baseline, postoperative 45th day, and 6th month to assess the reattachment of the frenum. Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, and probing depth were recorded at baseline and postoperative 7th, 14th, 21st, and 45th days. Results: On the 1st and 7th day after operation, VAS pain score in the C group was significantly higher than in the L and L + P groups (p < 0.017). Difficulty in speaking and chewing scores were significantly lower in the L and L + P groups compared to the C group at postoperative 3rd hour and 7th day (p < 0.017). The FMGJ and epithelization period demonstrated no difference among the groups at any time point (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that diode laser provides better postoperative patient's perceptions than the conventional technique in frenectomy operation. In addition, both conventional and laser-assisted frenectomy surgeries prevent the frenum reattachment regardless of periosteal horizontal incision.

The effect of tack number and balloon trocar use on acute post-operative pain scores of patients who underwent TEP repair of inguinal hernia

Aim: As the novel technology on surgical procedures evolve, the management and amelioration strategies for postoperative pain gains importance for surgeons to improve patients’ life quality and postoperative outcomes. In this study, we aimed to compare the number of tacks placed during surgery and the use of intra-operative balloon trocars during TEP repair of inguinal hernias with respect to post-operative early pain scores.Methods: A total of 83 patients were included in this prospective cohort study, 59 being in the 0-1 tack group and 24 in the 2 tacks group. Balloon trocar was used in 32 patients. All patients underwent laparoscopic TEP inguinal hernia repair. Groups were compared with respect to pain scores on 3rd, 12th and 24th postoperative hours. Results: Pain score was better in no balloon trocar+2 tacks group when compared to balloon trocar+2 tacks and no balloon trocar+0-1 tack group at the 24th postoperative hour (P=0.02 and P=0.007, respectively), and in the balloon trocar+0-1 tack group than that of the no balloon trocar+0-1 tack group (P=0.004). There was no statistically significant difference between these four groups in terms of pain score on the 3rd and 12th hours of surgery (P=0.46 and P=0.24, respectively). Patients in the 0-1 tack group reported less pain on the 24th postoperative hour (3.1 (6.3) vs 14.1 (21.8); P=0.32).Conclusion: Using less number of tacks and avoiding using balloon trocar result in lower pain scores following laparoscopic TEP repair of inguinal hernias.